The document discusses various operators in C language including arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and unary operators. It provides examples of using these operators and explains their precedence. Conditional operators, comma operator and sizeof operator are also covered. Key operators and their usage are defined throughout the document.

1. C OPERATORS, EXPRESSIONS &
STATEMENTS

2. C OPERATORS & EXPRESSIONS
• Operators are symbols which take one or
more operands or expressions and perform arithmetic or logical
computations.
• Operands are variables or expressions which are used in conjunction
with operators to evaluate the expression.​
• Combination of operands and operators form an expression.
• Expressions are sequences of operators, operands, and punctuators that
specify a computation.

3. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
• As the name is given, arithmetic operators perform arithmetic
operations.
• These are “Binary Operators” as they take two operands.
• C language provides following arithmetic operators.

4. EXAMPLE
void main()
{
float a=4,b=2,sum,sub,mul,div;
sum=a+b;
sub=a-b;
mul=a*b;
div=a/b;
printf(“summation of a and b=%fn , subtraction of and b=%fn ,
multiplication of and b=%fn, division of a and b=%f, sum, sub, mul, div”);
}
RESULT

5. CONDITIONAL OPEARTORS
• C language provides “?” operator as a conditional operator.
• These are “Ternary Operators” as they take three operands.
• It is used as shown below:
Syntax: Condition ? Expression1 : Expression2
• The statement above is equivalent to:
if (Condition)
Expression1
else
Expression2

6. CONDITIONAL OPEARTORS
• The operator “?” works as follows:
1. Expression1 is evaluated first.
2. If it is non-zero(true), then the expression1 is evaluated and becomes
the value of the expression.
3. If expression1 is false, expression2 is evaluated and its value
becomes the value of the expression.
4. It is to be noted that only one of the expression(either expression1 or
expression2) is evaluated.

7. RELATIONAL OPERATORS
• Also known as a comparison operator, it is an operator that compares
two values.
• Relational operators return true or false value, depending on whether
the conditional relationship between the two operands holds or not.

8. EQUALITY OPERATORS
• C language supports two kinds of equality operators to compare their
operands for strict equality or inequality.
• They are equal to (==) and not equal to (!=) operator.
• The equality operators have lower precedence than the relational
operators.

9. LOGICAL OPERATORS
• C language supports three logical operators.
• They are- Logical AND (&&), Logical OR (||) and Logical NOT (!).
• As in case of arithmetic expressions, the logical expressions are
evaluated from left to right.

10. ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
• The assignment operator is responsible for assigning values to the variables.
• While the equal sign (=) is the fundamental assignment operator, C also supports
other assignment operators that provide short hand ways to represent common
variable assignments

11. BITWISE OPERATORS
• Bitwise operators perform operations at bit level. These operators include :
bitwise AND, bitwiseOR, bitwise XOR and shift operators.
• The bitwise AND operator (&) is a small version of the boolean AND (&&)
as it performs operation on bits instead of bytes, chars, integers, etc.
• The bitwise OR operator (|) is a small version of the boolean OR (||) as it
performs operation on bits instead of bytes, chars, integers, etc.
• The bitwise NOT (~), or complement, is a unary operation that performs
logical negation on each bit of the operand. By performing negation of each
bit, it actually produces the ones‘ complement of the given binary value.
• The bitwise XOR operator (^) performs operation on individual bits of the
operands.

12. BITWISE OPERATORS

13. BITWISE SHIFT OPERATORS
• In bitwise shift operations, the digits are moved, or shifted, to the left or right.
• The CPU registers have a fixed number of available bits for storing numerals, so
when we perform shift operations; some bits will be "shifted out" of the register at
one end, while the same number of bits are "shifted in" from the other end.

14. UNARY OPERATOR
• Unary operators act on single operands.
• C language supports three unary operators. They are unary minus, increment and
decrement operators.
• The increment operator is a unary operator that increases the value of its operand
by 1.
• Similarly, the decrement operator decreases the value of its operand by 1. For
example,
• int x = 10, y;
• y = x++; is equivalent to writing y = x; x = x + 1;
• whereas, y = ++x; is equivalent to writing x = x + 1; y = x;

15. COMMA OPERATOR
• The comma operator in C takes two operands. It works by evaluating the
first and discarding its value, and then evaluates the second and returns the
value as the result of the expression.
• Comma separated operands when chained together are evaluated in left-to-
right sequence with the right-most value yielding the result of the
expression.
• Among all the operators, the comma operator has the lowest precedence.
For example,
int a=2, b=3, x=0;
x = (++a, b+=a);
Now, the value of x = 6

16. SIZEOF OPERATOR
• sizeof is a unary operator used to calculate the sizes of data types.
• It can be applied to all data types.
• The operator returns the size of the variable, data type or expression in bytes.
• 'sizeof' operator is used to determine the amount of memory space that the
variable/expression/data type will take.
• For example, sizeof(char) returns 1, that is the size of a character data type. If we
have,
int a = 10;
unsigned int result;
result = sizeof(a);
then result = 2,