This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It describes the main layers and structures of the eye including the sclera, cornea, iris, lens, retina, and vitreous humor. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina to produce vision. Common minor eye disorders like dry eye, conjunctivitis and styes are discussed. Over-the-counter eye products for conditions like artificial tears, ointments, scrubs and decongestants are also outlined. The document concludes with a brief discussion of contact lenses and lens care.
Ophthalmic dosage are the preparation designed for application to the eye:-
For treatment
For symptomatic release of symptoms
For diagnostic purpose
As aid to surgical procedures
They are the sterile products meant to instillation in to the eye in the space between eye lid and the eye ball
They are also prepared as parenteral product. Example
Eye drops, Eye lotion, Eye ointment, Eye suspension, Contact lens solution
Eye, ear and nasal drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions meant for instillation into respective areas. Eye drops contain drugs that are antiseptic, anesthetic, anti-inflammatory or cause pupil dilation/constriction. Ear drops and nasal drops contain medications to relieve conditions like congestion. All three include active ingredients, vehicles, preservatives and adjuvants in suitable containers. They must be free of particles, sterile, have proper pH, tonicity, viscosity, surface activity and not cause irritation. Thickening agents, isotonic solutions, and surfactants are added to meet these requirements.
Eye, ear and nose formulations discusses various drug delivery formulations for the eye, ear and nose. It provides examples of common components and drugs used in eye drops, ointments, lotions and other ophthalmic preparations. Requirements for the formulations such as isotonicity and sterility are covered. The summary also discusses formulation aspects of ear preparations and examples of their dosage forms.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It describes the main layers and structures of the eye including the sclera, cornea, iris, lens, retina, and vitreous humor. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina to produce vision. Common minor eye disorders like dry eye, conjunctivitis and styes are discussed. Over-the-counter eye products for conditions like artificial tears, ointments, scrubs and decongestants are also outlined. The document concludes with a brief discussion of contact lenses and lens care.
Ophthalmic dosage are the preparation designed for application to the eye:-
For treatment
For symptomatic release of symptoms
For diagnostic purpose
As aid to surgical procedures
They are the sterile products meant to instillation in to the eye in the space between eye lid and the eye ball
They are also prepared as parenteral product. Example
Eye drops, Eye lotion, Eye ointment, Eye suspension, Contact lens solution
Eye, ear and nasal drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions meant for instillation into respective areas. Eye drops contain drugs that are antiseptic, anesthetic, anti-inflammatory or cause pupil dilation/constriction. Ear drops and nasal drops contain medications to relieve conditions like congestion. All three include active ingredients, vehicles, preservatives and adjuvants in suitable containers. They must be free of particles, sterile, have proper pH, tonicity, viscosity, surface activity and not cause irritation. Thickening agents, isotonic solutions, and surfactants are added to meet these requirements.
Eye, ear and nose formulations discusses various drug delivery formulations for the eye, ear and nose. It provides examples of common components and drugs used in eye drops, ointments, lotions and other ophthalmic preparations. Requirements for the formulations such as isotonicity and sterility are covered. The summary also discusses formulation aspects of ear preparations and examples of their dosage forms.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document discusses ophthalmic drug delivery systems and contact lens care. It describes various types of ophthalmic dosage forms including eye drops and suspensions. It outlines pharmaceutical requirements for these formulations such as sterility, isotonicity, buffering and viscosity. It also discusses different types of contact lenses, solutions used for cleaning, soaking and disinfecting soft and hard contact lenses, as well as products used for caring for rigid gas permeable contact lenses.
This document discusses various ophthalmic products including eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments, and contact lens solutions. It describes the essential characteristics of these products such as sterility, viscosity, pH, and tonicity. Formulation methods and key ingredients are provided for different types of ophthalmic preparations. Guidelines for proper handling and storage of eye drops and contact lens solutions are also outlined.
1. The document describes the preparation of a 1% atropine sulphate ointment for a 45-year-old male patient to apply twice daily for acute iritis.
2. The ointment was prepared using atropine sulphate, yellow soft paraffin, wool fat, and liquid paraffin in specific measured amounts.
3. The effects of the ointment include mydriasis, cycloplegia, loss of light reflex, and potential increase in intraocular tension which can precipitate glaucoma.
