Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (Passer domesticus) from wheat seeds and seedlings in caged conditions in Pakistan
Among avian pests, house sparrow caused serious depredations, not only to seeds, but also seedlings of various crops particularly in the organic farming. Different mechanical and chemical ways have been reported to manage these losses all over the world. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of two bird repellents namely methylanthranilate and anthraquinone to manage the depredations of wheat seeds and seedlings against house sparrow in captivity. For this purpose house sparrows were offered with treated and untreated seeds and seedlings of wheat in two aviaries. By providing treated seeds and seedlings with these repellents, the relative effectiveness was appraised by comparing the consumed and unconsumed seeds and seedlings. Feeding responses of these birds against different doses of these repellents were investigated with the help of the closed circuit cameras adjusted in the aviaries. During the whole experiment among trial and control group highly significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) variance when wheat seeds and seedlings were offered to house sparrows. House sparrows were influenced more quickly by consuming wheat seeds and seedlings treated with both repellents. Sparrows displayed noticeable head-shaking and feather ruffling behavior by consuming the treated seeds and seedlings. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
Sri et al,2014_Two-Artificial-Diet-Formulations-For-Troides-Helena-Linne-Larv...Sri Ngatimin
1. The study evaluated two artificial diet formulations for rearing Troides helena larvae that substituted mung bean sprout and red bean for wheat germ.
2. The artificial diet containing red bean supported higher larval survival at 57.05% compared to 51.66% for the mung bean sprout diet. However, larvae weighed less on the artificial diets compared to the control diet of Aristolochia tagala leaves.
3. While pupal weights were similar between the artificial diets, the red bean diet resulted in higher emergence of male and female butterflies. However, most males emerged abnormally from both artificial diets.
Assessment of the curative potency of some plant materials on cowpea seeds wi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the ability of various plant materials to control an established infestation of Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea beetle) in stored cowpeas. Cowpeas were infested for 5 weeks before applying plant powders or the pesticide Actellic. Data was collected over 10 weeks on adult emergence, mortality, and seed damage. The most effective plant materials in reducing adult emergence were Moringa oleifera, Piper guineense, and Ocimum gratissimum. Actellic caused the highest insect mortality. At week 10, M. oleifera, P. guineense and O. gratissimum had weevil perforation indexes
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
Evaluation of the insecticidal and deterrence properties of pepper fruit, den...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the insecticidal and deterrent properties of pepper fruit (Dennetia tripetala) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) powders against the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). Maize was treated with various concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%) of the plant powders alone and in combination. Results showed that 10% concentrations of both plant powders resulted in the highest adult mortality of the maize weevil over 72 hours. Treatment with 10% concentrations also resulted in significantly lower adult emergence from the maize after 10 weeks compared to lower concentrations and the control. Both plant powders showed potential as natural insecticides and storage protectants against the maize we
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
Sri et al,2014_Two-Artificial-Diet-Formulations-For-Troides-Helena-Linne-Larv...Sri Ngatimin
1. The study evaluated two artificial diet formulations for rearing Troides helena larvae that substituted mung bean sprout and red bean for wheat germ.
2. The artificial diet containing red bean supported higher larval survival at 57.05% compared to 51.66% for the mung bean sprout diet. However, larvae weighed less on the artificial diets compared to the control diet of Aristolochia tagala leaves.
3. While pupal weights were similar between the artificial diets, the red bean diet resulted in higher emergence of male and female butterflies. However, most males emerged abnormally from both artificial diets.
Assessment of the curative potency of some plant materials on cowpea seeds wi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the ability of various plant materials to control an established infestation of Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea beetle) in stored cowpeas. Cowpeas were infested for 5 weeks before applying plant powders or the pesticide Actellic. Data was collected over 10 weeks on adult emergence, mortality, and seed damage. The most effective plant materials in reducing adult emergence were Moringa oleifera, Piper guineense, and Ocimum gratissimum. Actellic caused the highest insect mortality. At week 10, M. oleifera, P. guineense and O. gratissimum had weevil perforation indexes
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
Evaluation of the insecticidal and deterrence properties of pepper fruit, den...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the insecticidal and deterrent properties of pepper fruit (Dennetia tripetala) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) powders against the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). Maize was treated with various concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%) of the plant powders alone and in combination. Results showed that 10% concentrations of both plant powders resulted in the highest adult mortality of the maize weevil over 72 hours. Treatment with 10% concentrations also resulted in significantly lower adult emergence from the maize after 10 weeks compared to lower concentrations and the control. Both plant powders showed potential as natural insecticides and storage protectants against the maize we
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
— Community composition and species diversity of fruit-eating-insects were studied in a primary forest at Wanang, Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) using fruits regularly sampled and insects attacking them reared, preserved and identified. Sampling was done in different areas of the forest including low and high abundance of the host trees. Fruits of three predominant host trees, G. paniculata (Myristicaceae), M. aleuritoides (Euphorbiaceae) and M. pachyclados (Rubiaceae) were regularly collected and insects associated with them studied. The emergence from the fruits were 13 insect families and 16 species from G. paniculata, 17 insect families and 21 species from M. aleuritoides and 17 insect families and 25 species from M. pachyclados. Diversity assessment showed M. pachyclados was more diverse (H=2.0258) followed by G. paniculata (H=2.007). M. aleuritoides was the least diverse (H=1.443). A high percentage of scavengers and wood eaters were found in G. paniculata and M. aleuritoides. In M. pachyclados, more seed eaters, chewers and parasitoids were found instead. These results have implications for management of the community composition and diversity of the fruit-eating insects of the three host three species.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
The document discusses various types of gene banks and methods for conserving plant genetic resources ex situ. It describes seed banks, tissue banks, cryo banks, pollen banks, field gene banks, sperm banks and ova banks. It provides details on how each method preserves genetic material and which types of plants each method can be used for. The document also discusses best practices for managing gene bank accessions through electronic databases to facilitate utilization of plant genetic resources.
