This document summarizes a study that assessed the ability of various plant materials to control an established infestation of Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea beetle) in stored cowpeas. Cowpeas were infested for 5 weeks before applying plant powders or the pesticide Actellic. Data was collected over 10 weeks on adult emergence, mortality, and seed damage. The most effective plant materials in reducing adult emergence were Moringa oleifera, Piper guineense, and Ocimum gratissimum. Actellic caused the highest insect mortality. At week 10, M. oleifera, P. guineense and O. gratissimum had weevil perforation indexes
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
The document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling pests in stored grain. It discusses sanitation, monitoring, non-toxic treatments like diatomaceous earth and cooling/heating, biological controls using beneficial insects, and other alternatives to pesticides. Traps, identification of pests, and decision support software can aid in monitoring. The strategies described aim to effectively control pests with minimal pesticide use.
Effects of Chemical Constituents on Insect Pest Population in West African Ok...IOSR Journals
This study examined the effects of chemical constituents on insect pest populations in different genotypes of West African okra (Abelmoschus caillei). Six genotypes were obtained from a germplasm collection and evaluated in a field experiment. Results showed that three genotypes (NGAE-96-0067, NGAE-96-0123, and CEN 10) attracted fewer insects, had lower leaf and pod damage, and contained higher levels of chemical constituents that conferred resistance to insects. These three genotypes are recommended for farmers despite insect attacks due to their economic value. A positive correlation was found between insect damage and reduced seed yield, indicating that insect resistance is important for okra production. The study concluded that antixen
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food se...ExternalEvents
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food security and nutrition from local food crops to stimulate sustainable income opportunities for small holder farmers to reduce poverty presentation by "Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars Incorporated, Dranesville and
University of California Davis, Davis, United States of America"
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
The document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling pests in stored grain. It discusses sanitation, monitoring, non-toxic treatments like diatomaceous earth and cooling/heating, biological controls using beneficial insects, and other alternatives to pesticides. Traps, identification of pests, and decision support software can aid in monitoring. The strategies described aim to effectively control pests with minimal pesticide use.
Effects of Chemical Constituents on Insect Pest Population in West African Ok...IOSR Journals
This study examined the effects of chemical constituents on insect pest populations in different genotypes of West African okra (Abelmoschus caillei). Six genotypes were obtained from a germplasm collection and evaluated in a field experiment. Results showed that three genotypes (NGAE-96-0067, NGAE-96-0123, and CEN 10) attracted fewer insects, had lower leaf and pod damage, and contained higher levels of chemical constituents that conferred resistance to insects. These three genotypes are recommended for farmers despite insect attacks due to their economic value. A positive correlation was found between insect damage and reduced seed yield, indicating that insect resistance is important for okra production. The study concluded that antixen
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food se...ExternalEvents
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food security and nutrition from local food crops to stimulate sustainable income opportunities for small holder farmers to reduce poverty presentation by "Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars Incorporated, Dranesville and
University of California Davis, Davis, United States of America"
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of Trichoderma harzianum fungus, poultry manure, and palm wine yeast, individually and combined, on the growth and yield of soybeans grown in nematode-infested soil. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. Application of the biological agents significantly increased soybean growth and yield while reducing nematode populations compared to the untreated control. Combining Trichoderma harzianum with poultry manure or palm wine yeast had the best effects on soybean plant height, leaf number, and soil nematode suppression.
The document discusses various types of gene banks and methods for conserving plant genetic resources ex situ. It describes seed banks, tissue banks, cryo banks, pollen banks, field gene banks, sperm banks and ova banks. It provides details on how each method preserves genetic material and which types of plants each method can be used for. The document also discusses best practices for managing gene bank accessions through electronic databases to facilitate utilization of plant genetic resources.
Radiosensitivity and Seedling Growth of Several Genotypes of Paddy Rice Mutan...AI Publications
Researchers use mutation induction in rice to create high genetic diversity. The basic population with high genetic diversity will facilitate the selection process for the desired good characters. This study aimed to determine the optimal dose that induces the highest genetic diversity in four lowland rice genotypes. The research materials were four genotypes of lowland rice, namely “G10”, “G16”, “Baas Selem”, and “Inpago Unram-1”. Gamma irradiation was carried out at the Center for Isotope and Radiation Application (PAIR) BATAN. Each genotype was irradiated at doses of 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy. The seeding is done in the glasshouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram. Observations were made on the number of growing seeds, plant height and number of leaves. The LD50 value was determined based on the results of the regression analysis of the number of growing seeds at the four irradiation doses plus control (0 Gy). The results indicated that (1) the numbers of growing seeds decreased as the doses of gamma irradiation increased, (2) the LD50 value of the four rice genotypes ranged from 264 to 518 Gy, (3) the optimal dose of gamma ray irradiation for G10, G16, Baas Selem, and Inpago Unram-1 were 264 Gy, 398 Gy, 316 Gy and 518 Gy, respectively. (4) Among the four rice genotypes teasted, “G10” mutant was the most sensitive to gamma ray irradiation, whereas” Inpago Unram-1” mutant was the least sensitive genotype.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
Bio insecticidal potentials of testa powder of melon, citrullus vulgaris schr...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the potential for melon testa powder to reduce infestation of maize grains by the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Maize mixed with varying dosages of melon testa powder was infested with weevils for 28 days. The melon testa powder significantly reduced oviposition and natality of S. zeamais but did not significantly increase mortality. Testa powder from melon seeds shows potential as a natural grain protectant for storage pest management by reducing egg-laying and offspring of maize weevils.
Agricultural Biotechnology in 21st Century - USDA's Perspectiveapaari
The document discusses the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) role in regulating agricultural biotechnology, including genetically engineered (GE) plants. The USDA aims to assure the environmental safety and human/animal health safety of GE plants while promoting innovation. It oversees GE plant regulation to protect US agriculture. The USDA also clarified that it does not intend to regulate new plant breeding innovations like genome editing as long as they do not involve plant pests. Internationally, the USDA works with other countries and groups to promote consistent, science-based GE regulations and address regulatory challenges.
This document discusses post-harvest technology development of mushrooms in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It begins with background on mushroom production globally and in Nepal. It then discusses the problems with high post-harvest losses for mushrooms due to their perishable nature. The purpose of the project is to establish a cold storage facility and processing unit to enable short and long-term storage and marketing of mushrooms year-round. This will help address issues of food security and generate income. The objectives are to develop post-harvest technologies for mushrooms and promote mushroom farming and business in Kathmandu Valley.
The document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs) and their potential benefits and controversies. It argues that GMFs are acceptable if they are proven to be safe for human health and not harmful to the environment based on scientific evidence and international risk assessments. The document notes potential benefits of GMFs for crops, animals, the environment, and increasing global food security. However, it also acknowledges controversies around GMFs regarding their safety, corporate control of the food system, and ethics. It provides an overview of the regulatory system for GMFs in the Philippines and an example of a farmer who increased his yields and income through growing insect-resistant Bt corn. In conclusion, the document expresses support for GMF
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
11.effect of plant extracts on post flowering insect pests and grain yield of...Alexander Decker
1) A field study was conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of plant extracts from Balanites aegyptiaca, Momordica balsamina, and Vernonia amygdalina on cowpea insect pests and yield.
2) The results showed that Balanites and Momordica extracts significantly reduced several major cowpea insect pests and increased cowpea pod and seed weights compared to the untreated control.
3) Cypermethrin insecticide provided the best pest control and highest cowpea yields, but Balanites and Momordica extracts showed potential as alternative organic pest management options for farmers.