Eye, ear and nose formulations can be in the form of drops, ointments, sprays or washes. They must be sterile and isotonic. Eye drops require preservatives to prevent microbial growth. Common components are active ingredients, vehicles, preservatives, viscosity modifiers and buffers. Proper labeling, packaging and storage are important to maintain stability and sterility.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are sterile liquid or semi-solid preparations intended for application to the eye. It defines ophthalmic preparations and lists the main types, which include eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments, eye suspensions, and contact lens solutions. It then discusses the key requirements for ophthalmic preparations, such as being free of foreign particles, having appropriate viscosity and tonicity, a suitable pH, and maintaining sterility. The document provides details on administering eye drops properly and packaging and caring for contact lenses and their solutions.
Industrial Pharmacy- I Ophthalmic preparation part 2SureshKumar3824
This document discusses various ophthalmic preparations including drops, suspensions, lotions, ointments, and inserts. Ophthalmic drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions packaged in dropper containers for instillation into the eye. They must be isotonic, sterile, and preserved. Ophthalmic suspensions contain solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle and are preferred when drugs are insoluble or unstable in solution. Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for administration into the eye using bases that are non-irritating with melting points near body temperature. Ophthalmic inserts are drug-releasing devices that provide continuous drug delivery over an extended period, such as the Ocusert which releases pilocarpine at a
This Presentation about the research made by our section about Opthalmic Emulsion
Supervised By / Pharmaceutics Department Faculty of Pharmacy October 6 University
This document discusses various ophthalmic, nasal, and otic dosage forms. Ophthalmic preparations include solutions, suspensions, ointments, and intraocular injections. Key considerations for aqueous ocular formulations include the drug salt, physical properties, pH, chemical stability, absorption, vehicle, viscosity, preservatives, and antioxidants. Ophthalmic ointments use bases like hydrocarbons or water-soluble bases. Nasal formulations are typically aqueous based and consider pH, tonicity, viscosity, and preservatives. Otic formulations may be aqueous or non-aqueous, using vehicles like water, mineral oils, or glycerol.
Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drug in the eye, classification of ophthalmic
products, safety consideration of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives,
manufacturing consideration, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of
ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
This presentation discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are sterile products intended for application to the eyelids or placement in the eye. It defines various ophthalmic drugs and outlines the anatomy and physiology of the eye. The presentation also classifies common ophthalmic delivery systems such as eye drops, lotions, ointments, suspensions and more. It notes the advantages of these systems in providing low doses and controlled drug release but also disadvantages like cost and challenges.
dr.deepthikolluru avancements in Ophthalmic products pptDeepthiKolluru1
advantages, product formulation of conventional opthamicpreapartions and introduction to advanced optahlmicproducts like contact lenses, ocular inserts, collagen sheilds.
This document discusses various ophthalmic drug delivery systems including eye drops, ointments, gels, and inserts. It describes key considerations for ophthalmic formulations such as sterility, toxicity testing, and use of preservatives. Different types of ophthalmic preparations are covered like solutions, suspensions, and their inactive ingredients for pH adjustment, viscosity control, and preservation. Extended drug delivery methods like ocular inserts and iontophoresis are also summarized.
This document discusses ophthalmic products, which are sterile preparations intended for application to or around the eye. The most common dosage forms are solutions, suspensions, and ointments. Ideal ophthalmic delivery systems provide good corneal penetration and prolonged contact time while being non-irritating. Other advanced forms include gels, inserts, and intraocular injections/implants. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various ophthalmic dosage forms and their formulations, providing examples of commonly used products.
This document defines ophthalmic preparations as sterile liquid, semi-solid, or solid preparations intended for application to the eye. It discusses the requirements for bases, excipients, antimicrobial agents, and categories of ophthalmic preparations such as drops, ointments, and suspensions. The document also summarizes good manufacturing practices for production, in-process controls, sterilization methods, packaging, labelling, and storage requirements for ophthalmic preparations.
Ophthalmic dosage forms are sterile dosage forms meant for instillation into the eye. Common types include eye drops, lotions, ointments, and suspensions. They must be sterile, isotonic, and the correct pH. Ideal characteristics include being clear, particle-free, and stable. Containers are typically multidose bottles with droppers or single-use. Quality is ensured through testing for sterility, clarity, leakage, and foreign particles.
This document summarizes ophthalmic preparations including definitions, commonly used dosage forms, drugs used in the eye, anatomy and physiology of the eye, factors affecting drug absorption in the eye, manufacturing considerations, and classification of ocular drug delivery systems such as topical eye drops, ointments, and inserts. Key points covered include the types of solutions, suspensions, and gel-forming solutions used as topical eye drops, as well as inactive ingredients used to adjust tonicity, pH, provide stability, and impart viscosity.