Optimization of sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis...Md. Julfiker Rahman
1) The study aimed to optimize the sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) for use in sterile insect technique (SIT) programs. 2) Various pupal ages (5-6 days old) were exposed to gamma radiation doses (30-60 Gray) to determine the sterilizing dose, found to be 60 Gray for 5-day old pupae. 3) Ratios of sterile to wild males (1:1 to 1:9) were tested in field cages with wild females, with the 1:9 ratio found to most suppress wild population characteristics like pupal recovery and emergence based on increased numbers of deformed and non-emerged flies.
This document summarizes a study on the toxicity of pesticides used for storing cereal, legumes, and oilseeds in Ganye, southern Adamawa State, Nigeria. Poor storage structures have led farmers to use banned, overdosed, and improperly approved pesticides. The study found that long-term exposure to pesticides used during storage has resulted in 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and grain merchants in the study area. Consumption of grains treated with these pesticides poses health risks to humans and livestock. The study concludes that alternative storage methods and structures are needed to reduce pesticide contamination of grains and protect public health.
1) The document outlines a research work on the economic analysis of pesticide use in soybean cultivation in Nagpur district.
2) The objectives are to study pesticide use patterns, costs and returns with pesticide use, optimal pesticide levels, and pesticide safety practices.
3) A literature review found studies showing excessive and improper pesticide use increased costs and led to pest resistance, and recommended integrated pest management.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
The influence of pre and post-emergence herbicides on theAlexander Decker
The study evaluated 15 pre- and post-emergence herbicides for weed control in wheat in Nigeria. Oxadiazon at 1.0 kg/ha, propanil plus bentazon at 2.0 + 1.0 kg/ha, and metolachlor plus prometryne at 1.25 + 1.25 kg/ha provided the best weed control and highest wheat yields, comparable to hand weeding. These herbicides effectively controlled various weed species while demonstrating good crop safety. Untreated weedy plots resulted in 43% lower yields than the best herbicide treatments. Some herbicides like atrazine caused phytotoxicity and yield reductions in wheat. Overall, certain herbic
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Grade 10 - Modern Technology in Increased Food Productionpoiuytrew21
This document discusses various agricultural machines and their functions. It begins by describing a machine called "sir awan" which can cultivate soil and work in flooded fields. It then discusses other machines such as ones for cutting plants, breaking up soil, spraying insecticides/fertilizers, planting seeds, distributing fertilizer, and packaging crops. The rest of the document focuses on describing different types of fertilizers like straight, complex, and compound fertilizers. It provides examples and classifications for each type.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
A review on seasonal incidence and insecticidal management of spotted pod bor...swathi kolli
Urdbean or Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in the semi-arid tropics and subtropical farming systems, providing high quality vegetable protein. Among the insect pests attacking on blackgram Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a major constraint for the production of blackgram at critical stages like flowering and pod formation stages. The spotted pod borer is causing serious damage to the crop, leading to huge losses. Because of its extensive host range and destructiveness, it became a persistent pest in pulses, being available throughout the year in different seasons / situations. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. This review pertains to seasonal incidence at different locations and the most promising conventional and novel insecticidal compounds in the light of their use for the management spotted pod borer in pulses in general and blackgram in particular.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
The document summarizes a study that tested the effects of four plant oils (mustard, coconut, sesame, and rocket seed) on the adult egg laying, emergence, and weight loss of Callosobruchus analis, a beetle pest of green gram. The oils were mixed with green gram and various measures were taken over time. Rocket seed oil was the most effective at reducing egg laying and adult emergence. It resulted in the fewest eggs, lowest adult emergence, and least weight loss of the green gram. Coconut, sesame, and mustard oils also reduced egg laying and emergence compared to the untreated control, but were less effective than rocket seed oil.
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis. Various concentrations of Novaluron were fed to P. unionalis larvae. Results showed that Novaluron caused dose-dependent mortality in pupae and larvae. It reduced larval weight gain and growth rate. Larval duration decreased but pupal duration increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pupation rate decreased and some larvae exhibited impaired metamorphosis. The LC50 of Novaluron against P. unionalis was calculated to be 0.97 ppm, indicating that it is toxic to this pest.
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
Comparative effectiveness of the powders of some underutilizedAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the insecticidal effects of powders from eight botanical plants against Callosobruchus maculatus, a major pest of stored cowpeas. The powders were tested at four concentrations on cowpea seeds infested with C. maculatus. Results showed that Piper guineense powder was the most toxic, causing 100% beetle mortality at the highest concentration. Powders of Piptadeniastrum africanum (rootbark and leaf) and Aristolochia repens also achieved high mortality levels of over 80% at the highest concentration. All powders significantly reduced beetle fecundity and adult emergence compared to the control, except for Garcinia k
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
— Community composition and species diversity of fruit-eating-insects were studied in a primary forest at Wanang, Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) using fruits regularly sampled and insects attacking them reared, preserved and identified. Sampling was done in different areas of the forest including low and high abundance of the host trees. Fruits of three predominant host trees, G. paniculata (Myristicaceae), M. aleuritoides (Euphorbiaceae) and M. pachyclados (Rubiaceae) were regularly collected and insects associated with them studied. The emergence from the fruits were 13 insect families and 16 species from G. paniculata, 17 insect families and 21 species from M. aleuritoides and 17 insect families and 25 species from M. pachyclados. Diversity assessment showed M. pachyclados was more diverse (H=2.0258) followed by G. paniculata (H=2.007). M. aleuritoides was the least diverse (H=1.443). A high percentage of scavengers and wood eaters were found in G. paniculata and M. aleuritoides. In M. pachyclados, more seed eaters, chewers and parasitoids were found instead. These results have implications for management of the community composition and diversity of the fruit-eating insects of the three host three species.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
The document discusses various types of gene banks and methods for conserving plant genetic resources ex situ. It describes seed banks, tissue banks, cryo banks, pollen banks, field gene banks, sperm banks and ova banks. It provides details on how each method preserves genetic material and which types of plants each method can be used for. The document also discusses best practices for managing gene bank accessions through electronic databases to facilitate utilization of plant genetic resources.
Optimization of sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis...Md. Julfiker Rahman
1) The study aimed to optimize the sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) for use in sterile insect technique (SIT) programs. 2) Various pupal ages (5-6 days old) were exposed to gamma radiation doses (30-60 Gray) to determine the sterilizing dose, found to be 60 Gray for 5-day old pupae. 3) Ratios of sterile to wild males (1:1 to 1:9) were tested in field cages with wild females, with the 1:9 ratio found to most suppress wild population characteristics like pupal recovery and emergence based on increased numbers of deformed and non-emerged flies.