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
The document discusses the conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in developing countries but their biodiversity is being depleted. The Institute of Biodiversity Conservation has initiated a project on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants to address this issue. There are two main methods of conserving plant genetic resources: in-situ conservation, which involves conservation in the native habitat, and ex-situ conservation, which involves conservation outside the native habitat. Cryopreservation, defined as the viable freezing of biological material at ultra-low temperatures using liquid nitrogen, is an effective technique for conserving plant genetic resources that are difficult to conserve through traditional seed storage methods.
“Micropropagation Studies On Bambusa Tulda, Dendrocalamus Longipathus And Che...jayatisharma
The term biotechnology represents a fusion or an alliance between biology and technology. Biotechnology is as old as human civilization and is an integral part of human life. There are records that wine and beer were prepared in as early as 600 B.C. bread and curd in 4000 B.C. The term biotechnology was introduced in 1917 by Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky.
It concerns with the exploitation of biological agents or their components for generating useful products / services. The area covered under biotechnology is very vast and the techniques involved are highly divergent.
The document discusses the need for conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in many developing countries, but biodiversity is being depleted through human activities and natural disasters. The goal of conservation is to protect biological resources and habitats in a sustainable manner. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and biosphere reserves, and ex-situ conservation which involves collecting and storing plant genetic resources outside their natural habitats using methods like botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture techniques like cryopreservation.
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify organisms to improve their value. In agriculture, biotechnology allows scientists to manipulate plant genes to engineer desired traits like increased productivity and disease resistance. The first commercial GM crops were planted in 1994, and global plantings have increased dramatically since then. Genetic engineering is used to transfer DNA to improve crops by increasing yields and reducing damage from pests. Molecular techniques also aid breeding. While biotech crops provide benefits like higher yields and less pesticide use, there are also concerns about potential health risks and environmental impacts.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
The Efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Powder on Cowpea Beetle, Callosobru...Premier Publishers
The efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia leaf powder was investigated against cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea in the laboratory. The tested leaf powder was added as admixtures to 20 g of cowpea grains at the following rates of at 0 (control), 3, 4, and 5g % (w/w) while in the control treatment there was no plant material added. Each of the treatments was tested by exposing five pairs of adult beetles in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to assess oviposition deterrent and egg hatching suppression by the plant material. The results showed that oviposition and percentage egg hatched were significantly (P <0.05) suppressed on seeds treated with higher dosage level of the powder. Leaf powder with the concentration of 5g% (w/w)/20g cowpea seeds was most effective in suppressing oviposition and egg hatched. Thus, the result revealed that A. cordifolia leaf powder has oviposition deterrent and ovicidal properties and as such can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling C. maculatus infestation on stored cowpea grains. Therefore A. cordifolia leaf powder can be incorporated into traditional storage pest management as well as integrated pest management and it may strongly recommended in developing countries.
Efficacy of trichoderma harzianum, poultry manure and yeast on the growth and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of Trichoderma harzianum fungus, poultry manure, and palm wine yeast, individually and combined, on the growth and yield of soybeans grown in nematode-infested soil. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. Application of the biological agents significantly increased soybean growth and yield while reducing nematode populations compared to the untreated control. Combining Trichoderma harzianum with poultry manure or palm wine yeast had the best effects on soybean plant height, leaf number, and soil nematode suppression.
The document discusses various types of gene banks and methods for conserving plant genetic resources ex situ. It describes seed banks, tissue banks, cryo banks, pollen banks, field gene banks, sperm banks and ova banks. It provides details on how each method preserves genetic material and which types of plants each method can be used for. The document also discusses best practices for managing gene bank accessions through electronic databases to facilitate utilization of plant genetic resources.
Radiosensitivity and Seedling Growth of Several Genotypes of Paddy Rice Mutan...AI Publications
Researchers use mutation induction in rice to create high genetic diversity. The basic population with high genetic diversity will facilitate the selection process for the desired good characters. This study aimed to determine the optimal dose that induces the highest genetic diversity in four lowland rice genotypes. The research materials were four genotypes of lowland rice, namely “G10”, “G16”, “Baas Selem”, and “Inpago Unram-1”. Gamma irradiation was carried out at the Center for Isotope and Radiation Application (PAIR) BATAN. Each genotype was irradiated at doses of 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy. The seeding is done in the glasshouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram. Observations were made on the number of growing seeds, plant height and number of leaves. The LD50 value was determined based on the results of the regression analysis of the number of growing seeds at the four irradiation doses plus control (0 Gy). The results indicated that (1) the numbers of growing seeds decreased as the doses of gamma irradiation increased, (2) the LD50 value of the four rice genotypes ranged from 264 to 518 Gy, (3) the optimal dose of gamma ray irradiation for G10, G16, Baas Selem, and Inpago Unram-1 were 264 Gy, 398 Gy, 316 Gy and 518 Gy, respectively. (4) Among the four rice genotypes teasted, “G10” mutant was the most sensitive to gamma ray irradiation, whereas” Inpago Unram-1” mutant was the least sensitive genotype.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
Bio insecticidal potentials of testa powder of melon, citrullus vulgaris schr...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the potential for melon testa powder to reduce infestation of maize grains by the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Maize mixed with varying dosages of melon testa powder was infested with weevils for 28 days. The melon testa powder significantly reduced oviposition and natality of S. zeamais but did not significantly increase mortality. Testa powder from melon seeds shows potential as a natural grain protectant for storage pest management by reducing egg-laying and offspring of maize weevils.
Agricultural Biotechnology in 21st Century - USDA's Perspectiveapaari
The document discusses the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) role in regulating agricultural biotechnology, including genetically engineered (GE) plants. The USDA aims to assure the environmental safety and human/animal health safety of GE plants while promoting innovation. It oversees GE plant regulation to protect US agriculture. The USDA also clarified that it does not intend to regulate new plant breeding innovations like genome editing as long as they do not involve plant pests. Internationally, the USDA works with other countries and groups to promote consistent, science-based GE regulations and address regulatory challenges.
This document discusses post-harvest technology development of mushrooms in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It begins with background on mushroom production globally and in Nepal. It then discusses the problems with high post-harvest losses for mushrooms due to their perishable nature. The purpose of the project is to establish a cold storage facility and processing unit to enable short and long-term storage and marketing of mushrooms year-round. This will help address issues of food security and generate income. The objectives are to develop post-harvest technologies for mushrooms and promote mushroom farming and business in Kathmandu Valley.
The document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs) and their potential benefits and controversies. It argues that GMFs are acceptable if they are proven to be safe for human health and not harmful to the environment based on scientific evidence and international risk assessments. The document notes potential benefits of GMFs for crops, animals, the environment, and increasing global food security. However, it also acknowledges controversies around GMFs regarding their safety, corporate control of the food system, and ethics. It provides an overview of the regulatory system for GMFs in the Philippines and an example of a farmer who increased his yields and income through growing insect-resistant Bt corn. In conclusion, the document expresses support for GMF
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
11.effect of plant extracts on post flowering insect pests and grain yield of...Alexander Decker
1) A field study was conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of plant extracts from Balanites aegyptiaca, Momordica balsamina, and Vernonia amygdalina on cowpea insect pests and yield.
2) The results showed that Balanites and Momordica extracts significantly reduced several major cowpea insect pests and increased cowpea pod and seed weights compared to the untreated control.
3) Cypermethrin insecticide provided the best pest control and highest cowpea yields, but Balanites and Momordica extracts showed potential as alternative organic pest management options for farmers.
