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Measurement of Air Temperature using
Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Technology
Undergraduate Research Distinction Defense Presentation
2015 April 10
ZHENGDI WANG
Examination Committee:
Professor Randall Mathison (advisor)
Professor Michael Dunn
The Ohio State University
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Gas Turbine Laboratory
Presentation Overview
 Introduction
 Main purpose
 Design and Experiments
 Results
 Conclusion and future Work
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
2
What is Thermochromic Liquid Crystal
Technology?
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
3
Figure :1http://www.thermometersite.com/temperature-research-and-testing-kits/chiral-
nematic-sprayable-liquid-crystal/detailed-product-flyer.html
2http://www.thermometersite.com/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/aa28
d3ecf3ebaa931c26dd86c791ff56.jpg
3 http://www.explainthatstuff.com/thermochromic-materials.html
• Heat Transfer or thermal measurement and mapping
• Corresponding react to changes in temperature
• Active range
• Inexpensive
• Quantitative measurements, associated with a measurable
scalar-- Hue angle
Color change due to the
hand temperature
Incoming light waves reflect off nearby crystals and add
together by interference, which produces the reflection.
The color of the reflected light depends in a very precise
way on how closely the crystals are together. Heat up or
cool down liquid crystals will change the spacing between
them, altering the amount of interference and changing the
color of the reflected light from black, through red and all
the colors of the spectrum to violet and back to black again.
In a nutshell, the liquid crystals look a different color
depending on what temperature they are because changes
in temperature make them move closer together or further
apart (depending on the material).
Typical color play of thermochromic liquid crystals(𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑑 < 𝑇𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 < 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒)
Test Facility --Blowdown Wind Tunnel
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
4
Main Purposes
To build a TLC thermal model on filaments to
measure and map the air temperature change in
the test section of a blowdown wind tunnel.
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
5
Existing Methods
Thermocouple
– Advantage
• Large Temperature range, -200
• Robust
• Rapid response
• No self heating
– Disadvantage
• Complex signal conditioning
• Susceptibility to corrosion
• Susceptibility to noise
• Can only determine temperature at one point or a small array of points
• Boundary layer temperature is hard to be measured
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
6
Figure: http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/44-
10/thermocouple.pdf
Thermocouple rake with 11 thermocouples on it
Previous Experiments
– Long time to reset
– Infrared cameras
• High cost
• Not work for spinning environment
The previous calibration experiment
designed for heat flux measurement.
In my research I will use the similar
strategy to do temperature
measurement.
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
7
Figure :INTERNAL COOLING IN TURBOMACHINERY, R. Poser & J. vonWolfersdorf
Experiment Process
Design test
piece 1
Vacuum Oven
Calibration 1
•Heat up the
vacuum oven
•Take video during
the experiment
process
Computer
analysis
•Build a Matlab
program
•Determine RGB
value and convert
to HSV
•Make sure the
TLCs active on the
filaments and in
the right trend
Redesign and
build test
piece 2
Vacuum Oven
Calibration 2
•Build the accurate
relationship
between
temperature and
hue
Wire Reaction
time
Measurement
test
Temperature
Measurement in
the blowdown
wind tunnel
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
8
Methodology--Calibration I
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
9
Fishing line
• 0.015m diameter
• 1/8 inch apart
Unheated filament
Heated filament
Vacuum Oven
Camera right in front
of the window
Test Piece 1
Use a blanket covering the oven to keep the
experiment in a dark environment
Calibration I Results
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
10
Those images were from
the video recorded for
calibration I. The video
length was 709 seconds
and there were 21000
frames stored in Matlab.
Every 70th frame was
processed, so there were a
total 300 images used for
extracting hue value. 80
points on the filaments
were selected (as shown in
the images) and they were
the same location in all 300
images.
Calibration I Results
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
11
• TLC did have color change on
the small surfaces (0.015m
diameter fishing line)
• The camera was clear
enough to record the
experiment
• A clear relationship between
the color change and
temperature rise has been
demonstrated.
Methodology-Calibration II
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
12
Methodology-Calibration II
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
13
LEDs—Light source
Camera
Calibration wires
RTD
Sensor
Wires
Calibration II Results
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
14
Cool down process--starts from 93℉(33.5℃)
Calibration II Results
2015/4/9 15
-
• Timothy Lawler processed the data from the oven calibration.