This document summarizes a study on the toxicity of pesticides used for storing cereal, legumes, and oilseeds in Ganye, southern Adamawa State, Nigeria. Poor storage structures have led farmers to use banned, overdosed, and improperly approved pesticides. The study found that long-term exposure to pesticides used during storage has resulted in 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and grain merchants in the study area. Consumption of grains treated with these pesticides poses health risks to humans and livestock. The study concludes that alternative storage methods and structures are needed to reduce pesticide contamination of grains and protect public health.
1) The document outlines a research work on the economic analysis of pesticide use in soybean cultivation in Nagpur district.
2) The objectives are to study pesticide use patterns, costs and returns with pesticide use, optimal pesticide levels, and pesticide safety practices.
3) A literature review found studies showing excessive and improper pesticide use increased costs and led to pest resistance, and recommended integrated pest management.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
The influence of pre and post-emergence herbicides on theAlexander Decker
The study evaluated 15 pre- and post-emergence herbicides for weed control in wheat in Nigeria. Oxadiazon at 1.0 kg/ha, propanil plus bentazon at 2.0 + 1.0 kg/ha, and metolachlor plus prometryne at 1.25 + 1.25 kg/ha provided the best weed control and highest wheat yields, comparable to hand weeding. These herbicides effectively controlled various weed species while demonstrating good crop safety. Untreated weedy plots resulted in 43% lower yields than the best herbicide treatments. Some herbicides like atrazine caused phytotoxicity and yield reductions in wheat. Overall, certain herbic
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Grade 10 - Modern Technology in Increased Food Productionpoiuytrew21
This document discusses various agricultural machines and their functions. It begins by describing a machine called "sir awan" which can cultivate soil and work in flooded fields. It then discusses other machines such as ones for cutting plants, breaking up soil, spraying insecticides/fertilizers, planting seeds, distributing fertilizer, and packaging crops. The rest of the document focuses on describing different types of fertilizers like straight, complex, and compound fertilizers. It provides examples and classifications for each type.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
A review on seasonal incidence and insecticidal management of spotted pod bor...swathi kolli
Urdbean or Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in the semi-arid tropics and subtropical farming systems, providing high quality vegetable protein. Among the insect pests attacking on blackgram Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a major constraint for the production of blackgram at critical stages like flowering and pod formation stages. The spotted pod borer is causing serious damage to the crop, leading to huge losses. Because of its extensive host range and destructiveness, it became a persistent pest in pulses, being available throughout the year in different seasons / situations. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. This review pertains to seasonal incidence at different locations and the most promising conventional and novel insecticidal compounds in the light of their use for the management spotted pod borer in pulses in general and blackgram in particular.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
The document summarizes a study that tested the effects of four plant oils (mustard, coconut, sesame, and rocket seed) on the adult egg laying, emergence, and weight loss of Callosobruchus analis, a beetle pest of green gram. The oils were mixed with green gram and various measures were taken over time. Rocket seed oil was the most effective at reducing egg laying and adult emergence. It resulted in the fewest eggs, lowest adult emergence, and least weight loss of the green gram. Coconut, sesame, and mustard oils also reduced egg laying and emergence compared to the untreated control, but were less effective than rocket seed oil.
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis. Various concentrations of Novaluron were fed to P. unionalis larvae. Results showed that Novaluron caused dose-dependent mortality in pupae and larvae. It reduced larval weight gain and growth rate. Larval duration decreased but pupal duration increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pupation rate decreased and some larvae exhibited impaired metamorphosis. The LC50 of Novaluron against P. unionalis was calculated to be 0.97 ppm, indicating that it is toxic to this pest.
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...
Similar to Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (Passer domesticus) from wheat seeds and seedlings in caged conditions in Pakistan
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
Comparative effectiveness of the powders of some underutilizedAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the insecticidal effects of powders from eight botanical plants against Callosobruchus maculatus, a major pest of stored cowpeas. The powders were tested at four concentrations on cowpea seeds infested with C. maculatus. Results showed that Piper guineense powder was the most toxic, causing 100% beetle mortality at the highest concentration. Powders of Piptadeniastrum africanum (rootbark and leaf) and Aristolochia repens also achieved high mortality levels of over 80% at the highest concentration. All powders significantly reduced beetle fecundity and adult emergence compared to the control, except for Garcinia k
Comparative effectiveness of the powders of some underutilizedAlexander Decker
This document evaluates the effectiveness of powders from eight botanical plants for controlling Callosobruchus maculatus, a major pest of stored cowpeas. Powders were applied to cowpeas at different concentrations and their effects on beetle mortality, fecundity, and adult emergence were measured. The results showed that Piper guineense powder was the most toxic, causing 100% beetle mortality at the highest concentration. Powders of Piptadeniastrum africanum (rootbark and leaf) and Aristolochia repens also achieved high mortality levels of over 80% at the highest concentration. Fecundity and adult emergence were significantly reduced by P. guineense
Spawn and spawning strategies for the cultivation ofDr. siddhant
The document discusses research on different spawn and spawning strategies for cultivating the mushroom Pleurotus eous. The key findings were:
- Spawn developed on oat and barley grains produced the highest yields of 340g and 339g respectively, with biological efficiencies of 68% and 67.8%.
- Among agricultural wastes tested as alternative spawn substrates, hulled corn cob yielded 330g with 66% biological efficiency and proved the best alternative to grain spawn.