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
The document discusses the conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in developing countries but their biodiversity is being depleted. The Institute of Biodiversity Conservation has initiated a project on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants to address this issue. There are two main methods of conserving plant genetic resources: in-situ conservation, which involves conservation in the native habitat, and ex-situ conservation, which involves conservation outside the native habitat. Cryopreservation, defined as the viable freezing of biological material at ultra-low temperatures using liquid nitrogen, is an effective technique for conserving plant genetic resources that are difficult to conserve through traditional seed storage methods.
“Micropropagation Studies On Bambusa Tulda, Dendrocalamus Longipathus And Che...jayatisharma
The term biotechnology represents a fusion or an alliance between biology and technology. Biotechnology is as old as human civilization and is an integral part of human life. There are records that wine and beer were prepared in as early as 600 B.C. bread and curd in 4000 B.C. The term biotechnology was introduced in 1917 by Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky.
It concerns with the exploitation of biological agents or their components for generating useful products / services. The area covered under biotechnology is very vast and the techniques involved are highly divergent.
The document discusses the need for conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in many developing countries, but biodiversity is being depleted through human activities and natural disasters. The goal of conservation is to protect biological resources and habitats in a sustainable manner. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and biosphere reserves, and ex-situ conservation which involves collecting and storing plant genetic resources outside their natural habitats using methods like botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture techniques like cryopreservation.
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify organisms to improve their value. In agriculture, biotechnology allows scientists to manipulate plant genes to engineer desired traits like increased productivity and disease resistance. The first commercial GM crops were planted in 1994, and global plantings have increased dramatically since then. Genetic engineering is used to transfer DNA to improve crops by increasing yields and reducing damage from pests. Molecular techniques also aid breeding. While biotech crops provide benefits like higher yields and less pesticide use, there are also concerns about potential health risks and environmental impacts.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilization
Similar to Assessment of the curative potency of some plant materials on cowpea seeds with established infestation of callosobruchus maculatus (fabricus)
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
The Efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Powder on Cowpea Beetle, Callosobru...Premier Publishers
The efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia leaf powder was investigated against cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea in the laboratory. The tested leaf powder was added as admixtures to 20 g of cowpea grains at the following rates of at 0 (control), 3, 4, and 5g % (w/w) while in the control treatment there was no plant material added. Each of the treatments was tested by exposing five pairs of adult beetles in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to assess oviposition deterrent and egg hatching suppression by the plant material. The results showed that oviposition and percentage egg hatched were significantly (P <0.05) suppressed on seeds treated with higher dosage level of the powder. Leaf powder with the concentration of 5g% (w/w)/20g cowpea seeds was most effective in suppressing oviposition and egg hatched. Thus, the result revealed that A. cordifolia leaf powder has oviposition deterrent and ovicidal properties and as such can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling C. maculatus infestation on stored cowpea grains. Therefore A. cordifolia leaf powder can be incorporated into traditional storage pest management as well as integrated pest management and it may strongly recommended in developing countries.
Comparative effectiveness of the powders of some underutilizedAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the insecticidal effects of powders from eight botanical plants against Callosobruchus maculatus, a major pest of stored cowpeas. The powders were tested at four concentrations on cowpea seeds infested with C. maculatus. Results showed that Piper guineense powder was the most toxic, causing 100% beetle mortality at the highest concentration. Powders of Piptadeniastrum africanum (rootbark and leaf) and Aristolochia repens also achieved high mortality levels of over 80% at the highest concentration. All powders significantly reduced beetle fecundity and adult emergence compared to the control, except for Garcinia k
Comparative effectiveness of the powders of some underutilizedAlexander Decker
This document evaluates the effectiveness of powders from eight botanical plants for controlling Callosobruchus maculatus, a major pest of stored cowpeas. Powders were applied to cowpeas at different concentrations and their effects on beetle mortality, fecundity, and adult emergence were measured. The results showed that Piper guineense powder was the most toxic, causing 100% beetle mortality at the highest concentration. Powders of Piptadeniastrum africanum (rootbark and leaf) and Aristolochia repens also achieved high mortality levels of over 80% at the highest concentration. Fecundity and adult emergence were significantly reduced by P. guineense
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (...Innspub Net
Among avian pests, house sparrow caused serious depredations, not only to seeds, but also seedlings of various crops particularly in the organic farming. Different mechanical and chemical ways have been reported to manage these losses all over the world. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of two bird repellents namely methylanthranilate and anthraquinone to manage the depredations of wheat seeds and seedlings against house sparrow in captivity. For this purpose house sparrows were offered with treated and untreated seeds and seedlings of wheat in two aviaries. By providing treated seeds and seedlings with these repellents, the relative effectiveness was appraised by comparing the consumed and unconsumed seeds and seedlings. Feeding responses of these birds against different doses of these repellents were investigated with the help of the closed circuit cameras adjusted in the aviaries. During the whole experiment among trial and control group highly significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) variance when wheat seeds and seedlings were offered to house sparrows. House sparrows were influenced more quickly by consuming wheat seeds and seedlings treated with both repellents. Sparrows displayed noticeable head-shaking and feather ruffling behavior by consuming the treated seeds and seedlings. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Optimization of sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis...Md. Julfiker Rahman
1) The study aimed to optimize the sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) for use in sterile insect technique (SIT) programs. 2) Various pupal ages (5-6 days old) were exposed to gamma radiation doses (30-60 Gray) to determine the sterilizing dose, found to be 60 Gray for 5-day old pupae. 3) Ratios of sterile to wild males (1:1 to 1:9) were tested in field cages with wild females, with the 1:9 ratio found to most suppress wild population characteristics like pupal recovery and emergence based on increased numbers of deformed and non-emerged flies.
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
Morphological diversity, pathogenicity and biofungicides efficacity on Cercos...Open Access Research Paper
Fungal diseases are one of major constraints on groundnut production in Burkina Faso. Among these diseases, early leaf spot caused by Cercospora arachidicola (Hori.) is one of the most important economic diseases of groundnut. Aim of contributing to search effective control methods against this disease, we undertook the present study, which consisted in (i) study morphological diversity of different Cercospora arachidicola isolates (ii) study the level of pathogenicity of Cercospora arachidicola strains identified (iii) evaluate the efficacy of some bio-fungicides on the strains identified. The study was carried out in 14 villages in the Hauts Bassins and Boucle du Mouhoun regions of Burkina Faso with regard to prospecting and sample collection, and at the INERA Bobo Dioulasso plant pathology laboratory for isolation, identification, pathogenicity and biofungicide efficacy testing. A total of five strains of Cercospora arachidicola were identified. The pathogenicity test was used to classify the five strains according to their virulence. In decreasing order of virulence, the strains were Fara, Darsa, Logo, Santi and Kod. In vitro evaluation of biofungicide efficacy shows that PLANSAIN biofungicide provides better control of Cercospora arachidicola strains. Trichoderma hazanium, the active ingredient in PLANSAIN, inhibits the radial growth of Cercospora arachidicola strains to a greater extent.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evaluation of toxicity of five medicinal plant extracts on maize weevil, Sito...MdAbdulAhad26
The experiments were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology and
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology
University (HSTU), Dinajpur during May-December 2017 to evaluate the toxicity of five
medicinal plant extracts (water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, swamp smartweed Polygonum
coccineum, ariach Cassia tora, wild capsicum Croton bonplandianum and hill glory bower
Clerodendrum viscosum) against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) on stored maize.
The wild capsicum extract provided the highest average mortality (93.33 ± 3.33), following
the hill glory bower (86.67 ± 3.33) and swamp smartweed (86.67 ± 3.33) at 3% concentration.
