INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION (IPC).pptx
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Inter-process communication (IPC) allows processes to communicate and synchronize. Common IPC methods include pipes, message queues, shared memory, semaphores, and mutexes. Pipes provide unidirectional communication while message queues allow full-duplex communication through message passing. Shared memory enables processes to access the same memory region. Direct IPC requires processes to explicitly name communication partners while indirect IPC uses shared mailboxes.
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IPC allows processes to communicate and share resources. There are several common IPC mechanisms, including message passing, shared memory, semaphores, files, signals, sockets, message queues, and pipes. Message passing involves establishing a communication link and exchanging fixed or variable sized messages using send and receive operations. Shared memory allows processes to access the same memory area. Semaphores are used to synchronize processes. Files provide durable storage that outlives individual processes. Signals asynchronously notify processes of events. Sockets enable two-way point-to-point communication between processes. Message queues allow asynchronous communication where senders and receivers do not need to interact simultaneously. Pipes create a pipeline between processes by connecting standard streams.
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Inter-process communication (IPC) allows processes to communicate and synchronize actions. There are two main models - shared memory, where processes directly read/write shared memory, and message passing, where processes communicate by sending and receiving messages. Critical sections are parts of code that access shared resources and must be mutually exclusive to avoid race conditions. Semaphores can be used to achieve mutual exclusion, with operations P() and V() that decrement or increment the semaphore value to control access to the critical section. For example, in the producer-consumer problem semaphores can suspend producers if the buffer is full and consumers if empty, allowing only one process at a time in the critical section.
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The C memory model defines memory storage semantics for C programs. Memory consists of contiguous bytes, each with a unique address. Typical memory sections are the text segment for instructions, initialized data segment, uninitialized data segment (bss), heap, and stack. The data segment stores global and static variables and divides them into initialized and uninitialized. The stack stores function frames and parameters while the heap stores dynamically allocated memory.
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The document discusses various data types in C including integer, floating point, character and void types. It notes the memory size and value ranges of basic types like char, short, int, float, double and long double. It also describes void as a data type used for functions without return values or arguments. The document then covers keywords, input/output functions like scanf() and printf(), and format specifiers used to define variable types for input and output.
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COMPILATION PROCESS IN C.pptx
The compilation process in C consists of four steps: preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking. During preprocessing, the source code is checked for errors and macros and includes are expanded. The compiler then converts the preprocessed code into assembly code. In the assembling step, assembly code is converted into object code. Finally, the linker combines the object code with code from library files to generate the executable file.
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INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION (IPC).pptx
- 2. IPC • Inter-process communication is the mechanism provided by the operating system that allows processes to communicate with each other. • This communication could involve a process letting another process know that some event has occurred or the transferring of data from one process to another.
- 3. SYNCHRONIZATION • Some of the methods to provide synchronization are as follows − • Semaphore: A semaphore is a variable that controls the access to a common resource by multiple processes. • Mutual Exclusion: Mutual exclusion requires that only one process thread can enter the critical section at a time. • Barrier: A barrier does not allow individual processes to proceed until all the processes reach it. • Spinlock: This is a type of lock. The processes trying to acquire this lock wait in a loop while checking if the lock is available or not.
- 4. APPROACHES
- 5. • A pipe is a data channel that is unidirectional. Two pipes can be used to create a two-way data channel between two processes. • Message Passing: • It is a mechanism for a process to communicate and synchronize. • Using message passing, the process communicates with each other without resorting to shared variables. PIPES
- 6. MESSAGE QUEUES • A message queue is a linked list of messages stored within the kernel. • It is identified by a message queue identifier. • This method offers communication between single or multiple processes with full-duplex capacity. • Message queues are quite useful for inter process communication and are used by most operating systems.
- 7. SHARED MEMORY • Shared memory is the memory that can be simultaneously accessed by multiple processes. This is done so that the processes can communicate with each other. • Shared memory is a memory shared between two or more processes that are established using shared memory between all the processes. • This type of memory requires to protected from each other by synchronizing access across all the processes.
- 8. DIRECT COMMUNICATION • In the Direct Communication, each process that wants to communicate must explicitly name the recipient or sender of the communication. • In this, process that want to communicate must name the sender or receiver. 1. A pair of communicating processes must have one link between them. 2. A link (generally bi-directional) establishes between every pair of communicating processes.
- 9. INDIRECT COMMUNICATION • Pairs of communicating processes have shared mailboxes. • Link (uni-directional or bi-directional) is established between pairs of processes. • Sender process puts the message in the port or mailbox of a receiver process and receiver process takes out (or deletes) the data from the mailbox. • A link can communicate with many processes. The link may be bi- directional or unidirectional.
- 10. FIFO • FIFOs (first-in, first-out) are a variation on a pipe that creates a more flexible communication structure. • FIFOs work by attaching a filename to the pipe. For this reason, FIFOs are also called named pipes as opposed to the anonymous pipes discussed previously. • FIFOs are created by one process that calls mkfifo().