- All three spawning techniques tested (top, thorough, and layer spawning) produced similar yields, though thorough spawning had slightly shorter colonization and fruiting times.
insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from pluchea sagittalisIJEAB
Eudesmanoids play an important role in the protection of plants against herbivores. Pluchea sagittalis (Lamarck) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is widespread in tropical South America and contains compounds that provide protection against phytophagous insects. In the present work we isolated seven sesquiterpenoids with eudesmane skeletons that were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata, pests that cause serious damage to crops in the Argentine northwest. The Eudesmanes were incorporated at different concentrations to the diet of Spodoptera frugiperda. In the choice test, larval feeding behavior was altered. The eudesmanes 1, 5 and 7 showed the highest activity with feeding election indexes (FEI) of 50, 50, and 72 %, respectively at 200 µg/g of diet. When tested for insecticidal activity using neonate larvae with the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, eudesmane 1 was the most toxic in the larval stage (LD50 177.80 mg/g of diet). Compounds 5 lowered the percentage of adult emergence and produced the most malformations (72%) compared with control. Drastic effects were observed in the oviposition deterrence activity against C. capitata. The maximum oviposition deterrence (87 %) was recorded with eudesmane 5 at dose 30 µg/cm2 of artificial fruit. Finally, eudesmanes 6 and 7 showed significant larval and pupal mortality against the first generation larvae of viable eggs oviposited by females fed with the treated diet (100 µg / g artificial diet).
The document discusses the parasitic effects of the larval ectoparasitoid Bracon hebetor on the sugarcane early shoot borer. It finds that B. hebetor parasitizes the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of the sugarcane early shoot borer. The highest number of eggs, larvae, males, and females of B. hebetor emerged from parasitizing 5th instar host larvae. However, there was no significant difference in pupae formation across the different host stages. The study aims to determine the host stage most suitable for maximum parasitization and female reproductive fitness of B. hebetor.
Effect of number of stylosanthes hamata rows on herbage yield, nutritive qual...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effect of intercropping Stylosanthes hamata rows with native Panicum maximum on herbage yield, nutritive quality, and performance of Wad sheep. The study found that intercropping with 2-3 rows of S. hamata significantly increased the biomass yield, crude protein content, and mineral levels of P. maximum compared to 1 row. Feeding P. maximum intercropped with 3 rows of S. hamata also resulted in higher feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and weight gain in sheep compared to other treatments. Overall, the study concluded that intercropping S. hamata with P. maximum using 2-3 rows promoted higher herbage yield and
This document summarizes research on the parasitic effects of the larval ectoparasitoid Bracon hebetor on the sugarcane early shoot borer. It finds that B. hebetor parasitizes the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of the sugarcane early shoot borer. The highest rates of parasitism, egg laying, and adult emergence for B. hebetor occurred on the 5th instar larvae. The 3rd instar larvae led to the lowest levels of parasitism. This research suggests that the later developmental stages of the sugarcane early shoot borer provide the best host for B. hebetor reproduction and fitness.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the relative resistance of 10 soybean cultivars against sucking insect pests in Pakistan. Researchers recorded populations of whiteflies, jassids, and thrips on the cultivars over the growing season. They found that thrips populations were highest overall, followed by jassids then whiteflies. The cultivars E-91-270 and AGS-109 were most susceptible, with the highest recorded populations of thrips and jassids, respectively. PR-142 and AGS-9 were most resistant. Climate factors like temperature and humidity correlated with whitefly and thrips populations but not jassids.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document discusses the insecticidal effects of eleven essential oils against the woolly beech aphid (Phyllaphis fagi) and rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). Testing showed that Abies grandis was the most effective contact toxin against P. fagi, while Gaultheria procumbens was the most toxic fumigant and treated grain protectant against S. oryzae. Several other essential oils including Rosmarinus officinalis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Bursera graveolens, and Thuja plicata also demonstrated insecticidal effects. The results indicate that plant essential oils have potential for use as commercial insecticides against these
11.[31 36]integration of bioagent and bioproduct for the management of root-k...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the effectiveness of the bioagent Paecilomyces lilacinus and the bioproduct Radiant, alone and in combination, for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant. In vitro, both P. lilacinus and Radiant significantly reduced juvenile mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita at various concentrations and exposure times, with the combination of P. lilacinus and Radiant being most effective. In a greenhouse study, the combination treatment significantly increased plant growth and reduced nematode reproduction factors, followed by the sequential and individual treatments. The results suggest that P. lilacinus and Radiant have potential for controlling root
Integration of bioagent and bioproduct for the management of root knot nematodeAlexander Decker
The study assessed the effectiveness of the bioagent Paecilomyces lilacinus and the bioproduct Radiant, alone and in combination, for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant. In vitro, both P. lilacinus and Radiant significantly reduced juvenile mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita at various concentrations and exposure times, with the combination of P. lilacinus and Radiant being most effective. In a greenhouse study, the combination treatment significantly increased plant growth and reduced nematode reproduction factors, followed by the sequential and individual treatments. The results suggest that P. lilacinus and Radiant have potential for controlling root
11.[31 36]integration of bioagent and bioproduct for the management of root-k...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the effectiveness of the bioagent Paecilomyces lilacinus and the bioproduct Radiant, alone and in combination, for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant.
2. Under in vitro conditions, both 1% Radiant and 100% P. lilacinus caused significant mortality of M. incognita juveniles and reduction in egg hatching over time.
3. In a greenhouse study, the combination of P. lilacinus and Radiant significantly reduced the reproduction of M. incognita on eggplant and increased plant growth parameters, followed by the individual and sequential treatments of Radiant and
Bio insecticidal potentials of testa powder of melon, citrullus vulgaris schr...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the potential for melon testa powder to reduce infestation of maize grains by the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Maize mixed with varying dosages of melon testa powder was infested with weevils for 28 days. The melon testa powder significantly reduced oviposition and natality of S. zeamais but did not significantly increase mortality. Testa powder from melon seeds shows potential as a natural grain protectant for storage pest management by reducing egg-laying and offspring of maize weevils.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Parthenium hysterophorus is a serious weed of pastures, wasteland and agricultural fields in the world. This study was aimed to assess the efficacy of Parthenium hysterophorus extraction against cockroaches in Aksum University, Department of Biology laboratory, Tigray, Ethiopia. Parthenium hysterophorus containing its flower, root, stem, bark and leaf and cockroaches were collected from the campus. The parts of Parthenium hysterophorus were allowed to dry separately and made as a powder. Equal amount (3g) of powdered part of the plant were taken, distilled with 25ml of tap water with 10 ml of acetone then filtered using filter papers in to the funnels. Petri dishes were also prepared by dividing in to two equal halves having a gap between them then the extractions were dropped in one half of the Petri dishes and cockroaches were placed in the gap of the two halves then covered by a mosquito nets. The second half of the Petri dishes was used as control. Repellence capacities of all the extraction against cockroaches were observed. Extractions of Parthenium hysterophorus from Leaf + Flower followed by root + bark was found to be the most effective resulting in maximum effective mortality of cockroaches and the least was the extraction of all. Although the efficacy of the extractions of the different parts of Parthenium hystrophorus against cockroaches was assessed with their variations, it is recommended to evaluate its efficacy at different doses.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
This document discusses the use of trap cropping as an integrated pest management technique for controlling pests in various crop systems. It provides examples of trap cropping arrangements used for vegetables, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and fibre crops. Trap crops work by luring pest insects away from the main crop using a more attractive host plant. The document also discusses other IPM principles like biological control, cultural practices, and use of less harmful pesticides. Overall, it promotes the use of ecological and sustainable agricultural methods for quality food production.