But it was zero in control. The average numbers of lowest numbers of adult emergence
among the five weed extracts were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.39) following Swamp
smartweed (5.11 ± 0.95) at 3% concentration; whereas, in control it was (54.00 ± 1.15).
The lowest percent of seed damage were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.38%) following
Swamp smartweed (4.22 ± 0.58). But in control, it was 44.00 ± 1.15. Repellency class of
different plant extracts at different concentration level varied between I to IV. But the hill
glory bower at 3.0% showed statistically best as it showed the highest repellency rate was
66.0 ± 5.31% and the group were IV. However, the toxicity order was wild capsicum >
swamp smartweed > hill glory bower > water hyacinth >, ariach.
Extraction and Antistaphylococcal Study of the Essential Oil of Origanum vulg...Nora Mahfouf
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of oregano essential oil from Guelma, Algeria against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The essential oil was extracted from oregano leaves through hydrodistillation and analyzed. Its antibacterial activity was tested against 8 clinical MRSA isolates using disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The oregano essential oil showed strong bactericidal effects against most bacterial strains, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 9.9-31.9 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.314-0.628 mg/ml. These results suggest that oregano essential oil may be useful as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
The document discusses non-toxic treatments for controlling pests in stored grain. It describes several methods including using diatomaceous earth, which kills pests through dehydration; cooling or heating grain to temperatures that kill pests; carbon dioxide fumigation; and introducing beneficial insects as biological controls. The document provides details on specific products and resources for integrating non-chemical approaches to stored grain pest management.
The document discusses non-toxic treatments for managing pests in stored grain. It describes several methods including using diatomaceous earth, which kills pests through dehydration; monitoring grain with traps containing pheromone lures; and employing natural enemies like beneficial insects that prey on major pests through biological control. The document provides resources on using techniques like cooling, heating, or carbon dioxide fumigation to control pests without pesticides.
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle in Lucknow, India and the evaluation of plant extracts to control ticks. The key points are:
1) A total of 2150 cattle were examined, of which 1262 (58.6%) were infested with ticks. The most common ticks identified were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (68.69%) and Hemaphysalis bispinosa (31.30%).
2) Highest tick prevalence was found in calves less than 1 year old (77.1%), followed by cattle aged 1-4 years (64.66%), and lowest in cattle over 4 years (48
11.[46 51]effect of plant extracts on post flowering insect pests and grain y...Alexander Decker
1) A field study was conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of plant extracts from Balanites aegyptiaca, Momordica balsamina, and Vernonia amygdalina on cowpea insect pests and yield.
2) The results showed that Balanites and Momordica extracts significantly reduced several major cowpea insect pests and increased cowpea pod and seed weights compared to the untreated control.
3) Cypermethrin insecticide provided the best pest control and highest cowpea yields, but Balanites and Momordica extracts showed potential as alternative organic pest management options for farmers.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It outlines cultural, biological and alternative pesticide approaches. Cultural controls include using crop rotation, trap cropping with Chinese Southern Giant Mustard or radishes, and row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites that naturally suppress flea beetle populations. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides like neem, rotenone and pyrethrins, as well as insecticidal soap, garlic extracts, and diatomaceous earth.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It begins by describing flea beetles and the damage they cause. It then outlines several cultural controls including crop rotation, trap cropping, and row covers. Biological controls like beneficial insects and entomopathogenic nematodes are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews alternative pesticides that are allowed in organic production, such as insecticidal soaps, botanical pesticides, and diatomaceous earth. Monitoring fields is important to determine when any treatments may need to be applied.
This document discusses in-vitro androgenesis in rice. It provides background on rice production and genetics. Rice anther culture is described as a two-step process of callus induction and plant regeneration. Factors affecting rice androgenesis include genotype, donor plant physiology, anther development stage, pretreatment, culture medium, and growth regulators. Applications of doubled haploids in rice include shortening breeding cycles and fixing traits. Challenges include low response rates and albinism in regenerated plants.
Similar to Assessment of the curative potency of some plant materials on cowpea seeds with established infestation of callosobruchus maculatus (fabricus) (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
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Assessment of the curative potency of some plant materials on cowpea seeds with established infestation of callosobruchus maculatus (fabricus)
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
83
Assessment of the Curative Potency of Some Plant Materials on
Cowpea seeds with Established Infestation of Callosobruchus
maculatus (Fabricus)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)
Frank O. Ojiako1*
& Adeyinka A. Adesiyun2
1. Department of Crop Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal
University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. P.M.B. 1526, Owerri.
2. Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. P.M.B
1515, Ilorin.
*Corresponding Author: Telephone: E-mail: frankojiako@yahoo.com, frankojiako@gmail.com
Abstract
An investigation into the possibility of plant materials affording quick and practicable control where pest
populations are approaching economic threshold was carried out in the laboratory. The leaves, barks or seed
powders of ten locally available plants, which have been reported to have insecticidal activity on storage pests,
were screened to evaluate their curative efficacy relative to a conventional storage chemical, Actellic 2 % dust
(Pirimiphos – methyl), as protectants of stored cowpea with established infestation. The cowpea was infested
with bruchids 5 weeks before the administration of the test materials and after the emergence of the first filial
generation. Each plant material was tested at three rates (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g/100.0 g seed). Actellic was applied
at the rate of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/100.0 g seed. The treatments were replicated thrice. Seeds not treated with the
test materials served as the control. Data were collected weekly over a 10 – week period on adult emergence,
percentage adult mortality and seed damage. The seed damage data were used to estimate the weevil perforation
index (WPI). The most effective materials and Actellic 2 % dust only gave marginal protection. At week 10 of
the experiment, Moringa oleifera, Piper guineense and Ocimum gratissimum had WPI of 46.7 %, 46.7 % and
50.0 %, respectively at their highest rates of application. Though Actellic dust effected higher mortality of the
insects, it could hardly protect seeds that were already heavily infested with only 50% WPI at the highest rate
(3.0 g/100 g seed).
Key Words: Callosobruchus maculatus, Curative, Plant Materials, Progeny, Weevil Perforation Index (WPI).
1. Introduction
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is a major staple food crop and essential source of protein in sub-Saharan
Africa, especially in the dry savanna regions of West Africa where animal protein is rarely available. The seeds
are a major source of plant proteins and vitamins for man, feed for animals, and also a source of cash income.
The young leaves and immature pods are eaten as vegetables (Dugje et al., 2009). They are attacked by a
complex of insect pests, particularly towards the end of the planting season. In storage, the bruchid,
Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), causes the major losses. They are field – to
- store agricultural insect pests of Africa and Asia that presently range throughout the tropical and subtropical
world (Beck and Blumer, 2011).
More than 5.4 million tons of dried cowpeas are produced worldwide, with Africa producing nearly 5.2 million.
Nigeria, the largest producer and consumer, accounts for 61% of production in Africa and 58% worldwide (IITA,
2013). Losses due to infestation of between 87 to 100% within 3-5 months of storage have been reported (Singh,
2011). Damage is done to the seeds by the exit holes created during the emergence of adult bruchid and includes
reduction in kernel weight, caused by the burrowing larvae as they feed, and diminished market value due to the
presence of insects inside the kernels. Bruchid infestation also decreases the germination potential of the kernel
(Munthali and Sondashi, 2004; Maina et al., 2006).
In Nigeria, fumigants like aluminum phosphide, dusts like 0.5% Gamma BHC available as Gammalin “A” dust,
Lindane dust and Pirimiphos-methy1 (Actellic) has been extensively used to control these bruchids (Caswell and
Akibu, 1981).