• Third order polynomial curve fit ( 95% confidence bounds)
• 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝐾 =(-2.413× 10−6)(𝐻𝑢𝑒)3+0.001961(𝐻𝑢𝑒)2−0.1785𝐻𝑢𝑒 + 304.5
Comparison of data fit within the range of interest
Temperature[k]
Hue
Fit
Real Data
60 100
Methodology-Reaction Time
Measurement
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
16
Camera
Test piece 2
LEDs--Light Sources
Fishing line
• 0.015m diameter
Heat Source
Top view
Side View
Reaction Time Measurement
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
17
Reaction Time Measurement Results
• Select 4 points on the color changing region on
wires
• Frame rate of the video is 30 frames per second
• Process each run in Matlab to determine the
reaction time
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
18
Points Selected from this region
Heating up reaction time Cooling down reaction time
Reaction time Measurement Results
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
19
Starting heating here
• Run 3 has a large deviation with run 1,2,5
• Run 1 and run 5 have similar behavior
• Run2 and run 3 somehow have similar behavior
Reaction Time Measurement Results
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
20
• The reaction time for heating up the wire until response finished is
about 1.49 seconds
• The reaction time for cooling down the wire until response finished is
about 3.68 seconds
Run Heating up reaction Time(Sec) Cooling down reaction Time(Sec)
1 1.7667 3.1333
2 1.0000 4.2667
3 1.5333 3.4000
5 1.6667 3.9333
Mean 1.4917 3.6833
Conclusion and future work
Conclusion
• Clear relationship between temperature and hue has been demonstrated.
• This mathematical relationship can tell the temperature at wires for any
random point by the color (hue) there.
• TLC is potentially a reliable temperature measurement technology .
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
21
Future work
• Redo the oven calibration using a black background for a clear vision
• Find and test some other materials for the filaments to get a quicker
response
• Find a suitable material for the window to observe in the blowdown wind
tunnel for temperature measurement
Acknowledgement
• Prof. Randall Mathison
• Dr. Igor Ilyin
• Mr. Kenneth Fout
• Mr. Timothy Lawler, Graduate student
• College of Engineering at The Ohio State
University
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
22
2015/4/9
The Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
23
Thank you

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Oral Defense V3

  • 1. Measurement of Air Temperature using Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Technology Undergraduate Research Distinction Defense Presentation 2015 April 10 ZHENGDI WANG Examination Committee: Professor Randall Mathison (advisor) Professor Michael Dunn The Ohio State University Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Gas Turbine Laboratory
  • 2. Presentation Overview  Introduction  Main purpose  Design and Experiments  Results  Conclusion and future Work 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 2
  • 3. What is Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Technology? 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 3 Figure :1http://www.thermometersite.com/temperature-research-and-testing-kits/chiral- nematic-sprayable-liquid-crystal/detailed-product-flyer.html 2http://www.thermometersite.com/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/aa28 d3ecf3ebaa931c26dd86c791ff56.jpg 3 http://www.explainthatstuff.com/thermochromic-materials.html • Heat Transfer or thermal measurement and mapping • Corresponding react to changes in temperature • Active range • Inexpensive • Quantitative measurements, associated with a measurable scalar-- Hue angle Color change due to the hand temperature Incoming light waves reflect off nearby crystals and add together by interference, which produces the reflection. The color of the reflected light depends in a very precise way on how closely the crystals are together. Heat up or cool down liquid crystals will change the spacing between them, altering the amount of interference and changing the color of the reflected light from black, through red and all the colors of the spectrum to violet and back to black again. In a nutshell, the liquid crystals look a different color depending on what temperature they are because changes in temperature make them move closer together or further apart (depending on the material). Typical color play of thermochromic liquid crystals(𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑑 < 𝑇𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 < 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒)
  • 4. Test Facility --Blowdown Wind Tunnel 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 4
  • 5. Main Purposes To build a TLC thermal model on filaments to measure and map the air temperature change in the test section of a blowdown wind tunnel. 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 5
  • 6. Existing Methods Thermocouple – Advantage • Large Temperature range, -200 • Robust • Rapid response • No self heating – Disadvantage • Complex signal conditioning • Susceptibility to corrosion • Susceptibility to noise • Can only determine temperature at one point or a small array of points • Boundary layer temperature is hard to be measured 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 6 Figure: http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/44- 10/thermocouple.pdf Thermocouple rake with 11 thermocouples on it