Similar to Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (Passer domesticus) from wheat seeds and seedlings in caged conditions in Pakistan (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study surveyed amphibian diversity in the 200 ha Biodiversity Conservation Area of the Soubré hydroelectric dam in southwest Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 14 amphibian species from 6 families and 8 genera were recorded. Most species were associated with savannah and degraded forest habitats. The assemblage was dominated by species tolerant of disturbed habitats. All species recorded are of least concern according to the IUCN. Monitoring of species ecology and habitat protection are recommended to conserve this area's amphibian diversity.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
This document describes a study that evaluated the effect of incorporating duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) into diets for male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Three experimental diets were tested: T0 (0% duckweed), T1 (5% dried duckweed powder), and T2 (70% T0 feed and 30% fresh duckweed). The results showed that fry fed diet T1 achieved the highest average weight, daily growth rate, and specific growth rate, though differences among treatments were not statistically significant. Diet T1 also resulted in the highest gross profit margin, demonstrating the potential of incorporating a modest amount of dried duckweed into tilap
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The document describes research evaluating 13 maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer infestation in Kassala State, Sudan over two growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design. Data was collected on various agronomic traits and yield. Results showed that genotypes STB.G11, STB.G10, STB.G4, STB.G6 and STB.G8 produced the highest yields ranging from 3,302 to 4,132 kg/ha and had promising yield component traits, indicating greater tolerance to stem borer infestation compared to other genotypes tested. Yield was identified as the most promising indicator of tolerance.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of climate change on wheat yield in three districts of Pakistan from 1999-2014 using remote sensing techniques. The study found wheat production fluctuated over this time period in all three districts. Some years had higher rainfall and temperatures led to lower yields, while other years with more optimal rainfall and temperatures produced higher yields. Overall, the data showed increasing rainfall trends but unstable wheat production in the districts. The study concluded that satellite remote sensing could help predict crop yields and manage food crises given changing climate conditions.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production in Kinondoni District, Tanzania. The study found that farmers perceived increased occurrences of floods, extreme temperatures, and drought. These events negatively affected crop production by damaging crops, causing low yields, outbreaks of pests and diseases, and drying of water sources. Farmers employed adaptation strategies like crop diversification, pesticide use, changing cropping patterns, irrigation, and replanting crops. The study recommends adopting new farming systems like vertical farming to improve output with limited land and water resources under climate change.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of different liming rates on maize and bean yields in strongly acidic tea-growing soils in Kenya. The soils had pH values below 5, indicating aluminum toxicity and deficiencies in important nutrients. Liming raised the soil pH and increased both maize and bean yields significantly compared to the unlimed control. The maximum yields for both crops were achieved at a liming rate of 6 t/ha, which raised the soil pH to around 5.5. Higher liming rates did not further increase yields and started to decrease them, possibly due to nutrient imbalances. The results show that liming is an effective and inexpensive way to reclaim strongly acidic tea soils and improve food crop production.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
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Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (Passer domesticus) from wheat seeds and seedlings in caged conditions in Pakistan
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
326 | Ahmad et la.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against
house sparrow (Passer domesticus) from wheat seeds and
seedlings in caged conditions in Pakistan
Shahzad Ahmad1*
, Farhat Jabeen1
, Hammad Ahmad Khan2
, Khizar Samiullah1
, Sajid
Yaqub1
, Muhammad Samee Mubarik1
, Muhammad Kashif Zahoor1
, Zobia Saleem1
,
Asif Masih1
Maryam Shafique1
1
Department of Zoology, Govt. College, University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Article published on May 23, 2015
Key words: Passer domesticus; Anthraquinone; Methylanthranilate; Wheat.
Abstract
Among avian pests, house sparrow caused serious depredations, not only to seeds, but also seedlings of various
crops particularly in the organic farming. Different mechanical and chemical ways have been reported to manage
these losses all over the world. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of two bird repellents
namely methylanthranilate and anthraquinone to manage the depredations of wheat seeds and seedlings against
house sparrow in captivity. For this purpose house sparrows were offered with treated and untreated seeds and
seedlings of wheat in two aviaries. By providing treated seeds and seedlings with these repellents, the relative
effectiveness was appraised by comparing the consumed and unconsumed seeds and seedlings. Feeding
responses of these birds against different doses of these repellents were investigated with the help of the closed
circuit cameras adjusted in the aviaries. During the whole experiment among trial and control group highly
significant differences (P<0.01) were seen in both seeds and seedlings cases. The mean consumption of wheat
seeds treated with anthraquinone and methylanthranilate was 24.04±2.50 and 26.28±2.02, respectively, which
depicted anthraquinone is relatively good repellent than methylanthranilate and a significant difference (P<0.05)
was also observed. Different concentrations of both repellents showed a non-significant (P>0.05) variance when
wheat seeds and seedlings were offered to house sparrows. House sparrows were influenced more quickly by
consuming wheat seeds and seedlings treated with both repellents. Sparrows displayed noticeable head-shaking
and feather ruffling behavior by consuming the treated seeds and seedlings.
*Corresponding Author: Shahzad Ahmad shahzadgcuf238@yahoo.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 6, No. 5, p. 326-334, 2015
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
327 | Ahmad et la.