However, one of the explosive and argumentative issues affecting agricultural production today is the perception
that pesticide residues in food supplies constitute serious health risk (FAO, 2005). This concern for pesticides
have found expression, in most countries, irrespective of location and developmental ranking: In Nigeria (Ogah
et al, 2002, Gwary et al, 2012); India (Savvy, 2011); Brazil (Lorini and Galley, 2001); Australia (Collins et al.,
1993); Britain (Renwick, 2002); Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and
Vietnam (Whittle, 2010); Japan (Kao and Tzeng, 1992) and USA (Spann et al., 2000) to mention but a few
countries. Given this widespread occurrence of persistent organic pollutants in food supply and the serious health
risks associated with even extremely small levels of exposure, prevention of further food contamination must be
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
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a national policy of every country (Schafer and Kegley, 2002).
Biopesticides are, unarguably, better and safer than chemical pesticides and can be produced locally with cheap
materials and simple equipment (Tamo, 2012). In the last three decades, considerable efforts have been directed
at screening plants in order to develop new botanical insecticides as alternatives to the existing synthetics which
are associated with problems such as phytotoxicity, pest resurgence and resistance, widespread environmental
and health hazards, high costs and counterfeiting (Lale, 2001; Bloch, 2012; Grzywacz and Leavett, 2012). These
plants are rich sources of mostly untapped biotic organic chemicals, very many of which may have evolved to
protect the plant from herbivores. Some 2000 plant species are reported to possess pest control properties
(Ahmed et al., 1984).
Although very promising results have been achieved in laboratory tests with plant materials, their effectiveness
under practical storage condition is limited (Gwinner et al, 1990). It has also been stated that one of the
disadvantages of other techniques of pest control (as against the use of synthetic chemicals) is that other methods
(like the use of plant products) cannot be used in emergency situations (Stiling, 1985).
Various workers (Oparaeke et al, 2002; Abdullahi and Mohammed, 2004) have screened some plant materials as
protectants of stored produce, especially cowpea, against storage insect pests. In most of these works, however,
seeds or grains to be tested by researchers were initially disinfested before the application of the test materials.
Under such experimental condition, the bio-pesticides mostly come out highly effective.
However, C. maculatus are field-to-store pests and so; some damaged seeds (with the insects in various
developmental stages) must necessarily be carried into the store. From our observations, most grain dealers in
Nigerian local markets, mix heavily infested seeds with fresh ones to maximize profit. Could these plant
products also be useful in such situations when partly or wholly infested seeds are treated? This investigation,
therefore, is aimed at finding out whether these plant materials, all of which have been adjudged ‘effective’,
could afford practicable and quick control methods where pest populations are approaching economic threshold.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Culture
The laboratory culture of C. maculatus was reared under ambient temperature of 28±3 0
C and relative humidity
of 75±5 % with adult insects collected from infested cowpea seeds at a local market in Ilorin, Kwara State,
Nigeria. The insects were introduced into two breeding containers containing susceptible cowpea seeds Cv. Tvu
3629 (collected from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria). Cowpea for the
experiment was sealed in cellophane bags and disinfested by deep-freezing for 2 weeks. The seeds were air-dried
in the laboratory for 24 hours prior to use.
2.2. Preparation of Test Plant Powders
Fresh leaves of siam weed, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Compositae); lemon grass,
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Staph (Graminae); pitanga cherry, Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae); mango,
Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae); bitter gourd, Mormodica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) and basil,
Ocimum gratissimum L. (Labiatae); the seeds of horse radish, Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) and brown
pepper, Piper guineense Schum and Thonn (Piperaceae) and the barks of the cashew tree, Anacardium
occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) and mahogany, Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss (Meliaceae) were obtained
from different locations in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
The collected plant materials were dried under shade and processing done within one week of collection to
prevent rotting or other problems that may lead to loss of active principles (Sharma, 1982). The plant materials
were pulverized into fine powder using a Philips electric blender (Cucina HR 1731/37, 2L/400w.220v-50/60Hz.),
passed through 10- micron sieve and sealed in cellophane bags until needed for use.
2.3. Bioactivity Tests
Hundred grams (100 g) of well preserved and air-dried cowpea seeds were placed in a total of 132 (250 mls)
plastic tubes. 120 of these tubes were for the four rates of each of the 10 plant products (including the control)
replicated thrice (that is 10 plant products x 4 rates x 3 replications). The remaining 12 tubes were for the 4
Actellic treatment rates (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/100.0 g seed) replicated thrice.
Five pairs of adult C. maculatus aged between 24 - 48 hours were introduced into each of the 132 plastic tubes.
The tubes were firmly covered with baft cloth to allow for respiration of the insects and preclude entry or exit of
insects.
The experiment was left for 5 weeks after the introduction of the insects and the emergence of the F1 generation.
All the insects (dead and living) were removed from each of the plastic tubes. Another 100 g of clean cowpea
seeds from the same source as before were added into each of the 132 tubes. The addition of the clean seeds was
to ensure continued supply of food for immature derived from emerged weevils during the experiment and to
mimic the common market scenario where local traders mix infested seeds with fresh ones to maximize profit.
The clean cowpea seeds were introduced only once during the experimentation.
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The plant products from the 10 different plants being screened were measured out in 2.5 g, 5.0 g, 10.0 g and the
control, respectively. Each of the rates were replicated thrice (making a total of 12 replicates per plant product
and 120 replicates for the 10 plant products) and put into 120 of the 132 tubes. Actellic dust at 0.00 g, 1.0 g, 2.0
g and 3.0 g (and also replicated thrice) were put into the remaining 12 tubes. The 132 plastic tubes now with 100
g infested and 100 g fresh cowpea seeds were thoroughly mixed with the test materials, randomized and laid out
in the laboratory. The control (0.00 g) had neither plant product nor Actellic dust added. The following
parameters were measured.
i. Effect of the plant materials and Actellic dust on adult emergence and mortality: The numbers of dead and
living insects were recorded weekly from one to ten weeks after the introduction of the treatment materials. Both
the living and dead insects were discarded after each week’s recordings.
ii.Damage assessment was done through the counting of the total number and distribution of holes per seed of
cowpea. The number of holes per sub-sample of ten randomly selected seeds and the number of these seeds with
holes were recorded. This assessment was done twice – at the sixth and tenth week respectively.
The Weevil Perforation Index (WPI) (Fatope et al., 1995) was then calculated thus:
WPI = % Treated cowpea grains perforated X 100
% Control cowpea grains perforated 1
Weevil Perforation Index value exceeding 50 % is regarded as enhancement of infestation by the weevil or
negative ability of the plant material or insecticides tested.
3. Results and Discussion
All the ten tested plant materials had been reported to have one form of protective ability or the other on storage
pests. The experiment was, therefore, aimed at testing the curative efficacy of these otherwise proven insecticidal
plant products for the control of an established infestation by monitoring progeny emergence and damage
assessment through weevil protection indices.
In the experiment, a trend towards large numbers of emerged adults was evident for the first, second, fourth and
fifth weeks after the application of the treatments (Table 1). Actellic dust treated seeds recorded the least number
of emerged insects which were statistically and consistently comparable to the effects of O. gratissimum, P.
guineense and M. oleifera. Where the emergence was very low (Weeks 3 and 6), the effects of all the materials
were distorted and so were almost statistically the same.
Between weeks 6 and 10, the total number of insects that emerged was very low (notice the difference between
the cumulative total number of emerged adults between weeks 6 and 10) (Table 2). Actellic dust treated seeds
had the lowest average cumulative mean number of emerged insects in weeks 6 and 10 (33.6 and 35.8 insects,
respectively) which were significantly different from all other treatments. Tagging behind were seeds treated
with O. gratissimum (112.0 and 131.9 insects, respectively) and P. guineense (124.4 and 129.1 insects,
respectively). The control had 378.3 and 379.3 emerged insects, respectively.