This document discusses various ophthalmic products including eye drops, eye lotions, eye suspensions, eye ointments, and contact lens solutions. It describes the ideal characteristics of ophthalmic products such as being sterile, isotonic, and having the proper pH and viscosity. It also discusses the types of microorganisms that can cause eye infections and how sterility is achieved. The document provides details on the formulation, preparation, and labeling of different ophthalmic products.
This document discusses ocular NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). It begins by outlining the inflammatory response and pharmacologic principles of NSAIDs. It then discusses the classification of NSAIDs and common ophthalmic NSAIDs used. The main indications for ocular NSAIDs are reducing inflammation and pain from conditions like conjunctivitis, corneal injuries, episcleritis, and uveitis. Side effects can include gastric irritation and bleeding risks.
This document discusses various topics related to NSAIDs and their use in ophthalmology. It begins by defining NSAIDs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and describing their mechanisms of action in suppressing fever, pain, and swelling by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. It then discusses the classification, pharmacokinetics, indications, and adverse effects of various topical NSAIDs commonly used in ophthalmology, including flurbiprofen, ketorolac, suprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac, bromfenac, and nepafenac. The document also briefly mentions intravitreal injections but does not provide details.
This document outlines several new treatments and technologies for dry eye disease. It discusses increased expenditures on dry eye medications from 2001-2006 driven by Restasis. Six new tools to treat dry eyes are described, including anterior segment OCT, osmolarity testing, LipiFlow, Inflammadry, Ziena eyewear, and intraductal meibomian gland probes. New artificial tear formulations and the use of diquafosol and cyclosporine for dry eyes are also covered.
This document discusses ophthalmic drug delivery systems and contact lens care. It describes various types of ophthalmic dosage forms including eye drops and suspensions. It outlines pharmaceutical requirements for these formulations such as sterility, isotonicity, buffering and viscosity. It also discusses different types of contact lenses, solutions used for cleaning, soaking and disinfecting soft and hard contact lenses, as well as products used for caring for rigid gas permeable contact lenses.
This document discusses various ophthalmic products including eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments, and contact lens solutions. It describes the essential characteristics of these products such as sterility, viscosity, pH, and tonicity. Formulation methods and key ingredients are provided for different types of ophthalmic preparations. Guidelines for proper handling and storage of eye drops and contact lens solutions are also outlined.
1. The document describes the preparation of a 1% atropine sulphate ointment for a 45-year-old male patient to apply twice daily for acute iritis.
2. The ointment was prepared using atropine sulphate, yellow soft paraffin, wool fat, and liquid paraffin in specific measured amounts.
3. The effects of the ointment include mydriasis, cycloplegia, loss of light reflex, and potential increase in intraocular tension which can precipitate glaucoma.
Eye, ear and nose formulations can be in the form of drops, ointments, sprays or washes. They must be sterile and isotonic. Eye drops require preservatives to prevent microbial growth. Common components are active ingredients, vehicles, preservatives, viscosity modifiers and buffers. Proper labeling, packaging and storage are important to maintain stability and sterility.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are sterile liquid or semi-solid preparations intended for application to the eye. It defines ophthalmic preparations and lists the main types, which include eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments, eye suspensions, and contact lens solutions. It then discusses the key requirements for ophthalmic preparations, such as being free of foreign particles, having appropriate viscosity and tonicity, a suitable pH, and maintaining sterility. The document provides details on administering eye drops properly and packaging and caring for contact lenses and their solutions.
Industrial Pharmacy- I Ophthalmic preparation part 2SureshKumar3824
This document discusses various ophthalmic preparations including drops, suspensions, lotions, ointments, and inserts. Ophthalmic drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions packaged in dropper containers for instillation into the eye. They must be isotonic, sterile, and preserved. Ophthalmic suspensions contain solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle and are preferred when drugs are insoluble or unstable in solution. Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for administration into the eye using bases that are non-irritating with melting points near body temperature. Ophthalmic inserts are drug-releasing devices that provide continuous drug delivery over an extended period, such as the Ocusert which releases pilocarpine at a
This Presentation about the research made by our section about Opthalmic Emulsion
Supervised By / Pharmaceutics Department Faculty of Pharmacy October 6 University
This document discusses various ophthalmic, nasal, and otic dosage forms. Ophthalmic preparations include solutions, suspensions, ointments, and intraocular injections. Key considerations for aqueous ocular formulations include the drug salt, physical properties, pH, chemical stability, absorption, vehicle, viscosity, preservatives, and antioxidants. Ophthalmic ointments use bases like hydrocarbons or water-soluble bases. Nasal formulations are typically aqueous based and consider pH, tonicity, viscosity, and preservatives. Otic formulations may be aqueous or non-aqueous, using vehicles like water, mineral oils, or glycerol.
Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drug in the eye, classification of ophthalmic
products, safety consideration of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives,
manufacturing consideration, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of
ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
This presentation discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are sterile products intended for application to the eyelids or placement in the eye. It defines various ophthalmic drugs and outlines the anatomy and physiology of the eye. The presentation also classifies common ophthalmic delivery systems such as eye drops, lotions, ointments, suspensions and more. It notes the advantages of these systems in providing low doses and controlled drug release but also disadvantages like cost and challenges.
dr.deepthikolluru avancements in Ophthalmic products pptDeepthiKolluru1
advantages, product formulation of conventional opthamicpreapartions and introduction to advanced optahlmicproducts like contact lenses, ocular inserts, collagen sheilds.
This document discusses various ophthalmic drug delivery systems including eye drops, ointments, gels, and inserts. It describes key considerations for ophthalmic formulations such as sterility, toxicity testing, and use of preservatives. Different types of ophthalmic preparations are covered like solutions, suspensions, and their inactive ingredients for pH adjustment, viscosity control, and preservation. Extended drug delivery methods like ocular inserts and iontophoresis are also summarized.
This document discusses ophthalmic products, which are sterile preparations intended for application to or around the eye. The most common dosage forms are solutions, suspensions, and ointments. Ideal ophthalmic delivery systems provide good corneal penetration and prolonged contact time while being non-irritating. Other advanced forms include gels, inserts, and intraocular injections/implants. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various ophthalmic dosage forms and their formulations, providing examples of commonly used products.
This document defines ophthalmic preparations as sterile liquid, semi-solid, or solid preparations intended for application to the eye. It discusses the requirements for bases, excipients, antimicrobial agents, and categories of ophthalmic preparations such as drops, ointments, and suspensions. The document also summarizes good manufacturing practices for production, in-process controls, sterilization methods, packaging, labelling, and storage requirements for ophthalmic preparations.
Ophthalmic dosage forms are sterile dosage forms meant for instillation into the eye. Common types include eye drops, lotions, ointments, and suspensions. They must be sterile, isotonic, and the correct pH. Ideal characteristics include being clear, particle-free, and stable. Containers are typically multidose bottles with droppers or single-use. Quality is ensured through testing for sterility, clarity, leakage, and foreign particles.
This document summarizes ophthalmic preparations including definitions, commonly used dosage forms, drugs used in the eye, anatomy and physiology of the eye, factors affecting drug absorption in the eye, manufacturing considerations, and classification of ocular drug delivery systems such as topical eye drops, ointments, and inserts. Key points covered include the types of solutions, suspensions, and gel-forming solutions used as topical eye drops, as well as inactive ingredients used to adjust tonicity, pH, provide stability, and impart viscosity.
This document discusses various ophthalmic products including eye drops, eye lotions, eye suspensions, eye ointments, and contact lens solutions. It describes the ideal characteristics of ophthalmic products such as being sterile, isotonic, and having the proper pH and viscosity. It also discusses the types of microorganisms that can cause eye infections and how sterility is achieved. The document provides details on the formulation, preparation, and labeling of different ophthalmic products.
This document discusses ocular NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). It begins by outlining the inflammatory response and pharmacologic principles of NSAIDs. It then discusses the classification of NSAIDs and common ophthalmic NSAIDs used. The main indications for ocular NSAIDs are reducing inflammation and pain from conditions like conjunctivitis, corneal injuries, episcleritis, and uveitis. Side effects can include gastric irritation and bleeding risks.
This document discusses various topics related to NSAIDs and their use in ophthalmology. It begins by defining NSAIDs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and describing their mechanisms of action in suppressing fever, pain, and swelling by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. It then discusses the classification, pharmacokinetics, indications, and adverse effects of various topical NSAIDs commonly used in ophthalmology, including flurbiprofen, ketorolac, suprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac, bromfenac, and nepafenac. The document also briefly mentions intravitreal injections but does not provide details.