Introduction
Agriculture has the key role in the economy of any
state. Basically, Pakistan is an agricultural country
because about 67.5% peoples living in the rural areas
are directly involved in agriculture and it is a source
of revenue of 52% of the total population in our
country. Indeed agriculture sector is the most
important and it not only provides foodstuff to the
peoples but also raw materials to other industrial
sectors. The major crops cotton, wheat, rice, maize
and sugarcane are present that contribute 25.2% in
overall agriculture in Pakistan (Economic Survey of
Pakistan, 2012-13). Per acre yield in this country is
one fourth than that of the advanced countries due to
lack of modern scientific methods for cropping and
unawareness of peoples about the different
techniques of pest management.
Vertebrate pests cause significant annual damage to
agriculture, natural resources, human health and
properties throughout the world. From all vertebrate
groups, birds and mammals no doubt cause serious
economic losses to valuable crops and fruit orchards.
Cereal crops and fruit orchards are seriously affected
fields by avian pests, their damage varies from field to
field, area to area, country to country and also from
climate to climate and the losses also depend upon
the type of bird’s species in a particular area.
Blueberries, grapes, apples, gooseberries and cherries
and later on seed of green cherry fruits trees are more
at risk of birds attack (Wright and Brough, 1966;
Simon, 2008). Upshal (1943) recorded 0.5 - 10% and
Way (1968) observed more than 90% losses on cherry
fields whereas in Northeastern United States farmers
of blueberry calculated 30% damage. Shafi et al.
(1986) observed house sparrow (Passer domesticus),
rosy starling (Sturnus roseus), common myna
(Acridotheres tristris), rose-ringed parakeet
(Psittacula krameri) and house crow (Corvus
splendens) as pestiferous species that caused serious
economic losses to the crops and fruits. Crop damage
caused by house sparrow ranges from 2-11% being
more prominent at maturity stage of crop (Rizvi et al.,
2002). At Haripur, India, the estimated losses caused
by pigeon, crow, sparrow and myna were 244
g/day/yard in a 30-day threshing season (Garg et al.,
1966). With the increase of human population, the
demand of food and fruits has also become increased
many folds so, there is a need to increase the per acre
production to meet the requirements by introducing
and applying the different strategies of pest control
(Witmer, 2007).
Previously human has been utilizing various ways to
protect their agricultural resources and agro-
ecosystems from various bird pests. After some days
due to familiarization of birds against the different
mechanical devices, in the era of 1960’s the work was
started to ascertain the repellent activities of different
chemical compounds. Furthermore, it will be better
that the bird repellent should be from natural
sources, easily extractable and environment friendly.
Anthraquinone is phenolic purgative, extractable
from tomatoes, famous as a competent avian
repellent and can be used effectively to protect rice
seed from blackbirds under captive and field
conditions (Avery et al., 1998; Cummings et al.,
2002). Methylanthranilate is a natural compound,
present in grapes and other plant materials, found to
be effective as bird aversion agents and generally
recognized as safe. It acts as chemosensory repellent
by irritating pain receptors associated with taste and
smell and is approved by the U.S. EPA. It has been
found effective in repelling birds from feeding on
crops and fruits. Several scientists explored its use for
controlling birds on feed lots, horticultural crops, rice
and field crops (Mason et al., 1989; Avery, 1992).
Agriculture is the backbone of our country and the
economic losses to crops and fruit orchards by birds
are in millions every year. So, it is essential to identify
the effective chemical repellents that should be
economical and environment friendly in particular to
wildlife. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
ascertain the relative effectiveness of anthraquinone
and methylanthranilate against house sparrow
(Passer domesticus) as well as their relative
percentage to repel best from treated seeds and
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
328 | Ahmad et la.
seedlings and also the behavioural responses of house
sparrow against treated and untreated wheat seeds
and seedlings in captive conditions.
Materials and methods
House sparrow (Passer domesticus) feeding
experiments were conducted in the vicinity of Wildlife
and Fisheries Research Station and Botanical Garden
at New Campus of Government College University
Faisalabad, Pakistan. There was somewhat natural
and undisturbed environment to the birds. From the
local area birds were captured, tagged and placed in
two aviaries (large bird cages) having dimension
12×12×8 feet (length × width × height) and weight of
each bird was also determined at the start and end of
the experiment.
Acclimatization
For roosting the birds tree branches, wooden bars and
stones were furnished in the each aviary. Through the
entire period of research water was provided ad
libitum in each aviary. All the birds were offered
maintenance diet (grains, fruits, garden plants, wheat
and maize seeds) ad libitum for a week of
acclimatization period. Four food bowls were placed
in each aviary. Aviary-I, was taken as treatment group
whereas aviary-II as control group.
Feed preparation and repellent concentration
Four different concentrations that is 0.25%, 0.5%,
0.75% and 1.0% of methylanthranilate
(W268208/ ALDRICH, found in the grapes and mint
registered as bird repellent) and anthraquinone
(A90004 /ALDRICH, extractable from tomatoes,
regarded as potential avian repellent) were prepared
and evaluated in the feeding experiments. Acetone
was used as commercial adhesive. Both repellents
first were dissolved in 12.5ml acetone as they were not
soluble in water. To treat the seeds 62.5ml of each
concentration having adhesive material was taken
and mixed with 250g seeds in beaker and will be
stirred well in the electric shaker. Then seeds were air
dried and stored in air-conditioned laboratory in
darkness in the department of Zoology.
Treatment experiment
In all twenty house sparrows were taken, of these ten
in aviary-I were treated as experimental group and
ten in aviary-II as control group. After the pre-
treatment trials, food choice experiments were
conducted for three consecutive days for each
concentration of both the repellents and each
treatment was given for about three hours in each
morning, where as in leftover the day maintenance
diet was provided. Each day consumed and
unconsumed seeds were collected and weighed from
both treated and control group in both the aviaries.
There was one day gap in every treatment phase and
birds were provided with maintenance diet in whole
the day. Whole the time of experiment, in small
vacant cage same amount of seeds in a bowl were kept
to check the change in seeds weight as a result of
desiccation that measured every day.
According to above mentioned methodologies, the
efficacy of both bird repellents was evaluated against
the house sparrows by providing the wheat seeds
treated with different concentrations of
methylanthranilate and anthraquinone.