At week 10, which is the terminal week of the experiment (after the 2nd
filial generation), Actellic treated seeds
had the least number of holes per seed and the number of these seeds with holes. This effect was dose related as
the highest rate (3.0 g/100 g seed) gave the least number of seeds with holes (Table 3). These were, however, not
statistically different from seeds treated with higher rates of O. gratissimum, P. guineense and M. oleifera.
At week 6 of the experiment, Actellic dust treated seeds had the highest cumulative mortality rates (70.9 – 89.4
insects) which were statistically more significant than the other treatments. Following were seeds treated with O.
gratissimum (59.4 – 71.8 insects) and M. oleifera (42.7 – 63.5 insects). Seeds treated with Chromolaena odorata
(45.1 – 55.2 insects) and Eugenia uniflora (34.1 – 49.2 insects) were slightly more toxic than the other
treatments. The control had an average of just 35.8 dead insects. In most cases, the efficacy of the treatment
material type tended to be dose related with the highest rates giving better results (Figure 1).
With regards to the weevil perforation index (WPI) which measures the protection ability of the treatment
materials, M. oleifera and P. guineense (46.7 %, respectively) gave the best WPI at the highest rates of
application (Table 3). Actellic dust at the highest rate (3.0 g/100 g seed) recorded a 50.0 % WPI which tallied
with the WPI of O. gratissimum at the highest rate. Chromolaena odorata performed relatively better than the
remaining plant materials though its WPI exceeded the 50 % benchmark.
Other plant products; Anacardium occidentale, Cymbopogon citratus, Eugenia uniflora, Khaya senegalensis,
Mormodica charantia and Mangifera indica basically had WPI which far exceeded the 50.0 % bench mark,
suggesting that they had no protection ability on seeds with established infestation. .
The highest rates of Moringa oleifera treated seeds were found to have the best protection on already infested
seeds. The ground seed of M. oleifera is oily and quickly spreads to cover the seeds in storage. Anhwange et al.
(2004) had isolated hydrogen cyanide (Mg/100 g 0.58), Tannins (2.13 %) and Saponins (2.25 %) from the seeds
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of M. oleifera while Olayemi and Alabi (1994) had earlier found that the seeds contained a steroidal glycoside –
trophantidin which they reported as the bioactive agent in the seed. Strophanditin, a cardenolide is a C23 steroidal
glycone with α, β unsaturated five-member lactone ring and a C14 hydroxyl group (Vessal et al., 2006).
Wissenberg et al. (1998) had reported that steroidal glycosides and glycoalkaloids inhibited the growth of the red
flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and the tobacco horn worm, Manduca sexta. M. oleifera seed powder has also
been shown to completely inhibit the mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus isolated from stored maize grains
(Balogun et al. 2004). Ojiako and Adesiyun (2008) later reported that M. oleifera seed powder compared most
favourably with Actellic dust (2 %) in the control of Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea and had no
adverse effect on viability, physical, nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of the stored seeds.
Piper guineense seed powder at the highest rate was the next in potency to M. oleifera. Ivbijaro (1990) had
reported that 1.00g ground P. guineense seed powder per 20g of cowpea seeds protected the seeds from damage
by C. maculatus. Lale (1992) later found oil extract of P. guineense ‘extremely toxic’ to adult S. zeamais when
compared to oils of Denettia tripetala and Aframomum melegueta. Later work of Okonkwo and Okoye (1996)
confirmed the insecticidal efficacy of Piper guineense.
The potency of P. guineense has been attributed to piperine acting in synergism with guineensine (Okogun et al.,
1977). The observed action could be probably due to the pungency of various resins, particularly chavicine and a
yellow alkaloid, piperine (Cobley and Steele, 1976). Su (1977) and Olaifa et al. (1987) had found the fumigant
and contact action of P. guineense as comparable with those of synthetic organochlorines and organophosphates.
Actellic dust treated seeds had the lowest cumulative mean number of emerged insects and the highest mortality
figures. Seeds treated with Actellic also offered good protection against seed damage. Abdullahi and Mohammed
(2004) reported that cowpea seeds treated with Actellic dust protected the seeds from damage by C. maculatus.
They noted, however, that by the 6th
month of storage, the potency of Actellic dust had declined considerably to
between 26.67–50.00 %. The efficacy of Actellic was clearly dose-related and the performance could be as a
result of its ability to impair the insect’s central nervous system formation and its muscarinic effects (Abdullahi
and Mohammed, 2004).
Ocimum gratissimum came fourth in potency and damage-control ability. The efficacy of O. gratissimum was
dose related as the highest rate (10g per 100g of cowpea seed) was the most effective. Ofuya (1990) and
Oparaeke et al. (2002) evaluating the efficacy of leaf powders of O. gratissimum against the cowpea bruchid C.
maculatus on stored cowpea, had reported that the plant product offered protection of the seeds against the
bruchid.
The mode of action of O. gratissimum as a fast knock-down botanical in adult mortality, reduction of oviposition
and suppression of progeny emergence could be attributable to the contact action resulting in high mortality rates
(Oparaeke et al., 2002). Weaver et al. (1991) and Regnault and Hamraoui (1994) had attributed the efficacy of O.
canum and O. basilicum to linalool respectively.
Though the other plant products used in the experiment had been variously reported by many workers as
possessing insecticidal activity on storage pests and or helped reduce grain mycoflora during storage:
Chromolaena odorata (Niber, 1995; Ewete et al. 1996); Anacardium occidentale (Echendu, 1991; Dungun et al.
2005); Cymbopogon citratus (Dike and Mbah, 1992; Adebayo and Gbolade, 1994); Eugenia uniflora (Adebayo
and Gbolade, 1994); Khaya senegalensis (Yusuf et al., 1998; Ewete and Alamu, 1999; Ewete and Babarinde,
2002); Mormodica charantia (Lajide et al., 1998) and Mangifera indica (Ramadevi et al., 1989; Owolade and
Osikanlu, 1999), they were found not to have curative potency on cowpea seeds with established infestation.
It is instructive to note that though the synthetic insecticide, Actellic 2% Dust acted very fast and had very high
mortality rates, those plant products with curative efficacy acted more ‘coolly’ while offering better protective
ability at the end of the day. This, most probably, was what Arnason et al., (1992) dubbed the ‘desirable soft
modes of action’ of some highly effective natural plant products with potentials for use as pest control agents.
4. Conclusion
This experiment clearly shows that most plant products which were hitherto adjudged effective in controlling
storage pests could not stop the further deterioration of stored cowpea seeds with established infestation. Though
Actellic dust effected higher mortality of the insects, it could hardly protect seeds that were already heavily
infested. Moringa oleifera, Piper guineense and Ocimum gratissimum appeared to have biotic agents that were
better than the other plant materials and Actellic in halting the further deterioration of an already infested seed
lot.
Since most storage pests like Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais, etc. are field – to – store pests,
partially infested seeds should be used to adjudge biopesticidal efficacy. The current practice of using very clean
and disinfested seeds for experiments is largely deceptive.
Further screening of other plant products already classified as effective against storage pests is recommended.
Some of them could eventually turn out to be more effective, environmentally friendlier, applicator – safer and
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87
cheaper than the synthetic insecticides.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the contributions of Professor. O. S. Balogun of the Department of Crop Protection,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, who provided him with the enabling environment and some
literature during the course of this work. The author would also like to thank Mr. Chris Okonkwo of the
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, who assisted him in the procurement of the
cowpea seeds.
