Karnal bunt (KB) disease is one of the most important challenges posed on of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) industry of Pakistan because of itsinclusionin quarantine list around the globe. This disease is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica M. (Neovossia indica). It affects the grain quality of wheat and hampers its movement in international market resulting in economic losses. Presence of >3% infected grains in wheat lot makes it unsuitable for human consumption. Eradication of this disease is very difficult as no resistant cultivar has been found against KB in Pakistan so far. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a set of 199 wheat germplasm collected from Pakistan. In this study 31,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were developed by 90K SNP array technology. A linear mixed model in GWAS, accounting for population structure, was fitted to identify significant genomic regions [-log(P) ≥ 4.0] on 6 different chromosomes i.e. 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A with novel loci. Candidate genes, through wheat genome assembly, were identified as putative genes related to KB resistance including kinase like protein family. The results of this study can be useful in wheat breeding through marker assisted selection for KB resistant varieties.
Pathway studio plant rice blast webinar february 2015Ann-Marie Roche
Using inferred pathways relations to find mechanisms associated with a plant disease
Rice blast is a fungal infection that can devastate growing crops within 7-10 days. It can survive on seeds or in soil, subsequent crops can be infected.
Despite all attempts to fight this disease, rice blast still ravages yields. The use of fungicides extends the plant’s useful life, however, blast overcomes resistance within 1 to 2 growing seasons.
Analysis of rice response to blast infection can shed light on plant immunity and improve breeding decisions. This webinar will demonstrate how the utilization of Arabidopsis data in Pathway Studio helps further the understanding of rice blast defense mechanisms.
This document discusses strategies for vegetable breeding. It begins by describing the importance of building a robust germplasm collection through targeted collection of genetic variation. It discusses approaches for developing germplasm, including MAGIC populations which combine genetic material from multiple parents, utilizing wild relatives as a source of novel traits, and gene pyramiding to stack multiple genes controlling traits like disease resistance. The document also outlines how molecular techniques like marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can aid breeding efforts when integrated with conventional methods. It emphasizes that field evaluation remains important for selecting traits adapted to different environments.
The document discusses stability for grain yield in finger millet. It begins by introducing the challenges plant breeders face in developing stable cultivars across environments due to genotype by environment (GxE) interactions. It then defines stability and the agronomic and biological concepts of stability. Different statistical models for analyzing stability are described, including the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. The AMMI model uses analysis of variance and principal component analysis to evaluate GxE interactions and identify stable genotypes. Biplots are used to graphically represent GxE interactions identified through AMMI analysis. Specifically, biplots allow visualization of genotypes and environments as well as patterns of GxE interactions.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Crop genetic improvement and utilization in china. xinhai liExternalEvents
This document summarizes a case study on crop genetic resources in China. It discusses 1) the collection and conservation of crop germplasm resources in China through various national actions, 2) genomic characterization of crops like rice, wheat, millet, cotton through genome sequencing efforts that have identified genes for traits like yield, quality and stress resistance, and 3) advances in crop molecular breeding in China using techniques like marker-assisted selection, double haploid breeding, and transgenic breeding to develop new crop varieties with desired traits. The document concludes with perspectives on further improving germplasm through basic research and using novel techniques.
This document discusses the AB QTL mapping strategy and its applications in various crops. AB QTL mapping involves introgressing genomic regions from unadapted germplasm into elite varieties while performing QTL analysis in advanced backcross generations. The document summarizes AB QTL studies in tomato, rice, maize, and their findings. It notes the advantages of AB QTL over conventional QTL mapping, such as reduced linkage drag and ability to rapidly develop candidate varieties. The document also outlines some limitations of the AB QTL approach.
Pathway studio plant rice blast webinar february 2015Ann-Marie Roche
Using inferred pathways relations to find mechanisms associated with a plant disease
Rice blast is a fungal infection that can devastate growing crops within 7-10 days. It can survive on seeds or in soil, subsequent crops can be infected.
Despite all attempts to fight this disease, rice blast still ravages yields. The use of fungicides extends the plant’s useful life, however, blast overcomes resistance within 1 to 2 growing seasons.
Analysis of rice response to blast infection can shed light on plant immunity and improve breeding decisions. This webinar will demonstrate how the utilization of Arabidopsis data in Pathway Studio helps further the understanding of rice blast defense mechanisms.
This document discusses strategies for vegetable breeding. It begins by describing the importance of building a robust germplasm collection through targeted collection of genetic variation. It discusses approaches for developing germplasm, including MAGIC populations which combine genetic material from multiple parents, utilizing wild relatives as a source of novel traits, and gene pyramiding to stack multiple genes controlling traits like disease resistance. The document also outlines how molecular techniques like marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can aid breeding efforts when integrated with conventional methods. It emphasizes that field evaluation remains important for selecting traits adapted to different environments.
The document discusses stability for grain yield in finger millet. It begins by introducing the challenges plant breeders face in developing stable cultivars across environments due to genotype by environment (GxE) interactions. It then defines stability and the agronomic and biological concepts of stability. Different statistical models for analyzing stability are described, including the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. The AMMI model uses analysis of variance and principal component analysis to evaluate GxE interactions and identify stable genotypes. Biplots are used to graphically represent GxE interactions identified through AMMI analysis. Specifically, biplots allow visualization of genotypes and environments as well as patterns of GxE interactions.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Crop genetic improvement and utilization in china. xinhai liExternalEvents
This document summarizes a case study on crop genetic resources in China. It discusses 1) the collection and conservation of crop germplasm resources in China through various national actions, 2) genomic characterization of crops like rice, wheat, millet, cotton through genome sequencing efforts that have identified genes for traits like yield, quality and stress resistance, and 3) advances in crop molecular breeding in China using techniques like marker-assisted selection, double haploid breeding, and transgenic breeding to develop new crop varieties with desired traits. The document concludes with perspectives on further improving germplasm through basic research and using novel techniques.
This document discusses the AB QTL mapping strategy and its applications in various crops. AB QTL mapping involves introgressing genomic regions from unadapted germplasm into elite varieties while performing QTL analysis in advanced backcross generations. The document summarizes AB QTL studies in tomato, rice, maize, and their findings. It notes the advantages of AB QTL over conventional QTL mapping, such as reduced linkage drag and ability to rapidly develop candidate varieties. The document also outlines some limitations of the AB QTL approach.