This document outlines several new treatments and technologies for dry eye disease. It discusses increased expenditures on dry eye medications from 2001-2006 driven by Restasis. Six new tools to treat dry eyes are described, including anterior segment OCT, osmolarity testing, LipiFlow, Inflammadry, Ziena eyewear, and intraductal meibomian gland probes. New artificial tear formulations and the use of diquafosol and cyclosporine for dry eyes are also covered.
Dry eye, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition caused by inadequate tear production or unstable tear film. It results in ocular irritation, redness, and visual disturbance. The tear film consists of an outer lipid layer, middle aqueous layer, and inner mucin layer. In chronic dry eye, tears have increased salts and decreased proteins and lipocalins. Treatment focuses on lubricating the eyes, managing underlying conditions like blepharitis, and occasionally punctal plugs or anti-inflammatory drugs. Diagnosis involves tests of tear production, stability, and ocular surface staining to determine the best lubricating and anti-inflammatory treatments.
The document provides information about ocular steroids. It begins with an introduction to steroids and their chemical structure. It then discusses the adrenal gland and its role in producing steroids. The anti-inflammatory effects of steroids are explained through their impact on the inflammatory response pathway. Common ophthalmic steroids are listed along with their formulations and concentrations. The indications, contraindications and side effects of steroid use are briefly covered.
This document provides information on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antipyretic-analgesics. It discusses the classes of NSAIDs including mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, examples of drugs, and side effects. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and thereby reducing production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation, pain, and fever. The document also reviews antirheumatic drugs for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, as well as drugs for treating gout such as allopurinol, probenecid, and corticosteroids.
The document summarizes the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates the "rest and digest" response. Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system while anticholinergic drugs block parasympathetic effects.
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which reduces the production of prostaglandins. They are classified based on their selectivity for the COX-1 and COX-2 isoenzymes. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, while some NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen are nonselective. Newer NSAIDs like celecoxib selectively inhibit COX-2. NSAIDs have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation, but hypersensitivity reactions also occur.
This document provides an overview of ocular pharmacology, including drug delivery methods to the eyes, factors influencing drug penetration, and common drug classes used for ocular conditions. Topical drops, ointments, and periocular injections are described as local delivery methods. Systemic administration through oral or intravenous routes is also discussed. Common drug classes covered include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, glaucoma medications, anti-inflammatories, and diagnostic agents. Side effects and indications for various drugs are highlighted.
This document summarizes sedative hypnotic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses. It discusses how these drugs act on GABA receptors in the central nervous system to produce sedation, hypnosis, and anesthesia. Specific drug classes covered include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, buspirone, zolpidem, zaleplon, and ramelteon. Ideal properties of hypnotic drugs and their unwanted effects such as tolerance and dependence are also summarized.
Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction. This summary will discuss the key points about local anesthetics:
1. Local anesthetics come in different classes based on their chemical structure and duration of action. They are used to numb specific body regions without loss of consciousness.
2. The effectiveness of local anesthetics depends on factors like pH, lipophilicity, and concentration. Adding epinephrine prolongs the numbing effect and reduces systemic absorption.
3. Overdose of local anesthetics can cause seizures, cardiac issues, and other toxic effects. The dose must be carefully controlled to safely numb nerves without systemic side effects.
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It discusses the divisions of the ANS including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key points covered include the anatomical organization of the ANS from the central nervous system to peripheral ganglia. The roles and effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on various organs are described. Neurotransmitters, receptors, and reflexes of the ANS are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of sedative and hypnotic drugs. It begins with definitions of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. It then discusses the history of sedative drugs from antiquity through modern times. It covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of major classes of sedative-hypnotics including barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
The document discusses several classes of sedative-hypnotic drugs including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics. Benzodiazepines act by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors and have a wide margin of safety. Barbiturates also enhance GABA effects but are no longer recommended due to their narrow therapeutic range and potential for abuse and dependence. Chloral hydrate is a relatively safe nonbarbiturate hypnotic used in some patient populations.
Local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels in nerves, limiting the propagation of action potentials and producing loss of sensation in a specific area. Early local anesthetics like cocaine and procaine had limitations. Lidocaine, introduced in 1940, was a major improvement as an amide-type local anesthetic with quick onset, duration of hours, and less allergenicity. Factors like lipid solubility, pH, vasoconstrictors, and dosage levels affect the onset and duration of local anesthetics. Regional anesthesia techniques involve anesthetizing broader areas using techniques like topical, field block, and peripheral or central nerve blocks.