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Table 1: Effect of treatment materials and their rates of application on weekly emergence of C. maculatus on
cowpea seeds with established infestation.
Treatment
Material
Rate Mean weekly emergence of adult insects ( Dead + Alive)
Week 1 Week 2 Week3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
Actellic Dust 0g(control)
73.7
bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk 9.3 h 2.7 abcd
1.0g/100g
21.3
ab 3.0 a 0.3 a 20.7 ab .7 abc 0.7 ab
2.0g/100g 7.7 a 8.7 a 0.3 a 6.3 a 5.7 ab 0.0 a
3.0g/100g 7.3 a 4.7 a 0.3 a 3.3 a 3.7 ab 0.0 a
Anacardium 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk 9.3 h 2.7 abcd
occidentale 2.5g/100g 75.0 bcdefghi 47.7 abcd 0.7 a 40.3 abcdef abcd 2.0 abc
5.0g/100g 103.0 ghi 86.0 cdefgh 3.0 abc 65.0 abcdefghi abcdef 1.3 abc
10g/100g 117.7 i 68.7 cdefgh 2.7 abc 88.0 cdefghijk abcdef 2.0 abc
Cymbopogon 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
citratus 2.5g/100g 90.0 efghi 104.0 efghi 10.0 cde 142.0 jk efgh 0.7 ab
5.0g/100g 92.3 fghi 138.3 hi 18.7 f 121.7 ghijk h 2.7 abcd
10g/100g 92.0 fghi 109.3 fghi 7.0 abcde 90.0 defghijk bcdefg 2.0 abc
Chromolaena 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
odorata 2.5g/100g 29.7 abcd 17.7 ab 0.0 a 24.0 abcd abcd 1.0 ab
5.0g/100g 59.7 abcdefghi 31.7 ab 1.7 ab 37.0 abcde abc 0.7 ab
10g/100g 67.0 bcdefghi 67.3 bcdefg 1.0 a 24.7 abcd abc 1.7 abc
Eugenia 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
uniflora 2.5g/100g 29.3 abcd 20.3 ab 0.3 a 38.7 abcde abcde 1.3 abc
5.0g/100g 43.0 abcdefg 100.7 efghi 2.7 abc 42.3 abcdef abcdef 4.0 abcd
10g/100g 76.7 bcdefghi 146.3 i 6.0 abcd 68.3 abcdefghi defg 1.0 ab
Khaya 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
senegalensis 2.5g/100g 105.0 hi 46.0 abcd 1.0 a 47.7 abcdef abcd 2.0 abc
5.0g/100g 62.3 abcdefghi 17.0 ab 0.3 a 59.3 abcdefgh abc 0.7 ab
10g/100g 69.3 bcdefghi 35.3 abc 0.3 a 65.7 abcdefghi abc 1.7 abc
Mormodica 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
charantia 2.5g/100g 65.0 abcdefghi 120.0 ghi 8.0 abcde 130.0 ijk i 13.7 g
5.0g/100g 89.0 defghi 87.0 defgh 7.0 abcde 147.7 k i 5.3 cde
10g/100g 54.3 abcdefgh 119.7 ghi 11.3 def 79.3 bcdefghij h 6.3 de
Mangifera 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
indica 2.5g/100g 78.7 bcdefghi 118.3 fghi 12.0 def 125.3 hijk fgh 1.7 abc
5.0g/100g 60.0 abcdefghi 124.7 hi 14.7 ef 114.7 ghijk gh 0.3 ab
Moringa 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
oleifera 2.5g/100g 110.3 hi 104.3 efghi 5.3 abcd 46.3 abcdef abcd 8.0 ef
5.0g/100g 44.0 abcdefg 53.3 abcde 3.0 abc 47.0 abcdef abcd 10.3 fg
10g/100g 33.3 abcdef 64.3 bcdef 3.0 abc 32.0 abcde abcd 4.3 bcde
Ocimum 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
gratissimum 2.5g/100g 61.3 abcdefghi 26.3 ab 1.3 a 96.3 efghijk abcdef 2.0 abc
5.0g/100g 41.0 abcdef 15.7 ab 0.7 a 28.0 abcd ab 0.7 ab
10g/100g 20.0 ab 9.3 a 0.0 a 2.3 a a 0.3 ab
Piper 0g(control) 73.7 bcdefghi 113.3 fghi 13.0 def 106.3 fghijk h 2.7 abcd
guineense 2.5g/100g 84.3 cdefghi 34.0 ab 1.0 a 56.7 abcdefg ab 4.0 abcd
5.0g/100g 68.0 bcdefghi 20.7 ab 0.0 a 30.0 abcd abc 0.7 ab
S. E.M.
10g/100g 26.7
17.114
abc 9.3
15.607
a 0.3
2.348
a 22.0
19.051
abc a 0.3 Ab
Means followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different at P < 0.0 using the New
Duncan Multiple Range Test.
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Table 2: Effect of treatment materials and their rates of application on the cumulative total number of insects and
percentage mortality on cowpea seeds with established infestation
Treatment
Material Rate Cum. Total
insect Week 6
Cum. Perc.
Mort. Week 6
Cum. Total
insect Week 10
Cum. Perc.
Mort. Week 10
Actellic Dust 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
1.0g/100g 53.7 abc 70.9 ab 56.0 abcd 74.2 ab
2.0g/100g 29.3 ab 89.4 a 32.7 ab 90.0 a
3.0g/100g 17.7 a 87.0 a 18.7 a 91.3 a
Anarcardium 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hijk
occidentale 2.5g/100g 181.3 def 35.2 ijkl 183.0 efg 36.7 hij
5.0g/100g 284.3 fgh 35.9 ijkl 285.0 hij 36.1 hij
10g/100g 307.3 gh 27.9 kl 308.3 hijk 28.3 j
Cymbopogon 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
citratus 2.5g/100g 395.7 hi 34.2 ijkl 397.0 kl 34.4 hij
5.0g/100g 440.3 i 40.5 ghijkl 443.3 n 40.9 ghij
10g/100g 331.3 hi 33.8 ijkl 331.7 ijkl 33.9 hij
Chromolaena 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
odorata 2.5g/100g 84.7 abcd 55.2 defgh 89.7 abcde 58.1 cdef
5.0g/100g 140.7 cde 45.1 fghij 143.0 defg 46.1 fghi
10g/100g 169.7 de 47.4 fghi 170.3 efg 47.6 fghi
Eugenia 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
uniflora 2.5g/100g 113.0 abcde 34.1 ijkl 122.7 bcdef 41.3 ghij
5.0g/100g 219.0 efg 49.2 efghi 221.0 fgh 49.5 efgh
10g/100g 337.0 hi 38.4 ijkl 337.7 jklm 38.5 hij
Khaya 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
senegalensis 2.5g/100g 213.7 efg 24.4 fghij 220.7 fgh 28.3 j
5.0g/100g 149.0 cde 30.1 jkl 154.3 defg 32.1 ij
10g/100g 185.3 def 34.1 ijkl 187.3 efg 34.7 hij
Mormodica 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
charantia 2.5g/100g 437.0 i 40.6 ghijkl 439.7 mn 40.9 ghij
5.0g/100g 433.3 i 36.4 ijkl 434.7 lmn 36.5 hij
10g/100g 342.3 hi 44.9 fghij 344.0 jklmn 45.2 fghi
Mangifera 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
indica 2.5g/100g 386.7 hi 37.5 ijkl 387.3 jklmn 37.6 hij
5.0g/100g 370.3 hi 39.9 hijkl 370.3 jklmn 39.9 ghij
10g/100g 332.7 hi 38.3 ijkl 333.3 ijkl 38.4 hij
Moringa 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
oleifera 2.5g/100g 294.7 gh 42.7 ghijk 295.7 hijk 42.8 ghij
5.0g/100g 170.7 de 58.4 bcdef 172.7 efg 59.2 cdef
10g/100g 149.7 cde 63.5 bcde 153.0 defg 64.3 bcde
Ocimum 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
gratissimum 2.5g/100g 214.0 efg 59.4 bcdef 239.3 ghi 58.7 cdef
5.0g/100g 90.0 abcd 67.7 bcd 122.7 bcdef 66.2 bcd
10g/100g 32.0 ab 71.8 b 33.7 ab 73.4 abc
Piper 0g(control) 378.3 hi 35.8 ijkl 379.3 jklmn 36.0 hij
guineense 2.5g/100g 185.7 def 54.1 defgh 188.3 efg 54.7 defg
5.0g/100g 126.7 bcde 56.2 cdefg 133.0 cdef 58.3 cdef
10g/100g 60.7 abc 65.0 bcd 66.0 abcd 67.3 bcd
S. E.M. 32.37 4.73 30.35 4.69
Means followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different at P < 0.0 using the
New Duncan Multiple Range Test.