Tagging microsatellite marker to a blast resistance gene in the irrigated ric...Thiago Pinheiro
This study aimed to determine the genetic basis of blast resistance in rice cultivar Cica-8 and identify linked molecular markers. Crosses were made between resistant Cica-8 and susceptible Metica-1, and progeny including F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 were inoculated with blast isolate IB-1. Segregation analysis showed resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. Of 11 microsatellite markers tested, one marker RM7102 was linked to the resistance allele at a distance of 2.7 cM.
Proposal to Test the Efficacy of Insect Resistance Management Strategies in B...Lauren Kelley
The proposal aims to test the efficacy of two insect resistance management (IRM) strategies - refuge strategy and pyramid strategy - in delaying resistance to Bt corn in pest insects through field experiments. The refuge strategy involves planting non-Bt corn refuge fields near Bt corn fields, while the pyramid strategy uses a seed mixture of Bt corn containing multiple toxins. Experiments will compare insect survival on Bt corn under each strategy. Results could help select the most efficient IRM strategy and inform regulatory guidelines to delay pest resistance and ensure sustainable agriculture.
Alien introgression in Crop Improvement-New insightsasmat ara
This document discusses various methods for transferring genes from crop wild relatives into cultivated crops. It begins by defining alien introgression as the transfer of genes from unadapted species into breeding programs. It then discusses why introgression is useful given the loss of genetic diversity during domestication. Historical examples of introgression improving disease resistance in wheat and other crops are provided. Modern techniques discussed include marker-assisted backcrossing to introgress traits while retaining the cultivated background genome. The document also explores using next-generation sequencing to identify genes and develop markers for introgression programs.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and plant breeding:
1. It outlines natural and human causes of climate change such as changes in the sun's energy output and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. It describes how plants may respond to climate change through extinction, range shifts, habitat fragmentation, genetic differentiation, migration, and phenotypic plasticity.
3. It discusses strategies for improving crop resilience through crop diversification, ideotype breeding, and mutation breeding. Crop diversification involves mixing varieties to reduce pest and disease impacts. Ideotype breeding develops optimized crop models. Mutation breeding enhances genetic variability.
This document summarizes research on using agrobiodiversity to manage pests and diseases. The research involved working with over 1500 smallholder farmers across multiple crops and locations. It found that higher crop diversity on farms reduced vulnerability to pests and diseases by disrupting pest and pathogen transmission. Analyzing over 2000 farmer interviews and field trials, the research also identified traditional crop varieties with different resistance profiles that could help smallholders reduce crop losses from biotic stresses with low-input options. Overall, the research concluded that agrobiodiversity benefits smallholder food security and livelihoods by decreasing crop failure risks from pests and diseases.
This document discusses the history and current state of honeybee genetics and breeding. It covers key topics like sex determination in bees, colony collapse disorder, and the importance of pollination. The past focused on early discoveries in bee sexuality and hive design. The present discusses trends in complementary sex determination, Cape honeybees, and colony collapse disorder. The future envisions using genetic diversity and selective breeding to develop healthier bee populations for sustainable pollination.
This document summarizes the development of introgression lines in rice variety Swarna+Drought that contain genes conferring resistance to multiple stresses. Donor plants were used to introgress genes for bacterial leaf blight (BLB), brown planthopper (BPH), gall midge (GM) and drought tolerance into the recurrent parent. Seven new introgression lines were developed and evaluated, with three lines showing high levels of resistance to blast, BLB, GM and drought. These lines hold potential for rice breeding to address multiple biotic and abiotic stresses simultaneously with appropriate gene combinations.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Turcicum Leaf Blight Resistance Screening and Combining ability studies in MaizeKeerthana Reddy
The document discusses Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) resistance screening and combining ability studies in maize. It provides background on maize as a crop, describes the causal organism and symptoms of TLB, outlines methods for screening maize lines for resistance, and discusses major resistance genes that have been identified.
ESTIMATING STABILITY PARAMETERS AND STRESS INDICES USING ELITE SALT TOLERANT ...SriTejaswi11
This study evaluated 13 salt tolerant rice genotypes across 13 locations in India representing saline and alkaline environments over two years. Yield and other traits were measured and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis was performed to assess stability and adaptation. The AMMI1 model with one interaction principal component best explained the genotype-environment interactions. The genotype CHK3 was identified as the most widely adapted, with the highest yield across the most number of environments based on the AMMI models. This genotype shows potential for cultivation in multiple saline and alkaline environments.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistanceijtsrd
Bacterial blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae PV. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most destructive diseases active in the major rice growing countries of Asia. In field level screening, the genotypes PY5 and Kadaikannan showed immune against rice BLB. Under artificial condition, IR 11C 114, Adukan and Kadaikannan shows resistant to bacterial leaf blight. The trait single plant yield showed positive significant correlation with plant height (0.21), number of productive tillers (0.19) and thousand grain weight (0.37). G. Tamilarasan | M. Arumugam Pillai | R. Kannan | S. Merina Prem Kumari"Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15915.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/pathology/15915/genetic-diversity-studies-in-rice-for-bacterial-leaf-blight-resistance/g--tamilarasan
Deployment of broad spectrum resistance against rice blast which includes gene pyramiding, deployment, transgenic approaches, marker assisted back cross breeding, pedigree by using major R genes and QTLs and phytoalexin genes.
PRESENT STATUS AND ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN INSECT PEST MANAGEMENTNAGANNA REPALLE
This document provides an overview of biotechnological approaches for insect pest management. It discusses how transgenic plants expressing insecticidal genes like Bt toxins have helped reduce crop losses from pests. Other techniques described include using RNA interference to silence pest genes, molecular markers to identify pest populations, and newer proteins being explored for transgenic crops. The document also outlines India's regulatory system for genetically modified crops and both the benefits and concerns associated with their use.
Cassava at CIAT provides concise summaries:
CIAT is researching cassava to support farmer income, human health, and respond to trends like food prices, climate change. Projects focus on value-added traits like starch, carotenoids, and storage; and developing tools for genetic improvement. New challenges from pests are anticipated due to climate change, monocropping, and changing management practices. CIAT will conduct risk assessments, monitoring, capacity building and management to prepare for threats to cassava from pests.