The document provides information on local anesthesia, including:
1) It discusses the historical background of local anesthesia, from the isolation of cocaine in 1860 to the development of procaine and lidocaine.
2) It defines local anesthesia as the loss of sensation in a specific body area caused by inhibiting nerve conduction without loss of consciousness.
3) It describes the mechanisms of action of local anesthetics, including that they work by binding to specific receptor sites on sodium channels in nerves to inhibit sodium conduction and excitation.
4) It provides classifications of local anesthetics according to their biological site and mode of action, including examples like lidocaine that work through both receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms.
This document summarizes various cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, shock, and congestive heart failure. It discusses classes of drugs like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, and cardiac glycosides. For each drug class, it describes the mechanisms of action, common drugs, clinical uses, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations for administration and patient education.
Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, suspensions, ointments or gels applied topically to the eye. Solutions are diluted with tears and drained quickly, while suspensions, ointments and gels have longer contact times. Various drugs are used depending on the condition, such as anti-infectives, anti-inflammatory corticosteroids or drugs for glaucoma. Considerations for ophthalmic formulations include ensuring sterility, controlling pH and tonicity, and using preservatives in multi-dose products. Packaging must also maintain sterility and be compatible with the formulation. Newer delivery systems aim to further prolong drug release for better treatment outcomes.
Eye drops, lotions, ointments and other ophthalmic preparations must meet several requirements to be safely applied to the eyes. They must be sterile, isotonic to tears, and free of particles to avoid irritation. Various formulations exist, including liquids, gels and solids, which are prepared through clarification, sterilization and packaging in sterile containers. Common ingredients include drugs, preservatives, viscosity agents and buffers to maintain the correct pH, tonicity and stability for ocular administration.
Direct application (Fundamental Of Nursing)MO FAISHAL
This document provides information on various direct drug application methods including suppositories, nasal packing, throat swabs, and bladder irrigation. It defines suppositories as solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of suppositories as well as procedures for inserting suppositories into the rectum or vagina. The document also outlines procedures for nasal packing, throat swabs, ear and eye drops/ointment installation, and bladder irrigation.
The document discusses drugs acting on the eye, ear, and nose. It provides details on common eye, ear, and nasal conditions and the drug classes used to treat them. For the eye, it describes ophthalmic antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, miotics, and mydriatics used for issues like infection, inflammation, glaucoma, and dry eye. For the ear, it discusses antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and wax softening drugs used for otitis media and externa. Nasal drops containing pseudoephedrine and saline are used for nasal allergy and congestion relief.
Introduction to ophthalmic products useful as a basic & theoretical tool for pharmacy, medical & nursing students for their graduate and post graduate studies
This document discusses various topical drug preparations including otic (ear) preparations, suppositories, vaginal suppositories and solutions, and enemas. It provides details on the composition, uses, and administration of these preparations. Otic preparations are used to treat ear infections and remove earwax. Suppositories are drug delivery systems inserted into body orifices for local or systemic effects. Vaginal preparations treat infections and restore tissue in the female genital tract. Enemas rapidly empty the lower intestines.
sterile Liquid Non parentral dosage formsakashpharma19
This document discusses various liquid dosage forms used for ophthalmic, otic, and nasal drug delivery. It begins by describing ophthalmic preparations such as eye drops, solutions, and microemulsions. Common drugs delivered through each route are provided. Formulation considerations for stability, sterility and maintaining proper pH are discussed. The document then covers otic preparations like ear drops and their components. Finally, it discusses nasal preparations like solutions, suspensions and inhalers as well as general formulation guidelines. Key factors in the storage and labeling of these sterile liquid dosage forms are also summarized.
This document provides information on ophthalmic products including their definition, dosage forms, advantages, disadvantages and formulation considerations. It discusses key product types like eye drops, lotions and ointments. It describes essential characteristics for different preparations including sterility, isotonicity, pH and viscosity. The document outlines manufacturing techniques for solutions, suspensions and ointments. It also discusses packaging, storage and evaluation methods for assessing sterility, particles and leakage in final products.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems including liquids (solutions and suspensions), semisolids (ointments and gels), and solids (ocular inserts and contact lenses). It describes different types of systems for targeting the posterior segment of the eye including systemic delivery, intraocular injections, and intraocular implants. It also covers various pharmacologic categories of ophthalmic drugs and special considerations for ophthalmic solutions regarding volume, bioavailability, sterility, and tonicity.
