The development of green building has been growing in terms of both design and quality. The development of green building bariered by the issue of expensive investment. Actually, green building can reduce energy usage in the building especially in utilization of cooling system. External load plays as major role of reduction in the use of the cooling system. External load is affected by type of wall sheathing, glass and roof. The proper selection of wall, type of glass and roof material are very important to reduce external load. Hence, the optimization of energy efficiency and conservation in green building design is required. Since this optimization consist of integer and non-linear equations, this problem fall into Mixed-Integer-Non-Linear-Programming (MINLP) that required global optimization technique such as stochastic optimization algorithms. In this paper the optimized variables i.e. type of glass and roof were chosen using Duelist, Killer-Whale and Rain-Water Algorithms to obtain the optimum energy and considering the minimal investment. The optimization results exhibited the single glass Planibel-G with the 3.2 mm thickness and glasswool insulation provided maximum ROI of 36.8486%, EUI reduction of 54 kWh/m2·year, CO2 emission reduction of 486.8971 tons/year and reduce investment of 4,078,905,465 IDR.

1. Optimization of Energy Efficiency and
Conservation in Green Building Design Using
Duelist, Killer-Whale and Rain-Water Algorithms
Totok R. Biyanto
𝒂
, Matradji
𝒂
, Muhammad N. Syamsi
𝒂
, N. Afdanny
𝒂
,
Henokh Y. Fibrianto
𝒃
, Kevin S. Gunawan
𝒂
, Ahmad H. Rahman
𝒂
,
Januar A. D. Pratama
𝒂
, Arfiq I. Abdillah
𝒂
, Tita𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐍. 𝐁𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐚 𝐚 and
Yusuf A. Putra
𝒂
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
PUSAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SOUTH KOREA
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
𝒂
𝒃

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
CONCLUSION
OUTLINE

3. Introduction

4. Background
Duelist Algorithm
Killer-Whale Algorithm
Rain-Water Algorithm
Energy Efficient Should be
considered:
 Internal Load (HVAC, equipment)
 External Load (OTTV)
 External Load (RTTV)
 Lighting Load (Type of Glass)
Investment Cost
 type of glass
 use of insulation

5. Objectives
 Maximum ROI with optimum
EEC value, maximum daylight
value and minimum OTTV using
Duelist, Killer-Whale, Rain-Water
Algorithm.
 Different type of glass and
insulation at roof and wall vs.
optimum EEC and maximum
ROI values.

6. LITERATURE
REVIEW

7. Optimization
Optimized Variables
Optimization Techniques Model
Objective Function

8. Greenship rating
Appropriate Site Development (17 points),
Energy Efficiency and Conservation (26 points),
Water Conservation (21 points),
Material Resources and Cycle (14 points),
Indoor Health and Comfort (10 points), and
Building and Environment Management (13 points)
GREENSHIP

9. Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Electrical Sub Metering
OTTV Calculation
Energy Efficiency Calculation
Natural Lighting
Ventilation
Climate Change Impact
On-Side Renewable Energy (Bonus)
GREENSHIP

10. OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) SNI
03-6389-2011
 OTTV Calculation Each Direction
𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉 = 𝛼 𝑈 𝑊 𝑥 1 − 𝑊𝑊𝑅 𝑥 𝑇𝐷𝑒𝑘 + 𝑈𝑓 𝑥 𝑊𝑊𝑅 𝑥 ∆𝑇 + 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑊𝑊𝑅 𝑥 𝑆𝐹 (𝟏)
 𝑈𝑓 is thermal transmittance of
glass (W/m2·K)
 ∆𝑇 is temperature difference (K)
 𝑆𝐶 is shading coefficient of glass
 𝑆𝐹 is solar factor for vertical surface
(W/m2)
Where:
 𝛼 is heat absorption
 𝑈 𝑤 is thermal transmittance of
opaque wall (W/m2·K)
 𝑊𝑊𝑅 is window to wall ratio
 𝑇𝐷𝑒𝑘 is equivalent temperature
difference (K)

11. OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) SNI
03-6389-2011
 OTTV Calculation All Direction
𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉 =
𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑁 𝑥 𝐴 𝑁 + 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑆 𝑥 𝐴 𝑆 + 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 𝐸 + 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉 𝑊 𝑥 𝐴 𝑊
𝐴 𝑁 + 𝐴 𝑆 + 𝐴 𝐸 + 𝐴 𝑊
(𝟐)
Where:
 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑖 is OTTV 𝑖 Direction
 𝐴𝑖 is Area of 𝑖 Direction
 𝑖 = 𝑁 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ , 𝑆 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ , 𝐸 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 (𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡)

12. Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 External Load Calculation
𝑄 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴 𝑏𝑖𝑑 𝑥 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉 + 𝐴 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑈𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑥 ∆𝑇 (𝟑)
 Occupant Load Calculation
𝑄 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 + 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑄𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝟒)
 Fresh Air Load Calculation
𝑄 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.218 𝑥 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑥 ∆𝑇 + 2.998 𝑥 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑥 ∆𝑅 (𝟓)
Where:
∆𝑅 is humidity difference
∆𝑇 is Temperature difference

13. Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Artificial Light Calculation
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝐴 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 / 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 (𝟔)
 Plug Load Calculation
𝑄 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 𝑃𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 (𝟕)
 Total Heat Load Calculation
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑄 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 𝑄 𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑄 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 (𝟖)
Where:
𝐿𝑃𝐷 is Lighting Power Density (W/m2)
𝑃𝑃𝐷 is Equipment Power Density (W/m2)
𝑁𝐿𝐴 is Net Lettable Area (m2)

14. Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 AHU Power Calculation
𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝐻𝑈 =
0.000161 𝑥 𝐴𝐹𝑅 𝑥 𝑃𝑠
𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓
(𝟗)
𝐴𝐹𝑅 =
49.26464 𝑥 𝑄𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 𝑄 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 + 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑄𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
∆𝑇
(𝟏𝟎)
 CHWP (chilled water pump power) and CWP (condenser water pump
power) Calculation
𝐶𝐻𝑊𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝐶𝑊𝑃 =
𝑊𝐹𝑅 𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑
3960 𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐸𝑓𝑓
(𝟏𝟏)
Where:
𝐴𝐹𝑅 is Air Flow Rate (m3/minute)
𝑊𝐹𝑅 is Water Flow Rate (GPM)

15. Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Cooling System Energy Consumption Calculation
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝑁𝑃𝐿𝑉 + 𝐶𝐻𝑊𝑃 + 𝐶𝑊𝑃 + 𝐶𝑇 (𝟏𝟐)
 Light Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [ 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝐴 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 +
𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝 ]/1000 (𝟏𝟑)
 Plug Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑃𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝐷 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝
1000
(𝟏𝟒)

16. Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Air Distribution Energy Consumption Calculation
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝐻𝑈 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 (𝟏𝟓)
 Lift Energy Consumption Calculation
𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 (𝟏𝟔)
 Other Load Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 (𝟏𝟕)
 Parking Ventilation Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑝 + 𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝
1000
(𝟏𝟖)

17. Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Total Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝.
+𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. (𝟏𝟗)
 EEC Point Calculation
𝐸𝐸𝐶 =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
% − 10%
2
(𝟐𝟎)

18. Cost of Investment
 Baseline
𝐶 𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐵 = 𝐶𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝐴𝐶 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 (𝟐𝟏)
 Design
𝐶 𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐷 = 𝐶𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝐴𝐶 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 + 𝐶 𝐸𝑆𝑀 + 𝐶𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 (𝟐𝟐)
 Cost of extra investment
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶 𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐷 − 𝐶 𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐵 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 (𝟐𝟑)
𝐶 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐷 + 𝐶 𝑀𝑅𝐶 + 𝐶 𝑊𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐼𝐻𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐵𝐸𝑀 (𝟐𝟒)
 Return of Investment (ROI)
ROI =
Saving
Extra Investment Cost
𝑥 100% (𝟐𝟓)

19. Duelist Algorithm
Duelist Algorithm (DA) is an
evolutionary computation
technique inspired by how
duelist improve their
capabilities in a duel that was
developed by Biyanto, et al. in
2016 [11]

20. Killer Whale Algorithm A
A
Killer-Whale Algorithm (KWA) is a
new evolutionary computation
algorithm that inspired by the life of
Killer Whale that was developed by
Biyanto in 2016 [12]

21. Rain Water Algorithm
Rain-Water Algorithm (RWA) is
a new algorithm that inspired
by the pattern of physically
rain water movements from air
to the lowest place on the
earth that was developed by
Biyanto in 2016 [13]
START
Determine number of
rain water & iterations
Random : Height & Mass
of rain water
Calculate velocities of rain
water when hit the ground (v0)
Determine thelastest positions of
each rain water using Dijkstra's
Algorithm
Calculate the new
velocities (vt)
Calculate the lastest
positions (st)
Iterations finish?
Evaluate the best
positions
END
Save 5% of the
best positions
YES
NO

22. Methodology

23. Research Flowchart
No
Yes

24. Methodology
Objective Function = Max ROI
Description Cost
Cost of water consumption 154,053,075 IDR
ASD cost of investment 490,875,000 IDR
MRC cost of investment 898,475,000 IDR
WAC cost of investment 1,063,592,524 IDR
IHC cost of investment 76,100,000 IDR
BEM cost of investment 630,000,000 IDR
Source: Biyanto, et al., 2013