Tagging microsatellite marker to a blast resistance gene in the irrigated ric...Thiago Pinheiro
This study aimed to determine the genetic basis of blast resistance in rice cultivar Cica-8 and identify linked molecular markers. Crosses were made between resistant Cica-8 and susceptible Metica-1, and progeny including F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 were inoculated with blast isolate IB-1. Segregation analysis showed resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. Of 11 microsatellite markers tested, one marker RM7102 was linked to the resistance allele at a distance of 2.7 cM.
Proposal to Test the Efficacy of Insect Resistance Management Strategies in B...Lauren Kelley
The proposal aims to test the efficacy of two insect resistance management (IRM) strategies - refuge strategy and pyramid strategy - in delaying resistance to Bt corn in pest insects through field experiments. The refuge strategy involves planting non-Bt corn refuge fields near Bt corn fields, while the pyramid strategy uses a seed mixture of Bt corn containing multiple toxins. Experiments will compare insect survival on Bt corn under each strategy. Results could help select the most efficient IRM strategy and inform regulatory guidelines to delay pest resistance and ensure sustainable agriculture.
Alien introgression in Crop Improvement-New insightsasmat ara
This document discusses various methods for transferring genes from crop wild relatives into cultivated crops. It begins by defining alien introgression as the transfer of genes from unadapted species into breeding programs. It then discusses why introgression is useful given the loss of genetic diversity during domestication. Historical examples of introgression improving disease resistance in wheat and other crops are provided. Modern techniques discussed include marker-assisted backcrossing to introgress traits while retaining the cultivated background genome. The document also explores using next-generation sequencing to identify genes and develop markers for introgression programs.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and plant breeding:
1. It outlines natural and human causes of climate change such as changes in the sun's energy output and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. It describes how plants may respond to climate change through extinction, range shifts, habitat fragmentation, genetic differentiation, migration, and phenotypic plasticity.
3. It discusses strategies for improving crop resilience through crop diversification, ideotype breeding, and mutation breeding. Crop diversification involves mixing varieties to reduce pest and disease impacts. Ideotype breeding develops optimized crop models. Mutation breeding enhances genetic variability.
This document summarizes research on using agrobiodiversity to manage pests and diseases. The research involved working with over 1500 smallholder farmers across multiple crops and locations. It found that higher crop diversity on farms reduced vulnerability to pests and diseases by disrupting pest and pathogen transmission. Analyzing over 2000 farmer interviews and field trials, the research also identified traditional crop varieties with different resistance profiles that could help smallholders reduce crop losses from biotic stresses with low-input options. Overall, the research concluded that agrobiodiversity benefits smallholder food security and livelihoods by decreasing crop failure risks from pests and diseases.
This document discusses the history and current state of honeybee genetics and breeding. It covers key topics like sex determination in bees, colony collapse disorder, and the importance of pollination. The past focused on early discoveries in bee sexuality and hive design. The present discusses trends in complementary sex determination, Cape honeybees, and colony collapse disorder. The future envisions using genetic diversity and selective breeding to develop healthier bee populations for sustainable pollination.
This document summarizes the development of introgression lines in rice variety Swarna+Drought that contain genes conferring resistance to multiple stresses. Donor plants were used to introgress genes for bacterial leaf blight (BLB), brown planthopper (BPH), gall midge (GM) and drought tolerance into the recurrent parent. Seven new introgression lines were developed and evaluated, with three lines showing high levels of resistance to blast, BLB, GM and drought. These lines hold potential for rice breeding to address multiple biotic and abiotic stresses simultaneously with appropriate gene combinations.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Turcicum Leaf Blight Resistance Screening and Combining ability studies in MaizeKeerthana Reddy
The document discusses Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) resistance screening and combining ability studies in maize. It provides background on maize as a crop, describes the causal organism and symptoms of TLB, outlines methods for screening maize lines for resistance, and discusses major resistance genes that have been identified.
ESTIMATING STABILITY PARAMETERS AND STRESS INDICES USING ELITE SALT TOLERANT ...SriTejaswi11
This study evaluated 13 salt tolerant rice genotypes across 13 locations in India representing saline and alkaline environments over two years. Yield and other traits were measured and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis was performed to assess stability and adaptation. The AMMI1 model with one interaction principal component best explained the genotype-environment interactions. The genotype CHK3 was identified as the most widely adapted, with the highest yield across the most number of environments based on the AMMI models. This genotype shows potential for cultivation in multiple saline and alkaline environments.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
2015. Petr Smykal. Study domestication and to broaden genetic diversity of w...
Similar to Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm collection from Pakistan.pdf
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistanceijtsrd
Bacterial blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae PV. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most destructive diseases active in the major rice growing countries of Asia. In field level screening, the genotypes PY5 and Kadaikannan showed immune against rice BLB. Under artificial condition, IR 11C 114, Adukan and Kadaikannan shows resistant to bacterial leaf blight. The trait single plant yield showed positive significant correlation with plant height (0.21), number of productive tillers (0.19) and thousand grain weight (0.37). G. Tamilarasan | M. Arumugam Pillai | R. Kannan | S. Merina Prem Kumari"Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15915.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/pathology/15915/genetic-diversity-studies-in-rice-for-bacterial-leaf-blight-resistance/g--tamilarasan
Deployment of broad spectrum resistance against rice blast which includes gene pyramiding, deployment, transgenic approaches, marker assisted back cross breeding, pedigree by using major R genes and QTLs and phytoalexin genes.
PRESENT STATUS AND ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN INSECT PEST MANAGEMENTNAGANNA REPALLE
This document provides an overview of biotechnological approaches for insect pest management. It discusses how transgenic plants expressing insecticidal genes like Bt toxins have helped reduce crop losses from pests. Other techniques described include using RNA interference to silence pest genes, molecular markers to identify pest populations, and newer proteins being explored for transgenic crops. The document also outlines India's regulatory system for genetically modified crops and both the benefits and concerns associated with their use.
Cassava at CIAT provides concise summaries:
CIAT is researching cassava to support farmer income, human health, and respond to trends like food prices, climate change. Projects focus on value-added traits like starch, carotenoids, and storage; and developing tools for genetic improvement. New challenges from pests are anticipated due to climate change, monocropping, and changing management practices. CIAT will conduct risk assessments, monitoring, capacity building and management to prepare for threats to cassava from pests.