This document discusses the formulation of eye lotions. It begins by introducing ophthalmic preparations and their common dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, and ointments. It then describes the different types of ophthalmic preparations - eye drops, eye ointments, and eye lotions. Eye lotions are defined as sterile aqueous solutions used for washing the eyes by applying a large volume of solution over the eye. The document provides details on formulating an eye lotion, including using purified water and sodium chloride to produce an iso-osmotic solution, filtering, sealing bottles, and autoclaving for sterilization. References are listed at the end.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations and contact lenses. It provides details on the types of ophthalmic products including solutions, suspensions, ointments, powders for reconstitution and ocular inserts. It describes the formulation and production of ophthalmic solutions and factors affecting stability such as buffering, tonicity, viscosity and preservatives. It also discusses the different types of contact lenses including hard, soft and rigid gas permeable lenses and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It defines ophthalmic preparations as sterile liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulations for application to the eye. The key types are solutions, suspensions, gels, ointments, and inserts. Absorption occurs across the cornea or sclera/conjunctiva. Manufacturing involves active ingredients, vehicles, buffers, and other excipients. Quality control tests for sterility, particles, and assays are described. Packaging and labeling requirements are outlined along with storage and examples of drug classes used to treat eye diseases.
This document provides information about amblyopia (lazy eye), including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It also discusses blepharitis (eyelid inflammation), corticosteroid cream used to treat inflammation, and an antibiotic/corticosteroid eye drop combination used to treat bacterial eye infections where steroid treatment is required.
The document discusses procedures for eye irrigation, eye drops, and ear irrigation including their purposes, indications, contraindications, complications, principles, guidelines, and the nurse's responsibilities before, during, and after each procedure with the goal of providing concise information on performing and assisting with these common clinical skills.
This document discusses various ophthalmic dosage forms including liquid, semisolid, and solid forms. It focuses on describing ophthalmic ointments, inserts, and other semisolid and solid forms. Ophthalmic ointments are typically petrolatum-based and used for antibiotics, antivirals, and corticosteroids. Inserts like Pilocarpine Ocusert provide controlled release of drugs over time. Intracmeral injections and implants are also discussed as methods for intraocular drug delivery.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular drug administration and the need for drug delivery systems that can sustain drug release in the eye. It then covers topics like eye anatomy, drug absorption pathways in the eye, factors affecting drug bioavailability in the eye, formulation considerations for ocular drug delivery systems, and methods for evaluating these systems. The goal of ocular drug delivery systems is to effectively deliver drugs to the eye for treating ophthalmic diseases while minimizing side effects.
Ocular therapeutics - medicating the eye.pptxmeenupm2
This document discusses various methods of topical ocular drug administration in veterinary medicine. It describes topical administration primarily targeting the cornea and anterior structures. It then outlines different types of topical preparations and vehicles and their characteristics. The rest of the document details specific methods of topical ocular therapy including drops, ointments, subpalpebral lavage, nasolacrimal duct cannulation, subconjunctival injection, retrobulbar injection, systemic administration, and intraocular injection.
This document discusses eye lotions, which are sterile aqueous solutions used to wash the eyes by allowing a large volume of solution to flow over the eye. Eye lotions should be isotonic and free of particles to avoid irritation. A method is provided for preparing a 1000 ml sodium chloride eye lotion by dissolving sodium chloride in purified water, adjusting the volume, filtering, transferring to amber bottles, sealing, and autoclaving for sterilization. Criteria for selecting ophthalmic drugs and other types of ophthalmic preparations such as drops and ointments are also summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
6. Anesthetics
– employed to provide pain
relief preoperatively, postoperatively, for
ophthalmic trauma and during ophthalmic
examinations.
Examples: tetracaine, cocaine, proparacaine
7.
8. Antibiotic
and anti-microbial agents – used
systematically and locally to combat
ophthalmic infection.
Examples: azithromycin, gentamicin sulfate,
sodium sulfacetamide, ciprofloxacin,
hydrochloride, ofloxacin, polymyxin Bbacitracin and tobramycin
9.
10. Antifungal
agents – agents used topically on
the eye against fungal endophtalmitis and
fungal keratitis
Examples: amphotericin
B, natamycin, flucytosine
11. Anti-inflammatory
agents – used to treat
inflammation of the eye, as allergic
conjunctivites.