25. Results and
Discussions

26. Baseline of OTTV Calculation
Floor OTTV Area OTTV
(Watt) (Watt/m2)
GF – MZ Floor 29419.83 55.99
2nd Floor 26253.80 50.64
3rd Floor 35867.32 65.18
4th Floor 35782.16 67.90
5th Floor 39505.58 72.09
6th Floor 30248.40 54.93
7th Floor 32301.31 73.03
8th – 16th Floor 114983.86 33.62
Total 344362.27 48.62

27. Energy Consumption Calculation
No. Description Unit Baseline
1 Chiller kWh/Year 543,722
2 Air Distribution kWh/Year 163,318
3 Lighting kWh/Year 286,576
4 Plug Load kWh/Year 326,385
5 Lift kWh/Year 104,000
6 Others kWh/Year 131,934
7 Carpark MV kWh/Year 78,402
8 Total Bld Energy Cons. kWh/Year 1,634,337

28. Cost of Investment Calculation of Building
Baseline
 EEC Baseline
 EEC Desain
Description Volume Unit Cost Total
Chiller 242.84 TR 6,000,000 IDR 1,457,069,420 IDR
CHWP 23.62 kW 5,000,000 IDR 118,110,930 IDR
CWP 14.76 kW 5,000,000 IDR 73,819,331 IDR
fan AHU 62.81 kW 3,000,000 IDR 188,443,896 IDR
Glass 4477.27 m2 325,000 IDR 1,455,111,856 IDR
Lamp 10148.80 m2 150,000 IDR 1,522,320,000 IDR
Total 4,814,875,434 IDR

29. Cost of Investment Calculation of Building
Design
Description Volume Unit Cost Total
Chiller Variation TR 6,000,000 IDR Variation
CHWP Variation kW 5,000,000 IDR Variation
CWP Variation kW 5,000,000 IDR Variation
fan AHU Variation kW 3,000,000 IDR Variation
Glass 4477.27 m2 Variation Variation
Lamp 1479 piece 1,500,000 IDR 2,218,500,000 IDR
Lux Sensor 16 set 4,440,000 IDR 71,040,000 IDR
ESM 4 piece 6,000,000 IDR 24,000,000 IDR
Insulation 925 m2 Variation Variation
Total Variation

30. Convergence of Optimization Procedure (Maximum
ROI)

31. Combination the chosen design of any EEC
EEC Point
Design Combination ROI
Type of Glass Insulation %
14 Panasap Dark Grey (3 mm) Glasswool 30.2424
15 Panasap Green (5 mm) No Insulation 31.9647
16 Planibel G (3.2 mm) Glasswool 36.8486
17 Panasap Green (8 mm) Glasswool 29.5671
18 Sunergy Green (6 mm) Glasswool 20.6389
19
Stopsol Blue Green (6 mm) + Air +
Clear (6 mm)
Glasswool 18.7667
20
Stopsol Green (8 mm) + Air +
Planibel G (6 mm)
Glasswool 15.1297

32. EUI and investment for any EEC points

33. Comparison Between Building Baseline and
Optimization
Description Unit
Comparison
Baseline Result
Cooling System Capacity TR 242.84 200.11
EUI kWh/m2·year 161 107
CO2 emission tons/year 1456.195 969.298
Cost of Investment Cooling System IDR 1,457,069,420 1,200,675,063
Cost of Investment CHWP IDR 118,110,930 66,088,490
Cost of Investment CWP IDR 73,819,331 41,305,307
Cost of Investment AHU IDR 188,443,896 93,751,561
Cost of Investment Glass IDR 1,455,111,856 335,795,044
Cost of Investment Insulation IDR - 27,750,000
Cost of Investment Lamp IDR 1,522,320,000 2,218,500,000
Cost of Investment ESM IDR - 24,000,000
Cost of Investment Lux Sensor IDR - 71,040,000

34. Conclusion

35. Conclusion
 Duelist, Killer-Whale and Rain-Water Optimization
Algorithms have been used to optimize EEC in green
building design.
 Single glass Planibel G with 3.2 mm thickness and glass-wool
insulation were chosen as optimized variables that provide
EUI of 54 kWh/m2·year, CO2 emission reduction of 486.8971
tons/year due to lower cost in the cooling system and
glassing.
 The maximum ROI and reduce of investment are 36.8486%
and 4,078,905,465 IDR, respectively.

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37. References
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