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how biotechnology tools can help overcome limitations in crop production by improving quantity, quality, and stress tolerance. Molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical tools are supporting conventional breeding. Other technologies discussed include standardized field sites, high-throughput phenotyping, DH lines, and various analytical techniques. The document also discusses using tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi for genetic engineering to introduce beneficial genes. Specific research on okra and rice breeding is summarized, including studies on tissue culture, induced mutations, and marker-assisted selection.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Epidemiological Investigation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Parasite at BAPARD Cat...AI Publications
The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite in Cattle through semi-intensive rearing system at BAPARD campus during the period from July 2019 to June, 2020. A total of 156 samples from 39 cattle among these, 29 Bulls and 10 heifers were collected at the time of defecation or just after defecation. Samples were collected every three months of a year to find out the effect of season. All cattle are Holstein crossbred. The collected Feces samples were examined by direct smear method followed by McMaster counting technique under microscope for detection the morphology of egg at BAPARD Parasitology Lab on the day of collection. The overall prevalence of GI parasite was 26.72% and more frequent in more frequent in rainy season (57.14%) followed by summer (28.57%) and winter season (14.29%). The parasitic prevalence load was low in winter season. In endoparasitic infection, the higher prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (19.05%) was found in rainy season followed by Haemonchus spp. (9.52%); Fasciola spp.(4.76%), Schistosoma spp. (4.76%) and Toxocara spp. (4.76%). In cattle, prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (15.38%), Schistososma spp (3.85%) and Haemonchus spp. (7.69%) was higher in adult cattle (above 2 year) comparatively growing and young, whereas prevalence of Toxocara spp. (3.33%) was higher in young (1-1.5 year) than growing and adult cattle. In other case Female (27.5%) are slightly higher than male (26.72%) cattle. So, the investigation indicates low prevalence rate of GI parasite at semi-intensive care management system in BAPARD, Gopalganj,Bangladesh.
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how modern tools like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical methods are being used along with technologies like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9, and TALENs to introduce beneficial genes and improve traits. Specific examples discussed include research on improving okra and rice varieties for traits like disease resistance and yield through techniques like tissue culture, molecular characterization, and genome editing. The document also summarizes research on inducing mutations in wheat using chemicals like EMS to generate genetic variability for breeding programs.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
The document discusses de-domestication or feralization, where domesticated plants and animals escape artificial selection and adapt in the wild. It provides examples of feral rice, wheat, and barley and examines their origins and adaptations through genome sequencing and analysis. Mechanisms of feralization include plants escaping cultivation or crossing with wild relatives. Feral populations provide insights into crop evolution and can be a source of traits like shattering that improve adaptation. Studies of feral rice, wheat, and barley populations found they derived from cultivated varieties and adapted to new environments while retaining domestication genes.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
The Production of Triploid Clariobranchus in Indoor HatcheryIOSR Journals
This study evaluated the interactive effects of rhizobium and virus inocula on three cowpea cultivars. The cultivars were inoculated with two rhizobium strains (R25B and IRj2180A) and two virus strains (CABMV and CYMV) at two different times. Viral inoculation significantly reduced nodulation, biomass production, and grain yields across all cultivars. Maximum reductions occurred without rhizobium inoculation. Early inoculation had a greater effect than late inoculation. The interaction of rhizobium and virus strains showed that viral severity was not reduced by rhizobium presence. Cultivar IT90K-277-2 performed best
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp). "Berangan Cv. Intan-...paperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp.) Berangan Cv. Intan-AAApaperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
Exploitation of Germplasm for Plant Yield Improvement in Cotton (Gossypium hi...Shoaib Ur Rehman
This study assessed genetic diversity among 50 cotton genotypes by evaluating 14 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variability among genotypes. Traits like plant height, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, and plant yield had high heritability, indicating additive gene effects and potential for selection. Principal component analysis identified plant height, number of branches, and bolls per plant as major contributors to variation. Projection of genotypes onto the first two principal components showed population structure. The most genetically diverse genotypes identified were IUB-222, SB-149, CIM-612, CIM-598, CIM-506, RS-1 and VS-1, which could be useful for future cotton breeding programs.
2015. M. S. Swaminathan. Next Generation Genomics and the zero hunger challengeFOODCROPS
This document summarizes a conference on next generation genomics and integrated breeding for crop improvement. It discusses the history and impact of the green revolution, challenges of feeding a growing population, and opportunities provided by new genomic and phenomic technologies to accelerate crop breeding for traits like increased yield, abiotic stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. It highlights examples of successful crop varieties developed through marker-assisted breeding and genetic modification. The document emphasizes the need for integrated approaches that apply genomic data and high-throughput phenotyping within breeding programs to address food security and climate change challenges.
Genetic Variability, Heritability for Late leaf Spot tolerance and Productivi...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on genetic variability, heritability, and traits related to late leaf spot tolerance and productivity in a recombinant inbred line population of groundnut. The study evaluated 106 recombinant inbred lines plus parental lines. High genetic variation was observed for traits related to late leaf spot score, yield, and other components. High heritability and genetic advance were found for traits like late leaf spot score, 100-seed weight, and haulm weight per plant, indicating these are controlled by additive genes and good for selection. Several lines were identified with improved late leaf spot tolerance, early maturity, yield, and other traits.
Advances in Vegetable Improvement through Biotechnological ApproachAditika Sharma
The document discusses various biotechnological approaches that can be used to improve vegetables, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, and tissue culture techniques. It provides examples of how transgenic crops have been developed with traits like virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition. Molecular markers can be used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and introgressing traits from wild relatives. The global adoption of biotech crops is also summarized. Genome sequencing of various crops is helping with marker development and gene discovery.
Efficacy of rhizome crude extracts organic pesticide against insect-pests and...Innspub Net
The intractable increasing cost of synthetic pesticides is certainly intense in the coming production years. Looking into this viewpoint the farmers have to look for alternative actions to withstand their farming business profitability. Rhizome crude extracts can be an alternative for synthetic pesticides. This study was conducted to assess the effect of rhizome crude extracts against glutinous corn seedling maggots, corn earworm, corn borer, armyworm, and aphids; evaluate the effect of rhizome crude extracts on the growth and yield of glutinous corn, and determine the profitability of glutinous corn production using rhizome plants as a source of organic pesticide. The treatments were as follows: T0 – No pesticide applied; T1 – Potable water alone; T2 – Ginger crude extracts; T3 – Turmeric crude extracts; T4 – Galangal crude extracts; and T5 – Shampoo ginger crude extracts. Results revealed that insect-pests and their damage on glutinous corn crop were significantly lessened by the application of rhizome crude extracts regardless of sources. This contributed to the significant stover yield and harvest index performance of treated plants with rhizome crude extracts thus obtained a profitable yield compared to those plants without any pesticide applied.