Examples:
fluoromethalone, prednisolone, and
dexamathasone salts.
Examples of non-steroidal:
dicolfenac, flurbiprofen, keterolac and
suprofen.
12.
13. Anti-viral
agents – used against viral
infections that are caised by herpes simplex
virus.
Examples: trifluridine, ganciclovir, vidarabine
16. Beta
adrenergic blocking agents – used
topically on the eye in the treatment of
intraocular pressure and chronic open-angle
glaucoma
Examples: betaloxolol HCl, levobunolol
HCl, metipranolol HCl, timolol maleate
17.
18. Miotic
and other glaucoma agents – used in
the treatment fo glaucoma, accomodative
esotropia, convergent strabismus, and for
local treatment of myasthenia gravis.
Examples: pilocarpine, ecothiophate
19.
20. Mydriatics
and cycloplegics – allow the
examination of the fundus by dilating the
pupil. Mydriatics that have a long term of
dilating are called cycloplegics
Examples:
atropine, scopalamin, phenylephrine, hydrox
yamphetamine, and tropicamide
21.
22. Protectants
and artificial tears – solutions
employed as artificial tears or as contact
lens fluids lubricate the eye
Examples: carboxy methyl cellulose, polivinyl
alcohol
23.
24. Vasoconstrictors
and ocular decongestants –
applied topically to the mucuos membranes
of the eye cause transient constriction of the
conjunctival blood vessels. They are
intended to soothe, refresh, and remove
redness due to minor eye irritation.
Examples: naphazoline, oxymetazoline and
tetrahydrazoline hydrochlorides.
25.
26.
27. -must
be sterilized for safe use
Autoclaving(in final containers) at 121 Celsius
for 15 minutes is preferable but may cause
thermal instability.
So Bacterial Filters may be used.
To keep the steriliy during use, antimicrobial
preservatives are generally included in
opthalmic operations.
28. Opthalmic
solutions should be isosmotic at
0.9% NaCl solution because 0.9% NaCl is the
corresponding osmotic pressure of the body
fluids including blood and tears.
Hypertonic solutions may draw water from
the body tissues toward the solution and
may cause crenation(shrinking) of blood cells
Hypotonic solutions may cause hemolysis of
blood cells or passage of water from the site
of an ophthalmic application throught the
tissues of the eye
29. For greater comfort to the eye
Render the formulation more stable
To enhance the aqueous solubility of the drug
To enhance the bioavailability
To maximize preservative efficacy
pH of normal tears are 7.4, but tears of contact
lens wearers are more acidic.
Desired solution is prepared from two stock
solutions, one containing 8g of monobasic
sodium phosphate per liter and the other
containing 9.47g of dibasic sodium phosphate per
liter.
30. Viscosity
is a property of liquids related to
resistance to flow. Fluidity is the reciprocal
of viscosity.
Thickening agents – methycellulose
Used to increase ophthalmic solutions’
therapeutic effectiveness
31. Ophthlamic
solutions must be sparkling clear
and free of all particulate matter for comfort
and safety.
Drug particles in an ophthalmic suspension
must be finely subdivided, usually micronized
to minimize eye irritation and/or scratching
of the cornea. The suspended particles must
not associate into large particles upon
storage and must be easily and uniformly
redistributed by gentle shaking prior to use.
If large particles/crystals form and is placed
on the eye, it may hurt like hell. Lol
32. Small
glass bottles with seperate glass or
plastic dropepers.
Most are packaged in soft plastic containers
w/ a fixed built in dropper. This is preferred
both to facilitate administration and to
protect the product from external
contamination.
Patients must be careful to protect
ophthalmic solutions or suspensions from
external contamination
33. -
wash hands thoroughly
- inspect dropper to make sure it has no
chips or cracks (if applicable)
- ophthalmic solutions should be inspected
for color and clarity. Suspensions should be
shakened prior to administration
34. To instill eyedrops:
- patient should tilt head back with index finger
of the free hand gently pull downward the lower
eyelid of the affected eye to form a pocket or
cup.
- while looking up and w/out touching the
dropper, prescribed number of the drops should
be instilled into the formed pocket.
- lower eyelid should be released and the eye
closed to allow the medication to spread over
the eye. Eye should be held closed for 1 min.
w/out blinking rubbing or wiping.
While eye is closed, gentle pressure should be
applied just under the inner corner of the eye to
compress the nasolacrimal duct to prevent
drainage.
-excess liquid may be wiped with a tissue