KEY: Cum. total. = Cumulative total
Cum. Perc. Mort. = Cumulative percentage mortality
10. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
92
Table 3: Effect of treatment materials and their rates of application on damage assessment of cowpea seeds with
established infestation.
Treatment
Material
Rate No of holes/
seed
Week 6
No. of seeds
with holes
Week 6
Weevil
perforation
index (WPI)
Week 6
No. of holes/
seed
Week 10
No of seeds
with holes
Week 10
Weevil
perforation
index (WPI)
Week 10
Actellic Dust 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
1.0g/100g 2.3 abc 6.0 abc 60.0 abcd 2.4 ab 6.3 abc 63.3 abc
2.0g/100g 2.0 ab 5.3 ab 53.3 abc 2.0 a 5.7 ab 56.7 ab
3.0g/100g 2.0 ab 4.7 a 46.7 a 2.0 a 5.0 a 50.0 a
Anacardium 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
occidentale 2.5g/100g 3.1 abcdefgh 8.3 defgh 83.3 defgh 4.5 defgh 9.3 efg 93.3 def
5.0g/100g 3.3 abcdefghi 9.0 efgh 90.0 fgh 4.2 cdefg 9.3 efg 93.3 def
10g/100g 3.8 abcdefghij 8.7 efgh 86.7 efgh 5.2 fghijk 10.0 g 100.0 f
Cymbopogon 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
citratus 2.5g/100g 6.1 lm 10.0 h 100.0 h 6.8 klm 10.0 g 100.0 f
5.0g/100g 5.9 klm 10.0 h 100.0 h 7.1 m 10.0 g 100.0 f
10g/100g 4.7 fghijkl 9.3 fgh 93.3 fgh 6.4 jklm 10.0 g 100.0 f
Chromolaena 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
odorata 2.5g/100g 2.7 abcdef 6.0 abc 60.0 abcd 2.9 abc 6.3 abc 70.0 abcd
5.0g/100g 2.8 abcdef 7.0 bcde 70.0 bcdef 2.8 abc 7.0 abcd 66.7 abc
10g/100g 2.3 abc 6.3 abcd 63.3 abcd 3.0 abcd 6.7 abcd 63.3 abc
Eugenia 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
uniflora 2.5g/100g 3.0 abcdefg 8.0 cdefgh 80.0 defgh 3.7 bcdef 8.0 cdefg 80.0 bcdef
5.0g/100g 2.5 abcd 7.7 cdefg 76.7 cdefgh 3.1 abcd 7.7 bcdef 76.7 bcdef
10g/100g 4.2 cdefghijkl 9.7 gh 96.7 gh 4.7 efghi 9.7 efg 96.7 ef
Khaya 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
senegalensis 2.5g/100g 2.7 abcdef 7.7 cdefg 76.7 cdefgh 6.3 ijklm 8.3 cdefg 83.3 cdef
5.0g/100g 2.3 abc 7.3 bcdef 73.3 bcdefg 4.7 efghi 8.7 defg 86.7 cdef
10g/100g 2.4 abc 8.0 cdefg 80.0 defgh 4.8 efghi 7.3 bcde 73.3 abcde
Mormodica 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
charantia 2.5g/100g 5.8 klm 9.3 fgh 93.3 fgh 7.0 lm 10.0 g 100.0 f
5.0g/100g 6.7 m 10.0 h 100.0 h 6.9 lm 10.0 g 100.0 f
10g/100g 4.9 hijklm 9.7 gh 96.7 gh 5.7 ghijklm 10.0 g 100.0 f
Mangifera 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
indica 2.5g/100g 4.4 defghijkl 9.3 fgh 93.3 fgh 5.4 ghijkl 9.7 fg 96.7 ef
5.0g/100g 5.5 jklm 10.0 h 100.0 h 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g 100.0 f
10g/100g 4.9 ghijklm 9.7 gh 96.7 gh 5.7 ghijklm 10.0 g 100.0 f
Moringa 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
oleifera 2.5g/100g 6.0 lm 10.0 h 100.0 h 3.7 bcdef 10.0 g 100.0 f
5.0g/100g 4.2 cdefghijkl 8.7 efgh 86.7 efgh 3.2 abcde 5.0 a 50.0 a
10g/100g 3.9 bcdefghijk 8.3 defgh 83.3 defgh 2.9 abc 4.7 a 46.7 a
Ocimum 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
gratissimum 2.5g/100g 4.5 efghijkl 9.7 gh 96.7 gh 4.8 fghij 9.3 efg 93.3 def
5.0g/100g 2.7 abcdef 7.0 bcde 70.0 bcdef 2.9 abc 6.3 abc 63.3 abc
10g/100g 1.9 a 5.0 a 50.0 ab 2.1 ab 5.0 a 50.0 a
Piper 0g(control) 5.2 ijklm 10.0 h - 6.1 hijklm 10.0 g -
guineense 2.5g/100g 2.9 abcde 8.3 defgh 83.3 defgh 3.1 abcd 7.0 abcd 70.0 abcd
5.0g/100g 2.6 abc 7.3 bcdef 73.3 bcdefg 3.2 abcde 7.0 abcd 70.0 abcd
10g/100g 2.2 ab 7.0 bcde 70.0 bcdef 2.5 ab 4.7 a 46.7 a
S. E.M. 0.57 0.611 7.06 0.48 0.636 6.361
Means followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different at P < 0.0 using the New
Duncan Multiple Range Test.
11. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
93
Figure 1: Interactive bar chart of the effect of material type and rate of application on cumulative percentage
mortality in week 6 of the experiment.
KEY:
C = Control
R1 = Rate 1 = 1.0g of Actellic Dust /100 g seed or 2.5 g plant product/100 g of seed
R2 = Rate 2= 2.0g of Actellic Dust /100 g seed or 5.0 g plant product/100 g of seed
R3 = Rate 3 = 3.0g of Actellic Dust /100 g seed or 10.0 g plant product/100 g of seed
ACT = Actellic Dust
AO = Anacardium occidentale
CO = Chromolaena odorata
CC = Cymbopogon citratus
EU = Eugenia uniflora
KS = Khaya senegalensi
MC = Mormodica charantia
MO = Moringa oleifera
MI = Mangifera indica
OG = Occimum gratissimum
PG = Piper guineense
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ACT
AO
CC
CO
EU
KS
MC
MI
MO
OG
PG
Cumulative%Mortality
Treatment Materials
C
R1
R2
R3
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