  • 7. Previous Experiments – Long time to reset – Infrared cameras • High cost • Not work for spinning environment The previous calibration experiment designed for heat flux measurement. In my research I will use the similar strategy to do temperature measurement. 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 7 Figure :INTERNAL COOLING IN TURBOMACHINERY, R. Poser & J. vonWolfersdorf
  • 8. Experiment Process Design test piece 1 Vacuum Oven Calibration 1 •Heat up the vacuum oven •Take video during the experiment process Computer analysis •Build a Matlab program •Determine RGB value and convert to HSV •Make sure the TLCs active on the filaments and in the right trend Redesign and build test piece 2 Vacuum Oven Calibration 2 •Build the accurate relationship between temperature and hue Wire Reaction time Measurement test Temperature Measurement in the blowdown wind tunnel 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 8
  • 9. Methodology--Calibration I 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 9 Fishing line • 0.015m diameter • 1/8 inch apart Unheated filament Heated filament Vacuum Oven Camera right in front of the window Test Piece 1 Use a blanket covering the oven to keep the experiment in a dark environment
  • 10. Calibration I Results 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 10 Those images were from the video recorded for calibration I. The video length was 709 seconds and there were 21000 frames stored in Matlab. Every 70th frame was processed, so there were a total 300 images used for extracting hue value. 80 points on the filaments were selected (as shown in the images) and they were the same location in all 300 images.
  • 11. Calibration I Results 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 11 • TLC did have color change on the small surfaces (0.015m diameter fishing line) • The camera was clear enough to record the experiment • A clear relationship between the color change and temperature rise has been demonstrated.
  • 12. Methodology-Calibration II 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 12
  • 13. Methodology-Calibration II 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 13 LEDs—Light source Camera Calibration wires RTD Sensor Wires
  • 14. Calibration II Results 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 14 Cool down process--starts from 93℉(33.5℃)
  • 15. Calibration II Results 2015/4/9 15 - • Timothy Lawler processed the data from the oven calibration. • Third order polynomial curve fit ( 95% confidence bounds) • 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝐾 =(-2.413× 10−6)(𝐻𝑢𝑒)3+0.001961(𝐻𝑢𝑒)2−0.1785𝐻𝑢𝑒 + 304.5 Comparison of data fit within the range of interest Temperature[k] Hue Fit Real Data 60 100
  • 16. Methodology-Reaction Time Measurement 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 16 Camera Test piece 2 LEDs--Light Sources Fishing line • 0.015m diameter Heat Source Top view Side View
  • 17. Reaction Time Measurement 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 17
  • 18. Reaction Time Measurement Results • Select 4 points on the color changing region on wires • Frame rate of the video is 30 frames per second • Process each run in Matlab to determine the reaction time 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 18 Points Selected from this region Heating up reaction time Cooling down reaction time
  • 19. Reaction time Measurement Results 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 19 Starting heating here • Run 3 has a large deviation with run 1,2,5 • Run 1 and run 5 have similar behavior • Run2 and run 3 somehow have similar behavior
  • 20. Reaction Time Measurement Results 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 20 • The reaction time for heating up the wire until response finished is about 1.49 seconds • The reaction time for cooling down the wire until response finished is about 3.68 seconds Run Heating up reaction Time(Sec) Cooling down reaction Time(Sec) 1 1.7667 3.1333 2 1.0000 4.2667 3 1.5333 3.4000 5 1.6667 3.9333 Mean 1.4917 3.6833
  • 21. Conclusion and future work Conclusion • Clear relationship between temperature and hue has been demonstrated. • This mathematical relationship can tell the temperature at wires for any random point by the color (hue) there. • TLC is potentially a reliable temperature measurement technology . 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 21 Future work • Redo the oven calibration using a black background for a clear vision • Find and test some other materials for the filaments to get a quicker response • Find a suitable material for the window to observe in the blowdown wind tunnel for temperature measurement
  • 22. Acknowledgement • Prof. Randall Mathison • Dr. Igor Ilyin • Mr. Kenneth Fout • Mr. Timothy Lawler, Graduate student • College of Engineering at The Ohio State University 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 22
  • 23. 2015/4/9 The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 23 Thank you