The document outlines various conventional formulae in English communication, including greetings, apologies, invitations, refusals, and expressions of gratitude. It emphasizes the importance of knowing 'what to say' and 'how to say it' depending on context while also detailing techniques for describing and interpreting visual data like graphs and tables. Additionally, it addresses various concepts expressed in English such as suggestions, prohibitions, permission, and the use of drills for language practice.

1. UNIT II: Fluency
Use of conventional formulae - greeting - apology invitation - refusal - accepting - thanking.
1.
2. Describing and interpreting picture, tables, graphs,
maps, etc.
3. Various concepts and ways in which they are
expressed - construction - suggestion – prohibition permission - probability - likelihood - possibility obligation - necessity - concession.
4. Oral drills - Repetition drills - Mechanical drills Substitution drills

2. Use of conventional formulae - greeting
- apology - invitation - refusal accepting - thanking.

We should know “what to say” in a
particular context and “how to say” it.
 We should learn how to use language
for carrying out various communicative
functions.
 There are certain conventional formulae
in English generally used in such
communicative functions.

3. Greetings
Some of the common expressions of greetings are
given below.
Nice to see you after a long time.
Hi, Rajesh! How are you?
Hi/Hello, Everybody!
How’z life?
I hope you are well.
How nice to see you again.
Choice of the appropriate expression depends on
the degree of intimacy with the person.
Expressions such as Hi and Hello are used in
informal context with friends.
Others are used in very formal, indicative of respect
to seniors.

4. Apologising
Good manners and common courtesy demand
expressions of apology. Some of the common
expressions are the following –
Sorry
I am really sorry
Pardon me …
Please accept my apology for…
Please forgive me for…
I owe you an apology

5. Response to apology
That’s alright
Not at all
Please don’t worry
Don’t feel bad about it please.
It doesn’t matter at all
While in the company of others when
we want to sneeze, cough or hiccup or
interrupt
someone
talking,
we
apologize saying sorry or excuse me.

6. Inviting
The commonly used expressions of
invitation are the following I would like you to …
Won’t you please…..?
We should be delighted if you could….
Please accept our invitation

7. Accepting an invitation
Thank you. I’d be happy to
With pleasure
I would love to
I would be delighted to

8. Refusing an invitation
No, Thank you
I am really sorry, I don’t think I can
I am sorry. I can’t
I wish I could. But…

9. Thanking
We
thank/express
gratitude
in
different ways for different reasons.
"Thank you so much for the gift!"
Many examples of thanking appear in
a ritualized form, such as saying
"Thanks" or "Thank you" to a bus
driver, a cashier, or to a friend who
has handed you something.

10. Describing and interpreting
picture, tables, graphs, maps
Describing and interpreting pictures
 Introduction
 Be organised and systematic
 Use a wide and suitable range of
vocabulary
 Facial expressions
 Interpretation of People
 Interpretation of Place and Objects

11. Describing and Interpreting
Graphs, Tables and Maps
The ability to interpret graphs and tables is useful in
everyday life.
Tables and graphs are visual representations.
They are used to organise information to show
relationships.
A graph shows this information by representing it as
a shape.
Researchers and scientists use tables and graphs to
report findings of their research.
In newspapers, magazine articles, and on television
they are often used to support an argument.
Students must know how to interpret the data and
the way it is presented.

12. Uses of a Table
A
table
helps
to
organise
information and so it is easier to see
relationships.
If a variable is continuous the table
reveals a lot more information.
It may show the range, interval, and
number of readings.
Tables with multiple variables can
provide a lot of information.

13. Characteristics of graphs
Graphs are by nature a summarizing
device.
Effective tool for comparisons and
contrast.
Made according to exact specifications
and depict quantitative data
Graphs, being symbolic are abstract in
character.
Self explanatory is possible.
Regarded as flat pictures which employ
dots, lines or pictures to visualize
numerical and statistical data to show
relationships.

14. Uses of Maps
To depict geographical features of
earth’s surface and to understand the
position of earth in the universe.
To show relationship between places
To furnish information concerning
distances, directions, shapes and sizes.
To clarify descriptive materials.
To reduce the scale of areas and
distances
To understand the lines

15. Various concepts and ways in
which they are expressed
Suggestion
Prohibitions
Permission
Probability and Likelihood
Possibility
Obligation and Necessity
Concession

16. Suggestion
There are numerous forms of polite request and
suggestion.
Would you mind opening the window?
Note also the use of suppose/supposing, how/what
about to make informal suggestions
Suppose we try to do it my way.
Suppose you let me have a try.
These are not much different from the use of let’s
Let’s try to do it my way.
We’d better start early.
You’d better do as the doctor says and stay in bed.

17. Prohibitions
Prohibitions are often indicated by means of
brief announcements, e.g. with no and a
gerund.
No smoking!
No parking!
Smoking not allowed.
Parking prohibited between 8 a m and 6 p
m.
Must is the most usual verb in spoken
English for orders and prohibitions.
You `must be back before dark.

18. Permission
There are numerous ways in which
permission may be asked for and
granted. The verbs permit, allow, let
and the noun permission are
obvious examples.
Will you allow/permit me to use your
bicycle?
My doctor won’t let me get up yet.

19. Probability and Likelihood
These concepts may be expressed by
the use of the adjectives, probable
and likely,
It’s likely/probable that he’ll come.
Is there any
probability/likelihood/chance of his
coming?
He’s likely to come.
He’ll probably come

20. Possibility
Possibility depends upon ability or
knowledge
It’s possible that he’ll come.
It may rain tomorrow
The news may, or may not, be true.
Can the news be true?

21. Obligation and Necessity
In most countries the law obliges
parents to send their children to
school.
Is attendance at school obligatory?
He was compelled by illness to give
up his studies.

22. Concession
A
simple
way
of
expressing
concession is by the use of the
conjunctions
‘although’
and
‘though’.
Although they are brothers they
never write to each other.
Though he is rich he has made his
money honestly.

23. Oral drills – Repetition drills –
Mechanical drills – Substitution
drills
Drill
is
commonly
used
in
connection with the teaching of
mental skills.
Practice is commonly used in
connection with the teaching of
motor skills.
Drill or practice is basically an
individualized method.
Practice makes things perfect and

24. Repetition drills
Give clear, natural sounding and
consistent models.
Use hand movements to indicate
intonation,
Use fist to beat the stress.
Back chaining helps learners focus on
correct pronunciation and intonation.
Example: yesterday / get up yesterday/
did you get up yesterday/what time did
you get up yesterday?

25. Guessing games
Substitution drill
Conversion drill
Manipulation drill
Completion Drill
Matching tables