Similar to Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm collection from Pakistan.pdf (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study surveyed amphibian diversity in the 200 ha Biodiversity Conservation Area of the Soubré hydroelectric dam in southwest Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 14 amphibian species from 6 families and 8 genera were recorded. Most species were associated with savannah and degraded forest habitats. The assemblage was dominated by species tolerant of disturbed habitats. All species recorded are of least concern according to the IUCN. Monitoring of species ecology and habitat protection are recommended to conserve this area's amphibian diversity.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
This document describes a study that evaluated the effect of incorporating duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) into diets for male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Three experimental diets were tested: T0 (0% duckweed), T1 (5% dried duckweed powder), and T2 (70% T0 feed and 30% fresh duckweed). The results showed that fry fed diet T1 achieved the highest average weight, daily growth rate, and specific growth rate, though differences among treatments were not statistically significant. Diet T1 also resulted in the highest gross profit margin, demonstrating the potential of incorporating a modest amount of dried duckweed into tilap
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The document describes research evaluating 13 maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer infestation in Kassala State, Sudan over two growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design. Data was collected on various agronomic traits and yield. Results showed that genotypes STB.G11, STB.G10, STB.G4, STB.G6 and STB.G8 produced the highest yields ranging from 3,302 to 4,132 kg/ha and had promising yield component traits, indicating greater tolerance to stem borer infestation compared to other genotypes tested. Yield was identified as the most promising indicator of tolerance.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of climate change on wheat yield in three districts of Pakistan from 1999-2014 using remote sensing techniques. The study found wheat production fluctuated over this time period in all three districts. Some years had higher rainfall and temperatures led to lower yields, while other years with more optimal rainfall and temperatures produced higher yields. Overall, the data showed increasing rainfall trends but unstable wheat production in the districts. The study concluded that satellite remote sensing could help predict crop yields and manage food crises given changing climate conditions.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production in Kinondoni District, Tanzania. The study found that farmers perceived increased occurrences of floods, extreme temperatures, and drought. These events negatively affected crop production by damaging crops, causing low yields, outbreaks of pests and diseases, and drying of water sources. Farmers employed adaptation strategies like crop diversification, pesticide use, changing cropping patterns, irrigation, and replanting crops. The study recommends adopting new farming systems like vertical farming to improve output with limited land and water resources under climate change.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
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Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm collection from Pakistan.pdf
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
1 | Batool et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal
bunt resistance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm
collection from Pakistan
Syeda Qamar Batool*1
, Shazia Iram1
, Rupesh Gaire2
, Mohammad Sajjad3
, Kashif Riaz4
,
Syed Mohsin Abbas5
1
Department Environmental Science, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi,
Punjab, Pakistan
2
University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL, United States
3
COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
4
Department of Plan Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
5Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Article published on November 20, 2020
Key words: Candidate genes, Commercial varieties, Karnal bunt, Landraces, SNP markers, Triticum aestivum
Abstract
Karnal bunt (KB) disease is one of the most important challenges posed on of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
industry of Pakistan because of itsinclusionin quarantine list around the globe. This disease is caused by the
fungus Tilletia indica M. (Neovossia indica). It affects the grain quality of wheat and hampers its movement in
international market resulting in economic losses. Presence of >3% infected grains in wheat lot makes it
unsuitable for human consumption. Eradication of this disease is very difficult as no resistant cultivar has been
found against KB in Pakistan so far. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a set of 199
wheat germplasm collected from Pakistan. In this study 31,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were
developed by 90K SNP array technology. A linear mixed model in GWAS, accounting for population structure,
was fitted to identify significant genomic regions [-log(P) ≥ 4.0] on 6 different chromosomes i.e. 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B,
4A, 5A with novel loci. Candidate genes, through wheat genome assembly, were identified as putative genes
related to KB resistance including kinase like protein family. The results of this study can be useful in wheat
breeding through marker assisted selection for KB resistant varieties.
*Corresponding Author: Syeda Qamar Batool batool.syedaqamar@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 17, No. 5, p. 1-10, 2020
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
2 | Batool et al.
Introduction
Karnal or partial bunt (KB) is part of the smut and bunt
diseases of wheat worldwide and the greatest challenge
to wheat industry (Murray & Brennan, 1998; Brar et
al., 2018). It is a floret infecting disease and also one of
the most devastating in terms of grains quality of bread
wheat. Bread wheat is famous for dough quality, but
the bunted kernels, more than 3%, can deteriorate the
bread quality. A foul fishy smell emits from infected
wheat grains on account of presence of chemical trim
ethylamine causing the crop to become undesirable for
human consumption (Mehdi et al., 1973; Mehmood et
al., 2014). Among biotic stresses, KB causes not less
than 39% yield losses around the world. This disease is
also included in quarantine list of more than 70
countries (Pandey et al., 2018). The presence of spores
from the causal pathogen of this disease impedes trade
of wheat between countries (Rush et al., 2005). Strict
quarantine regulations have been imposed on the
movement of commercial wheat grains and wheat
germplasm in view of the invasion of this pathogen into
new areas (Royer & Rytter 1988). Technically, KB
disease is least concerned with yield, but it does have
serious impact in the international market (Brar et al.,
2018).
The possible measures to control KB disease are crop
rotation, use of disease free seed, adjustment of
irrigations and application of chemical fungicides
(Singh, 1985). But the most feasible approach is
employment of resistant germplasm in breeding
programs. Hence, it is need of the time to explore new
sources of resistance and enrich the breeding pool to
broaden the genetic base of the resistance.
Genome wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful
technological tool for biparental germplasm as well as
for those which have been undergoing extensive
recombination (Brar et al., 2018). Currently, SNPs
markers in GWAS have been used to characterize the
genomes of several types of plants and animals but it
is still a challenge to use them in wheat crop because
wheat has multifaceted genomic construction. Wheat
SNP comprising of approximately ninety thousand
genes that have been developed for overall exposure
of the wheat genome.
This 90K array can be reliably used in both hexaploid
and tetraploid wheat for detection of SNPs across
worldwide wheat populations (Wang et al., 2014).