In the same way, during the last phase of this study
the effect of different concentrations of both
repellents was also evaluated by providing the
seedlings of wheat to the experimental birds in aviary
conditions. For this purpose the 35g seeds of wheat
were grown in the pots. Four pots were placed in each
aviary having seedlings. It were sprayed with above
mentioned doses of both repellents and then provided
to the birds in the treatment group in aviary-I, and
similarly the unsprayed seedlings in pots were offered
to the control group in aviary-II.
Behavioural observations
To monitor the feeding behaviour and responses
against the treated and untreated seeds and seedlings
two closed circuit cameras were also adjusted in the
opposite corners of each aviary in such a ways that all
the activities of birds were tape-recorded.
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
329 | Ahmad et la.
Statistical analysis
For each experiment daily consumption was
estimated by subtracting the weight remaining in pots
and of spilled seeds from the initial weight of seeds
and also change in seeds weight as a result of
desiccation that measured every day also considered.
Resultant weight was divided by the initial weight to
get the percentage. Similarly, seedlings numbers were
counted at start and end of treatment time daily and
their percentage were also taken by dividing the
initial sprouting numbers. For each single treatment
variant, the deterrent effect of both the repellents in
the experiments was evaluated by computing the
consumption differences between treated and
untreated wheat seeds and seedlings against house
sparrows by analysis of variance (ANOVA; Keppel,
1973) and LSD test were further used to isolate the
significance difference among means. Also change in
body mass of birds was analyzed using the student t-
test. Histogram was used for graphical presentation of
present findings. All analyses were performed with
Statistix 8.0.
Results
Effect of chemical repellents on wheat seeds against
house sparrow
Statistically highly significant (P<0.01) differences in
consumption of wheat seeds between trial and control
groups and also in two way interaction among
concentration and treatment (C × T) and similarly in
three way interaction among chemicals, treatment
and concentration (T ×C × Ch) highly significant
(P<0.01) results were obtained. While a non-
significant (P>0.05) value was observed among
different concentrations (C) of both chemical
repellents and significant (P<0.05) differences were
obtained between chemicals (Ch), among the
interaction of chemicals and concentrations (Ch × C),
and between interaction of treatment and chemicals
(T × Ch) (Table 1). The mean consumption of wheat
seeds when treated with anthraquinone and
methylanthranilate was 24.04±2.50 and 26.28±2.02
respectively, which showed that former is
comparatively more useful bird repellent than later
one. Similarly the mean wheat seed consumption in
trial and control group was 15.25±1.08 and 35.06±
0.88, respectively for both bird repellents (Table 2)
and for different concentrations of anthraquinone the
lowest wheat seed consumption was 8.05±1.63 at 1%
concentration that showed it is more effective to repel
the sparrows (Table 3 & Fig. 1). This result showed
that anthraquinone is more useful to control the
wheat damage instead of methylanthranilate against
house sparrows.
Table 1. Analysis of variance for wheat seeds against house sparrow.
Source of variation Degrees of
freedom
Sum of squares Mean squares F-value
Treatment (T) 1 4708.84 4708.84 470.19**
Chemical (Ch) 1 60.35 60.35 6.03*
Concentration (C) 3 21.01 7.00 0.70NS
T x Ch 1 63.53 63.53 6.34*
T x C 3 207.53 69.18 6.91**
Ch x C 3 99.73 33.24 3.32*
T x Ch x C 3 304.89 101.63 10.15**
Error 32 320.47 10.01
Total 47 5786.35
NS = Non-significant (P>0.05); * = Significant (P<0.05); ** = highly significant (P<0.01).
Effect of chemical repellents on wheat seedlings
against house sparrow
Seedlings in pots were offered to the sparrows in both
trial and control groups in early morning for three
hours period after that the numbers of remaining
seedlings were recorded and the obtained data was
statistically analyzed which showed that there existed
a highly significant differences (P<0.01) between the
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
330 | Ahmad et la.
trial and control group, because in trial group the
seedlings were sprayed with bird repellents, and a
significant difference was recorded among both the
bird repellents and also non-significant (P>0.05)
differences were noticed among different
concentrations (C) and between the two and three
way interactions (Table 4). By comparing the mean
consumption of wheat seedlings when treated with
anthraquinone (22.01± 0.80) and methylanthranilate
(24.32± 0.74) again it suggested that anthraquinone
is more effective than methylanthranilate and the
mean wheat seedlings consumption in trial and
control group was 21.00± 0.65 and 25.34± 0.68,
respectively (Table 5). At 1% concentration of
anthraquinone and methylanthranilate a smaller
number of seedlings were eaten by birds (Table 6 &
Fig. 2). Statistical analysis wheat seedlings
consumption against house sparrows provided an
idea that anthraquinone was more effective to reduce
the spoliation than methylanthranilate. Non-
significant (P>0.05) variations were seen from the
statistical analysis of body weight of sparrows
indicated that applications of two bird repellents did
not affect the weight of birds. Captive test birds
sustained body mass and all looked healthy when
feeding trials finished.
Table 2. Comparison of means for wheat seeds treated with both chemical repellents against house sparrow.
Chemical Treatment Mean
Trial group Control group
AQ 12.98±1.57c 35.09±1.25a 24.04±2.50B
MA 17.52±1.23b 35.03±1.30a 26.28±2.02A
Mean 15.25±1.08B 35.06±0.88A
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05). Small letters
represent comparison among interaction means and capital letters are used for overall mean.
Table 3. Comparison of means for different concentrations of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate for
wheat seeds against house sparrow.
Chemical Conc. Treatment Mean
Trial group Control group
AQ 0.25% 20.11±0.86c 31.54±1.62b 25.82±2.69ABC
0.50% 13.20±3.13de 31.53±1.14b 22.36±4.36C
0.75% 10.56±0.48e 38.91±2.17a 24.74±6.42BC
1.00% 8.05±1.63e 38.38±0.64a 23.22±6.83BC
MA 0.25% 12.31±1.81de 35.08±2.06ab 23.69±5.24BC
0.50% 19.83±1.00c 32.68±3.01b 26.25±3.20AB
0.75% 20.45±2.26c 32.31±2.17b 26.38±3.00AB
1.00% 17.51±1.86cd 40.06±0.33a 28.78±5.11A
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05). Small letters
represent comparison among interaction means and capital letters are used for overall mean.
