Uploaded byMariam Ohanyan
Organic compounds
The document discusses various organic compounds, focusing on carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, detailing their structures and functions, as well as the types of lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids. Additionally, it covers the importance of amino acids in protein synthesis and how these macronutrients play critical roles in energy storage and structural integrity in living organisms.
More Related Content
Organic compounds
- 1.
- 2. Carbohydrates Three Types ofCarbohydrates : • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 3. Monosaccharides • Monosaccharides, alsocalled simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates • They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble Source: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alpha-D-Fructofuranose.svg/500px-Alpha-D-Fructofuranose.svg.png 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 4. Disaccharides • Disaccharide, alsocalled double sugar is any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 5. Polysaccharides • Polysaccharides arepolymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 6.
- 7. Lipids • The lipidsare a large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and general insolubility in water. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 8. Types Of Lipids Types: • Monoglycerides • Diglycerides • Triglycerides • Phospholipids • Sterols (Cholesterol) 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 9. Monoglycerides • Any ofvarious esters of glycerol in which only one of the three hydroxyl groups is esterified and which are often used as emulsifiers 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 10. Diglycerides • An esterformed from glycerol by reacting two of its hydroxyl groups with fatty acids Source: http://www.cyberlipid.org/glycer/glyc0003.htm 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 11. Triglycerides • Triglycerides arecomposed of glycerol (1,2,3- trihydroxypropane) and 3 fatty acids • Polyunsaturated fatty acids are important as constituents of the phospholipids and form the membranes of the cells https://www.oxford-instruments.com/industries-and- applications/agriculture-food-beverage/food-beverages/fatty-acid- composition-of-triglycerides 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 12. Phospholipids • Phospholipids arean important class of biomolecules. Phospholipids are the fundamental building blocks of cellular membranes and are the major part of surfactant , the film that occupies the air/liquid interfaces in the lung. These molecules consist of a polar or charged head group and a pair of nonpolar fatty acid tails, connected via a glycerol linkage. This combination of polar and nonpolar segments is termed amphiphilic, and the word describes the tendency of these molecules to assemble at interfaces between polar and nonpolar phases. • The structure of the most common class of phospholipids, phosphoglycerates, is based on glycerol, a three-carbon alcohol with the formula CH2OH–CHOH–CH2OH. Two fatty acid chains, each typically having an even number of carbon atoms between 14 and 20, attach (via a dual esterification ) to the first and second carbons of the glycerol molecule, denoted as the sn1 and sn2 positions, respectively. The third hydroxyl group of glycerol, at position sn3, reacts with phosphoric acid to form phosphatide. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 13.
- 14. Sterols • Any ofa group of solid, mostly unsaturated, polycyclic alcohols, as cholesterol and ergosterol, derived from plants or animals Source: http://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry/s20-04- steroids.html 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 15. Proteins • Protein isa macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products, though is also present in other sources, such as nuts and legumes. Source: http://crossfitzonex.com/choose-right-proteins/ 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 16.
- 17. Types Of AminoAcids • Amino acids are organic compounds which contain at least one amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. In the human genome, 20 amino acids are created to build proteins and therefore termed proteinogenic. Besides this, there are approximately 250 amino acids which do not form proteins. These are used to form sugar for example. • The 20 proteinogenic amino acids are also called standard amino acids, which can be divided into three groups: essential, semi-essential and non- essential 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 18. • Eight aminoacids are essential for humans, as the body cannot produce them by themselves, and they have to be supplied externally. These are: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. • Arginine and histidine form the group of so-called semi- essential amino acids. They have to be consumed in the diet under certain circumstances. • The ten non-essential amino acids are able to be produced in the body. The following amino acids fall into this category: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serin and tyrosine 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 19. Types Of AminoAcids Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/546272629779848830/ 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 20. Fibrous And Globular Source:https://www.slideshare.net/ssuser86bed3/75-proteins2 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 21.
- 22.
- 23. Question • 1- Describethe two major functions of monosaccharides . 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 24. Answer • It’s aprimary source of cellular metabolism • It’s a structural unit for disaccharides and polysaccharides. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 25. Question • Define theterm structural isomer , using glucose molecules as examples. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 26. Answer • Structural isomerhave the same chemical formula but their atoms are arranged in a different sequence. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 27. Question • Why isglucose such a versatile molecule ? 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 28. Answer • Glucose providesenergy for cellular respiration but is also stored as glycogen or starch for later use. Glucose can also be used to produce structural molecules such as cellulose. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 29. Question • Explain brieflyhow disaccharides are formed and broken down. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 30. Answer • Disaccharide sugarsare formed by condensation reactions and broken down by hydrolysis . Condensation reaction join two monosaccharide molecules by a glyosidic bond with the release of a water molecule . Hydrolysis reactions use water to split a disaccharide molecule into two . The Water Molecule provides a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 31. Question • On thediagram under , name the reactions occurring and name the product that Is formed 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 32.
- 33. Question • On thelactose, maltose, and sucrose molecules under, guess each molecule. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 34.
- 35. Question • How arepolysaccharides a good source of energy ? 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 36. Answer • They area good source of energy because they are easily hydrolyzed into monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are the primary source of cellular fuel. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 37. Question • How isthe energy stored in polysaccharides mobilized ? 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 38. Answer • Polysaccharides arehydrolyzed to produce simples carbohydrates like glucose which can be transported to other parts of the organism. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 39. Question • Contrast theproperties of polysaccharides starch, cellulose, and glycogen and relate these to their roles in the cell. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 40.
- 41. Question • Where isstarch stored in plants ? 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 42. Answer • It isstored in the Amyloplasts Source: http://pixels.com/featured/false-colour-tem-of-an-amyloplast-dr-jeremy-burgess.html 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 43. Question • Where iscellulose found in plants ? 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 44. Answer • It isfound in the cell wall. Source: http://wallyplant.wordpress.com/cellwall/ 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 45. Question • Compare andcontrast the structure of amylose and amylopectin. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 46.
- 47. Question • What arethe differences in structure between cellulose and starch. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 48.
- 49.
- 50. Question • Why arelipids such a good fuel for metabolic reactions? 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 51. Answer • Fats needmore oxidation per gram to form CO2 than other molecules so more usable energy can be extracted. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 52. Question • How arelipids broken down before they are respired? 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 53. Answer • Hydrolysis ofneutral fats produce free fatty acids which undergo B-oxidation to release 2C units which can enter the Krebs cycle to be respired. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 54. Question • Distinguish betweensaturated and unsaturated fatty acids. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan
- 55.
- 56. Works Cited • TheEditors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Disaccharide.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1 June 2015, www.britannica.com/science/disaccharide • Mandal, MD Dr Ananya. “Types of Lipids.” News- Medical.net, 17 Sept. 2014, www.news-medical.net/life- sciences/Types-of-Lipids.aspx. • Using NMR to Determine the Fatty Acid Composition of Triglycerides.” Oxford Instruments, www.oxford- instruments.com/industries-and-applications/agriculture- food-beverage/food-beverages/fatty-acid- composition-of-triglycerides. • Szalay, Jessie. “What Is Protein?” LiveScience, Purch, 10 Dec. 2015, www.livescience.com/53044-protein.html. 1/21/2018By Mariam Ohanyan