Different markers have been applied for exploitation
of genetic resources in wheat germplasm for KB
disease in India (Sharma et al., 2018) and USA (Singh
et al., 2002) but no reports have been published from
Pakistan on SNP genotyping of wheat populations for
KB resistance to date. Keeping in view the importance
of SNPs for genome studies, the present study was
designed to use SNP markers to identify resistant
resources for KB from Pakistan by studying genetic
variations within and among Triticum spp.
Materials and methods
Experimental Plant Materials and Field Trials
The plant material consisted of 199 wheat genotypes
collected from Pakistan including commercial
varieties and landraces. The population was planted
at the field of Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad located in
central Punjab, Pakistan. The experiments were
conducted for two consecutive crop growing seasons
(2016-17 and 2017-18) in an augmented design in
eight incomplete blocks. Each incomplete block
contained 25 entries and 5 susceptible checks of
commercial varieties including Faisalabad-2008, Aas-
2002, Pakistan-81, Chakwal-50, Inqilab-91. Three
rows of each entry were planted containing 10 plants
per line, plant to plant distance was 9 cm, row to row
distance was 30 cm and 1-meter distance between the
blocks was maintained. Local practices were adopted
for field management. The plant material was planted
by dibbling method (Na-Allah et al., 2018) in mid-
November in both years.
Phenotyping for karnal bunt infection
Inoculum preparation
Inoculum of Tilletia indica was prepared by crushing
the karnal bunt infected seeds and mixing them with
Tween 20 solution (Wright et al., 2003) in a glass
tube. The solution was vigorously shaken and filtered
and allowed to stand for 24 hours. Sodium
hypochlorite 0.6% was added for 2 minutes and
centrifuged at3000 rpm for a few seconds.
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
3 | Batool et al.
The supernatant was discarded and the teliospores
were rinsed with distilled water and the solution was
again centrifuged at 3000 rpm. Rinsing and
centrifugation was repeated for one more time. The
collected teliospores were transferred to 2% water
agar medium and incubated at 18–22oC until
germination was observed. To collect secondary
sporidia, the pieces of water agar with teliospores
were put inversely onto potato dextroseagar (PDA) in
Petri plates. After few days, the inoculum was
increased by flooding with sterilized water and
scraped with a sterilized spatula and transferred the
suspension to other Petri plates of PDA. Secondary
sporidia were harvested and inoculum concentration
was adjusted to 10,000 sporidia/mL using a
haemocytometer (Fuentes-Davila, 1994).
Karnal Bunt Inoculations and Disease Scoring
Artificial inoculation was performed by injecting
sporidial suspension with hypodermic syringe into
boots with emerging awns (Aujla et al., 1981).
Artificial infection was completed from January to
March at booting stage and appropriate humidity was
provided by flooding the field and sprinkling water
over the whole field. At harvesting stage, infected
tillers were harvested and threshed separately from
the healthy tillers. The infected grains were counted
and disease severity and incidence were calculated by
applying formulae of disease incidence and coefficient
of infection (Ziaullah et al., 2012). Mean disease
incidence data was used for further analysis.
Statistical Analysis
Data analysis was performed using the R statistical
software (R Core Team, 2013). The random effect
model was fit to estimate heritability of KB trait in
wheat germplasm.
Y𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 = line𝑖 + year𝑗 + rep(year)𝑗𝑘 + block(rep)𝑘𝑙 +
(year x line)𝑖𝑗 + ε𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 [1]
where Y𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 is the phenotypic value of ith genotype
located in lth block within kth rep in the jth
environment,line𝑖is the effect of ith genotype, yearj is
the effect of jth year, 𝑟𝑒𝑝(𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)𝑗𝑘 is the effect of kth rep
within jth year, 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 (𝑟𝑒𝑝)𝑘𝑙is the lst block effect
within a rep, and ε𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙is the residual error.
The variance components extracted from the equation
[1] were used to estimate broad-sense heritability on
entry-mean basis (H) in the following equation:
𝐻 =
𝜎𝑔
2
𝜎𝑔
2+ 𝜎𝑔𝑦
2 /𝑒+𝜎𝑒
2/𝑒𝑟
[2]
Where 𝜎𝑔
2
is the genetic variance, 𝜎𝑔𝑦
2
is the variance
of genotype X year interaction, 𝜎𝑒
2
is the residual error
variance, e is the number of year, r is the number of
replications. Best Linear Unbiased Estimates (BLUE)
of each line were extracted from equation [1] by
fitting line as fixed effect. The BLUE estimates were
used for downstream analysis.
Genotypic Data and Gwas
Genomic DNA was extracted from two weeks old
leaves following CTAB method (Osman et al., 2015).
The 199 genotypes were genotyped with the Illumina
iSelect 90K SNP chip (Wang et al., 2014) following
the manufacturer’s protocol. The subsequent SNP
calling was completed using the Genome Studio
software package (Illumina, 2017). To avoid
counterfeit marker trait associations, markers with
missing data points >20% and minorallele frequency
<0.05 were excluded from analysis. Markers that
were monomorphic were also removed from the data
set and the remaining array comprised ~31,000 SNP
markers across all the chromosomes.
Population Structure and Genome Wide Association
Studies
Population structure was analyzed by principal
component analysis of marker data. The GWAS was
performed by fitting the compressed mixed linear
model (Zhang et al., 2010) using the rrBLUP package
version 4.5 (Endelman, 2011) in the R environment,
version 3.4.0 (R Core Team, 2013). We fitted a mixed
model, where markers and population structure was
considered fixed effects and polygenic effects of line
(kinship inferred from genotype data) and residuals
were treated as random effects. In this study, we
identified marker trait association (MTA) with –log
(P) ≥ 4.
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
4 | Batool et al.
Pairwise LD values were estimated using TASSEL 5.0
among the significant SNP markers identified in the
GWAS. Based on the annotated wheat genome
IWGSC RefSec v1.0 (Apples et al., 2018), we screened
for any gene on the SNP representing the identified
MTAs.
Results
Karnal Bunt Resistance In The Wheat Population
The percent KB infection score in the evaluated
germplasm collection ranged from 0% to 25.73%. In
overall population, disease infection skewed towards
lower infection but continuous variation was observed
(Fig. 2). Disease score was higher in commercial
varieties as disease was more prominent in
commercial varieties than landraces in both
experimental years. Mean disease incidences are
shown in Fig. 1.
Table 1. Identified SNP markers, their positions and
Alleles.