Videotapes behaviour
Videotaped examination was carried out with the help
of two closed circuit cameras adjusted below the roof
in the corners of each aviary. It was point out that
house sparrows were influenced quickly by
consuming wheat seeds treated with both repellents.
All house sparrows displayed noticeable head-shaking
and feather ruffling after few minutes of treatment
exposure and less consumption was observed. House
sparrows consumed anthraquinone treated seeds
moderately after preliminary exposure, though some
sparrows ate gradually for about 25 minutes and signs
of discomfort and vomiting were observed. However,
throughout the study no death was occurred.
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
331 | Ahmad et la.
Table 4. Analysis of variance for wheat seedlings against house sparrow.
Source of variation Degrees of
freedom
Sum of squares Mean squares F-value
Treatment (T) 1 226.592 226.592 26.28**
Chemical (Ch) 1 64.010 64.010 7.42*
Concentration (C) 3 50.581 16.860 1.96NS
T x Ch 1 5.929 5.929 0.69NS
T x C 3 73.906 24.635 2.86NS
Ch x C 3 9.930 3.310 0.38NS
T x Ch x C 3 14.292 4.764 0.55NS
Error 32 275.918 8.622
Total 47 721.158
NS = Non-significant (P>0.05); * = Significant (P<0.05); ** = Highly significant (P<0.01).
Table 5. Comparison of means between trial and control group and bird repellents for wheat seedlings against
house sparrow.
Chemical Treatment Mean
Trial group Control group
AQ 19.49±0.74 24.54±1.00 22.01±0.80B
MA 22.50±0.91 26.15±0.92 24.32±0.74A
Mean 21.00±0.65B 25.34±0.68A
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
Discussion
The current study disclosed that anthraquinone and
methylanthranilate possess a repellent capability
when seeds and seedlings of wheat treated with both
chemicals were provided to house sparrows in an
aviary conditions.
Table 6. Comparison of means for different concentrations of both bird repellents for wheat seedlings
against house sparrow.
Chemical Conc. Treatment Mean
Trial group Control group
AQ 0.25% 20.28±0.50 26.69±1.49 23.48±1.60
0.50% 21.00±2.05 24.79±2.32 22.90±1.62
0.75% 19.76±0.62 21.09±1.34 20.42±0.73
1.00% 16.92±1.56 25.59±1.91 21.25±2.23
MA 0.25% 23.88±1.02 25.17±1.33 24.53±0.80
0.50% 23.22±3.37 27.30±1.85 25.26±1.95
0.75% 21.96±0.61 23.33±1.81 22.64±0.91
1.00% 20.95±1.73 28.78±1.21 24.86±1.99
Table 7. Comparison between weight of house sparrow before and after treatment of experiment in control and
trial group.
Group N Mean SD SE t-value Prob.
Sparrow initial weight Trial 10 22.94 3.91 1.24 0.42NS 0.678
Control 10 22.17 4.25 1.34
Sparrow final weight Trial 10 21.62 3.99 1.26 0.28NS 0.780
Control 10 21.09 4.35 1.38
Sparrow weight decrease Trial 10 1.32 0.89 0.28 0.66NS 0.519
Control 10 1.08 0.74 0.23
NS = Non-significant (P>0.05); * = Significant (P<0.05); ** = Highly significant (P<0.01)
SD = Standard deviation.
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
332 | Ahmad et la.
In the present experiment bird repellents showed
highly significant results with anthraquinone and
methylanthranilate in trail and control groups.
Greater consumption was noticed in aviary-ΙΙ which
was control group as compared to aviary-Ι treated as
trial group. It showed that bird repellents have
deterrent effects against house sparrows and among
chemical repellents, anthraquinone has more
significant repellent effects than methylanthranilate.
These results are very much coinciding with Avery et
al. (2001); Werner et al. (2009) and Esther et al.
(2013), who also found anthraquinone as more
efficient avian repellent instead of methylanthranilate
on different crops against birds.
Fig. 1. Effectiveness of anthraquinone and
methylanthranilate on wheat seeds against house
sparrow.
Fig. 2. Effectiveness of anthraquinone and
methylanthranilate on wheat seedlings against house
sparrow.
In the second phase of experiments when wheat
seedlings were offered to house sparrow repellents
demonstrated significant differences and
anthraquinone displayed deterrent results instead of
methylanthranilate this outcome was in harmonized
with the finding of Cummings et al. (2011) and
Werner et al. (2011) in which anthraquinone products
confirmed sufficient to protect seedlings from
blackbirds and pheasants depredations in field and
captive experiments, respectively. However Esther et
al. (2013) and Kennedy and Connery (2008) got
reverse effects in both caged and field studies with
pigeons and crows, respectively where both deterrent
substances were unsuccessful.
Fig. 3. Comparison of house sparrow’s weight at the
start and end of experiment.
The body weight of aviary-Ι birds throughout
experiment was significantly not differing that was
supported with the Avery et al. (1993) work.
Insignificant illness, aching and queasiness behaviour
was observed in some birds during videotaped
observation. Mason and Bonwell, 1993; Avery et al.,
1993; Avery et al., 1996 and Avery et al., 2001,
studied on red-winged blackbirds, brown headed
cowbirds, grackle validated similar results with
treatment of turpentine, insecticide, mint derivate
and methylanthranilate. Additional fields research
with same species under natural conditions and cost-
benefit evaluations are immediately required for the
evaluation of the repellent chemicals to minimize bird
spoliation to the crops.
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
333 | Ahmad et la.
Conclusion
In caged trials, it has been seen that anthraquinone, is
a more effective bird repellent than
methylanthranilate against house sparrows when
treated wheat seeds and seedlings were offered to the
birds. And it is suggested that this bird repellent can
be further assessed in the field trials on different
crops in Pakistan against house sparrows.
Acknowledgement
The authors deeply acknowledge the financial support
through Higher Education Commission, Islamabad,
Pakistan (HEC Project # PM-
IPFP/HRD/HEC/2012/3559), to complete present
research project.
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