Operators are symbols that tell the compiler to perform mathematical or logical manipulations on operands. This document discusses the different types of operators in C language, including arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, and bitwise operators. It also covers operator precedence and type conversions.

1. OPERATORS & EXPRESSIONS
An operator is a symbol (+,-,*,/)that tells the
compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
manipulations. C language is rich in built-in
operators and provides the following types of
operators:

2. Operators in C
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational operators
3. Logical operators
4. Assignment operators
5. Increment and decrement operators
6. Conditional operators
7. Bitwise operators
8. Special operators

3. Arithmetic operators
Operator example Meaning
+ a + b Addition –unary
- a – b Subtraction- unary
* a * b Multiplication
/ a / b Division
% a % b Modulo division- remainder

4. Compound Assignment Operator
●
Often we use “update” forms of operators
– x=x+1, x=x*2, ...
●
C offers a short form for this:
– Generic Form
variable op= expr equivalent to variable = variable op expr
Update forms have value equal to the final value of expr
●
i.e., x=3; y= (x+=3); /* x and y both get value 6 */
Operator Equivalent to:
x *= y x = x * y
y -= z + 1 y = y - (z + 1)
a /= b a = a / b
x += y / 8 x = x + (y / 8)
y %= 3 y = y % 3

5. Comma Operator has Lowest Precedence i.e it is having
lowest priority so it is evaluated at last.
Comma operator returns the value of the rightmost operand
when multiple comma operators are used inside an
expression.
Comma Operator Can acts as –
Operator : In the Expression
Separator : Declaring Variable , In Function Call
Parameter List
Comma Operators

6. Let a=5 and b=10
a++; //a becomes 6
a--; //a becomes 5
++b; //a becomes 11
--b; //a becomes 9
Program for pre­increment &post­increment
#include<stdio.h> Output :
void main() Value of a : 10
{ Value of b : 11
int a,b,x=10,y=10;
a = x++;
b = ++y;
printf("Value of a : %d",a);
printf("Value of b : %d",b);
}
PRE­INCREMENT & POST INCREMENT

7. Relational
Operator
Meaning
> Greater than
>= Greater than or
equal to
<= Less than or
equal to
< Less than
== Is equal to
!= Is not equal to
Logical
Operator
Name of the
Operator
&& And Operator
| Or Operator
! Not Operator
Operators

8. Examples
Truth Table
a b Value of the
expression
a&&
b
a || b
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
Shorthand Assignment operators
Simple assignment
operator
Shorthand
operator
a = a+1 a + =1
a = a-1 a - =1
a = a* (m+n) a * = m+n
a = a / (m+n) a / = m+n
a = a %b a %=b

9. Conditional Operators [ ?: ] :
Ternary Operator Statement in C
expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3
where
expression1 is Condition
expression2 is Statement Followed if Condition is True
expression2 is Statement Followed if Condition is False

10. BITWISE OPERATORS
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive
OR
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
These operators allow manipulation of data at the bit level

11. Review – Bitwise Operations in
Integers
• & – AND
●
Result is 1 if both
operand bits are 1
• | – OR
●
Result is 1 if either
operand bit is 1
• ^ – Exclusive OR
●
Result is 1 if operand
bits are different
• ~ – Complement
●
Each bit is reversed
• << – Shift left
●
Multiply by 2
• >> – Shift right
●
Divide by 2
Corresponding bits of both operands are combined by the
usual logic operations.
Apply to all kinds of integer types:–
Signed and unsigned
char, short, int, long, long long

12. Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
---------------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by C language are listed in the following
table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then:
Example for Bitwise Operations

13. Special operators
1. Comma operator ( ,)
2. sizeof operator – sizeof( )
3. Pointer operators – ( & and *)
4. Member selection operators – ( . and ->)

14. ● BODMAS RULE- Brackets of Division Multiplication Addition
Subtraction
PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS
Brackets will have the highest precedence and have to be evaluated
first, then comes of , then comes division, multiplication,addition and
finally subtraction.
The 2 distinct priority levels of arithmetic operators in c are-
Highest priority : * / %
Lowest priority : + -

15. Rules for evaluation of
expression
1. First parenthesized sub expression from left to right are evaluated.
2. If parentheses are nested, the evaluation begins with the innermost
sub expression
3. The precedence rule is applied in determining the order of
application of operators in evaluating sub expressions
4. The associatively rule is applied when 2 or more operators of the
same precedence level appear in a sub expression.
5. Arithmetic expressions are evaluated from left to right using the
rules of precedence
6. When parentheses are used, the expressions within parentheses
assume highest priority

16. Hierarchy of operators
Operator Description Associativity
( ), [ ] Function call, array
element reference
Left to Right
+, -, ++, -
-,!,~,*,&
Unary plus, minus,
increment,
decrement, logical
negation, 1’s
complement, pointer
reference, address
Right to Left
*, / , % Multiplication,
division, modulus
Left to Right

17. Expressions
Combination of Operators and
Operands
Example 2 * y + 5
Operands
Operators

18. Type Conversions
There are two kinds of type conversion.
Automatic or implicit type conversion
and
Explicit type conversion.

19. Type Conversion
Converting from one data type to another type is called type
conversion.
There are two kinds of type conversions.
Type Conversion
Implicit Explicit
Converting from one data type to another type is called type
conversion.
There are two kinds of type conversions.
Type Conversion
Implicit Explicit

20. Implicit: Same data type conversion
Smaller data type into bigger
(memory size)
Explicit: Different Data type
Type Casting
(Float--- int (or) int ---- float)
Type Conversion

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