Marker
Name
Chromosome Position
-log(P)
value
Allele
IWB12518 1A 64623494 7.096258 T/C
IWB60792 1D 67613497 5.08594 T/C
IWB19629 2D 11778498 5.461601 A/G
IWB7061 3B 34632446 5.082242 A/G
WB12426 4A 37703462 4.937749 T/C
IWB12085 5A 32733409 4.873133 A/G
Fig. 1. Mean disease incidence on commercial
varieties and landraces in two years (2016-2018).
Fig. 2. Histogram of phenotypic data based on
disease incidence.
Population Structure
The first two principal components explained more
than 30% variation in the genotypic dataset. The first
principal component seems to differentiate the
population into two main groups: commercial cultivar
and landraces (Fig. 3). Six land races clustered
together with commercial varieties. Further two
clusters were found within commercial varieties.
Fig. 3. Population structure of wheat population.
Markers Significantly Associated With Karnal Bunt
The association analysis identified a total of 6
marker-trait associations (MTAs) for disease
resistance of KB on 6 chromosomes: 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B,
4A and 5A (Fig. 4). Out of the 6 MTAs, one on
chromosome 1A was highly significant due to its
highest -log (P) value 7.09.
Fig. 4. Manhattan plot consisting of all markers
associated with Karnal bunt.
Population Structure and Ld Decay
Linkage disequilibrium value was 0.46 and half LD
decay was 0.23. Half decay distance was calculated
i.e 191,500 base pairs. Fig. 5 is showing LD among
SNP markers.
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
5 | Batool et al.
Fig. 5. Linkage disequilibrium among SNP markers.
Putative Genes Associated With Mtas for Karnal
Bunt
In this study, another activity of candidate gene
identification became possible due to availability of
the wheat genome assembly. Searching of gene was
secondary objective because we did not functionally
characterize these genes due to few limitations. The
transition from identification of SNPs and relating the
polymorphic sites to candidate genes in self-
pollinating plants is a difficult task because of LD
across extended stretches of DNA. Another limitation
was association of each polymorphic site with many
genes which makes it very difficult to find out the
candidate genes. Therefore, a follow-up study of these
genes is necessary to confirm their involvement in
governing the KB disease resistance. In the present
study, significant and stable SNPs have been reported
on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B,4A and 5A. The SNP
marker IWB12518 on position 62643494 on
chromosome 1A had the highest log (-p) value and it
contained three genes coding for ABC transporter B
family, diacylglycerol acyltransferase and reticulon
like protein. The chromosome 1D contained SNP
marker IWB60792 on position no. 67613497 with one
putative gene basic helix loop helix transcription
factor. Another significant SNP marker IWB 19629 on
chromosome 2D located on position 11778498
encompass fourteen genes coded as cytochrome
P450, subtilisin like protease, actin related protein,
HR like lesion inducing protein related protein, 2-
oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe (II)-dependent oxygenase
superfamily protein putative. Two genes known as
non-specific lipid transfer protein were found on
chromosome 3B position 34632446.
Nine genes were linked with IWB12426 on
chromosome 4A with position no. 37703462 and the
genes included threonyl carbamoyl-AMP synthase,
AT2G18410-like protein, endo1-4-beta xylanase,
adenylyl-sulfate kinase, outer mitochondrial
membrane protein porin, dual specificity RNA
methyltransferase RlmN, somatic embryogenesis
related protein, formin 3 and kinase like. The
chromosome 5A contained seven genes named
Metallo hydrolase/oxyreductase superfamily protein,
methyltransferase, protein kinase family protein,
receptor like protein kinase, vacuolar membrane
protease, DNA directed RNA polymerase subunit beta
and F-box family protein on position 32733409.
Discussions
Across the globe, KB disease of wheat is of prime
importance with reference to uncompromising
quarantine laws in various countries. It is understood
that quantitative relationship in host resistance has
been observed in this disease. Very few resistant
sources are identified and used in breeding
programmes in countries including China, Mexico
and India (Sharma et al., 2005, Singh et al., 2003,
Singh et al., 2007, Embiri et al., 2019).In the current
study, germplasm collection from Pakistani wheat
accessions was deployed to find new sources of KB
resistance. It included both historical and the latest
varieties and landraces. Environmental factors are
dominant in disease development that is why it
becomes a challenge to screen wheat genotypes for
resistance sources (Dhaliwal and Singh, 1989).
Genetic exploitation of 199 wheat germplasm was
performed using Illumina iSelect 90K wheat SNP
chip. After filtering 20% missing values ~31,000
markers were retained for further analysis. Besides
genetic variations within and among wheat
germplasm, Genome-wide Association Studies were
carried out for identification of significant markers
and their associated candidate genes for KB disease.
Wang et al. (2014) developed and suggested that SNP
markers, as high-density genotyping arrays, are a
powerful tool for studying genomic patterns of
diversity, inferring ancestral relationships between
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
6 | Batool et al.
individuals in a population and studying MTAs in
mapping experiments. Sets of informative SNPs,
selected based on their distribution across the genome,
minor allele frequency and intervariant linkage
disequilibrium, have been used to design SNP
genotyping assays based on various technological
principles (Cavanagh et al., 2013; Ganal et al., 2011; Kim
et al., 2007; Song et al., 2013). Total of 132,000 SNPs
markers have been identified to facilitate QTL and
association studies of traits (Brenchley et al., 2013).
In hexaploid wheat, SNPs marker information is
limited (Ravel et al., 2006). You et al. (2018) reported
that a challenge exists for SNP discovery in polyploidy
species e.g. wheat but improved and increased
number of available analysis tools has made it
possible. SNP array technology has been reported as
successful technology and getting popularity due to
automatic genotyping, cost efficiency and flexibility
(Clevengerand Akinz-Ozias, 2015; Song et al., 2016).
Control of KB disease is difficult because of its
intermittent nature. Spores of Tilletia indica remain
viable for a long time so it is difficult to eliminate
fungus from the field (Sharma et al., 2009). The most
practicable approach for control of KB disease is to
employ host resistance available in the germplasm
(Sharma et al., 2004). Therefore, the present study
was conducted to evaluate resistant sources in wheat
germplasm by using 90K SNP chip. Based on
phenotypic data of the field trials and 90K SNP chip,
wheat germplasm population was clustered into two
clearly different groups due to genetic variations
found in the germplasm. One group represented
landraces and the other indicated commercial
varieties. 90K SNP chip used in the present study has
been suggested for genotyping of worldwide wheat
population including commercial cultivars and
landraces. Besides wheat, SNP arrays have been
successfully used for other economically important
crops including maize and rice (Wang et al., 2014).
The results of population analysis showed that 6
landraces were clustered with group of commercial
varieties showing genetic resemblance with them.
These variations can be assigned to their breeding
history and variations in their pedigree and
parentage. Another reason is nucleotide diversity in
the AABB and DD genomes that has significantly
been reduced as compared to ancestral populations,
indicating a major diversity bottleneck in the cultivars
(Brenchely et al., 2012). Modern plant breeding has
resulted in narrow based germplasm due to reductions
in genetic diversity among wheat cultivars. Genetic
diversity can be estimated by using morphological,
pedigree and molecular data. Use of DNA based
molecular markers; principal component analysis and
cluster analysis are meaningful diversity measures for
assessment of genetic diversity in a population (Sajjad
et al., 2018). Wheat landraces collections show a wider
genetic diversity than common breeding programmes.
This quality has been studied in the countries with
improved varieties consisted of landraces. It leads to
the transfer of genetic information from landraces to
commercial varieties.
There are a number of studies conducted for GWAS in
wheat with reference to different aspects including yield
components, agronomic traits, Fusarium head blight
disease, rusts, powdery mildew, grain related traits,
wheat growth stages and genomic prediction of quality
traits (Sun et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017). But no GWAS
has been yet published for KB disease in Pakistani wheat
germplasm. However, few QTLs from other countries
have been identified related to KB disease in hexaploid
wheat (Brar et al., 2018; Gupta et al., 2019).
The GWAS results of present study revealed that 6
significant SNP markers were associated with KB
disease based on 90K SNP markers and two years
disease incidence data of field trials. The identified
markers were located on 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B, 4A and 5A.
The chromosome 4B was first time reported for
resistant QTL against KB disease on the basis of SSR
markers. Several genes/QTLs were suggested for KB
resistance in various wheat accessions that can be
beneficial for marker assisted selection in breeding
programmes (Singh et al., 2003). A resistant region
located on chromosome 2A was also reported (Gill et
al., 1993).
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
7 | Batool et al.
In a GWAS study conducted on wheat germplasm
from Afghanistan SNPs markers on chromosome 4A
were identified for KB resistance. In current study,
the physical positions 37703462 and 32733409,
67613497 on chromosomes 4A, 5A and 1D
respectively are different from previous reports and
could be considered as novel. Chromosome 1A
involved in KB resistance was also reported by Embiri
et al. (2019) and Sehgal et al. (2008) but the physical
position was different. Similarly, 1D was also reported
by Kumar et al. (2007) for the first time.
In this study, thirty-two putative candidate genes
were identified and previous studies have proved that
resistance of Karnal bunt is controlled by one to
several genes (Villareal et al., 1995).Chromosome 5A
harbors Traes CS5A01G035600 and putative
candidate gene in this region is F-box family protein
that has also been reported by Gupta et al., 2019.
Previously reported kinase like family protein has also
been identified in one SNP on chromosome 5A and
4A conferring resistance. Another research identified
one region on chromosome 5BL involved in KB
disease resistance and seven markers were identified
on long arm of chromosome of 5B (Kaur et al., 2016).
The SSR markers located on chromosomes 3BL and
4BL were also found in association with KB resistance
in inbred lines (Sehgal et al., 2008).
Based on previous studies, the identified significant
chromosomes of present study may present novel
regions for KB disease resistance in bread wheat.
However, 1A chromosome is the most important, due to
its log (-p) value, which may have strong influence with
KB resistance in hexaploid wheat. Three genes were
mapped on chromosome 1A and they are Traes
CS1A01G081300 coding ABS transporter B family
protein, TraesCS1A01G081400 coding Diacylglycerol
acyltransferase and Traes CS1A01G81500 coding
reticulon like protein. Chromosome 1D and 3D have
been previously reported, for resistance against KB
disease, in which these were identified by SSR markers.
One SSR marker Xgwm 538 associated with KB
resistance was found on 4B chromosome (Kumar et al.,
2015). Another SSR marker on long arm of chromosome
5A has been reported by (Vasu et al., 2000).
Linkage disequilibrium value was 0.46 and half LD
decay was 0.23. Half decay distance was calculated i.e
191,500 base pairs. The LD decay is relatively low
because of the land races. This makes identification of
candidate genes feasible as the extent of LD blocks
are lower. Different LD values in wheat have been
reported depending upon the aspects studied (Wang
et al., 2017). Sun et al., 2017 calculated LD in A, B
and D genome 231607, 132889 and 173750
respectively. Chao et al., 2007 reported that LD decay
occurs at slower rate in self-pollinating plants such as
Arabidopsis, rice, barley, wheat and sorghum than
out-crossing crops e.g. maize. To interpret pattern of
genetic diversity in modern cultivars has become
complicated due to strong selection and inbreeding
with landraces which elevated the LD value and
reduced genetic diversity (Chao et al., 2010). As
compared to commercial varieties, landraces are
valuable source of genetic diversity due to their
specific adaptation to their local environmental
conditions and they provide a rich source of genes
(Lopes et al., 2015).
There is no previous report for LD of SNP markers
implemented for KB disease. However, level of
genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium are
affected by various factors including inbreeding,
selection of favorable alleles, domestication and out
crossing of crop cultivars with landraces (Luo et al.,
2007). Genetic diversity plays an important role in
improvement of cultivars (Chao et al., 2007). The A,
B genome diversity levels are similar but it is reduced
in D genome due to breeding history which increased
LD in D genome. The results of current study and
previous reports indicate diverse resistance sources
present in the hexaploid wheat germplasm.
Conclusions
Resistance in Karnal bunt of wheat is a complex trait
for which different genes have been identified
controlling the resistance trait. The results of current
study suggest that variation exists in wheat
population and it can be used in breeding programs
to convey resistance against KB as few lines have
shown <1% karnal bunt infection in two years of
experiments.
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
8 | Batool et al.
Single nucleotide polymorphism markers identified
on chromosomes 1A, 5A, 2D, 4A, 3B with novel
positions are helpful for further studies conducting on
marker assisted selection in breeding programs. The
identified genomic regions contained many genes
which can be investigated further for their role in
disease resistance. The present study would be helpful
in molecular breeding in wheat breeding programs to
eradicate KB disease.
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