An Operating System or OS is the most important software and program that can run all types of Computer, Mobile phone, Hand Held Device, etc. It helps to connect and interface computer hardware to program and application software and other common essential services. The OS is initially loaded on at boot time. Like a host, the OS acts for running and handling of application programs and operation of the hardware on the machine. The working principle of OS is first to configure then check ability to perform and then allow the program to run. Its main purpose is to handle the activities based on computer hardware. The OS also provides management of input, output and storage devices. Mostly in a system, some different computer programs run at the same time and they need to access CPU, memory, and storage. In an operating system, the user can communicate with the Command Line Interface by typing some command, and the user receives the response back from the system. But Modern Time Operating system uses a graphical user interface or GUI for easy to use. Now user can communicate with a system using a mouse to click button, menus, and everything is displayed on the screen using Text, Graphics or image. It is like a bank manager-- it makes sure that the working of application software must not be interfered by any other activity. Sumanta Kabiraj | Anjli Gupta | Prof. Subhashis Kumar Chandra"Operating System a Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10780.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/operating-system/10780/operating-system-a-case-study/sumanta-kabiraj
Presentation about Operating System.
including file management.process management,multitasking,different kind of operating system,some popular operating system
Operating System is a collection of programs that handle many of technical details Related to using a computer. In many ways ,an operating system is most important type of computer program. Without it your computer would be useless.
Definition:-Operating system are program that manages resources, provide user interface, and run applications.
Functions Of Operating System
Features Of Operating Systems
Advantages of Linux
Presentation about Operating System.
including file management.process management,multitasking,different kind of operating system,some popular operating system
Operating System is a collection of programs that handle many of technical details Related to using a computer. In many ways ,an operating system is most important type of computer program. Without it your computer would be useless.
Definition:-Operating system are program that manages resources, provide user interface, and run applications.
Functions Of Operating System
Features Of Operating Systems
Advantages of Linux
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
The components of an operating system all exist in order to make the different parts of a computer work together. All user software needs to go through the operating system in order to use any of the hardware, whether it be as simple as a mouse or keyboard or as complex as an Internet component.
An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows,[3] Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these, except Windows, Windows Phone and z/OS, share roots in UNIX.
Presentation Regarding functions of operating systems and their working and other information regarding their uses and types. Useful for Students and other for knowing better about them.
Pleases Send Your Valuable Comments regarding it
This slide is to be understand about introduction Operating System and also discuss about the types of operating sytem which will be beneficial to all students or anybody...
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
The components of an operating system all exist in order to make the different parts of a computer work together. All user software needs to go through the operating system in order to use any of the hardware, whether it be as simple as a mouse or keyboard or as complex as an Internet component.
An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows,[3] Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these, except Windows, Windows Phone and z/OS, share roots in UNIX.
Presentation Regarding functions of operating systems and their working and other information regarding their uses and types. Useful for Students and other for knowing better about them.
Pleases Send Your Valuable Comments regarding it
This slide is to be understand about introduction Operating System and also discuss about the types of operating sytem which will be beneficial to all students or anybody...
An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Computer System Overview, Basic Components of Computer System, Operating System Services, Functions of Operating System, Types of Operating Systems: Instruction Execution Cycle, Interrupts & System Calls, Interrupt Processing, Processor Registers, I/O Communication techniques
OVERVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEM -Basic concepts of operating system like functio...ApurvaLaddha
This ppt contains basic concepts of operating system such as evolution of operating system, functions of operating system , introduction to LINUX OS and basic shell commands.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Operating System a Case Study
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Operating System a Case Study
Sumanta Kabiraj
B.Sc. in Computer Science, Kazi
Nazrul University, T.D.B College
Raniganj, Raniganj, West Bengal
Prof. Subhashis Kumar Chandra
ABSTRACT
An Operating System or OS is the most important
software and program that can run
Computer, Mobile phone, Hand Held Device, etc. It
helps to connect and interface computer hardware to
program and application software and other common
essential services. The OS is initially loaded on at
boot time. Like a host, the OS acts for running and
handling of application programs and operation of the
hardware on the machine. The working principle of
OS is first to configure then check ability to perform
and then allow the program to run. Its main purpose is
to handle the activities based on computer hardware.
The OS also provides management of input, output
and storage devices. Mostly in a system, some
different computer programs run at the same time and
they need to access CPU, memory, and storage. In an
operating system, the user can communicate with the
Command Line Interface by typing some command,
and the user receives the response back from the
system. But Modern Time Operating system uses a
graphical user interface or GUI for easy to use. Now
user can communicate with a system using a mouse to
click button, menus, and everything is displayed on
the screen using Text, Graphics or image. It is like a
bank manager-- it makes sure that the working of
application software must not be interfered by any
other activity.
Keywords: Introduction, Type of operating system
operating system service, security, function of
operating system, Example of some operating system
I. INTRODUCTION
A Computer Machine or System has the different
types of device and software which are used to do a
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Operating System a Case Study
Prof. Subhashis Kumar Chandra
Kazi Nazrul University, T.D.B
College Ranuganj, Raniganj,
West Bengal
B.Sc. in Computer Science,
Nazrul University
Raniganj,
An Operating System or OS is the most important
all types of
Computer, Mobile phone, Hand Held Device, etc. It
helps to connect and interface computer hardware to
program and application software and other common
essential services. The OS is initially loaded on at
or running and
handling of application programs and operation of the
hardware on the machine. The working principle of
OS is first to configure then check ability to perform
and then allow the program to run. Its main purpose is
sed on computer hardware.
The OS also provides management of input, output
and storage devices. Mostly in a system, some
different computer programs run at the same time and
they need to access CPU, memory, and storage. In an
communicate with the
Command Line Interface by typing some command,
and the user receives the response back from the
system. But Modern Time Operating system uses a
graphical user interface or GUI for easy to use. Now
ing a mouse to
click button, menus, and everything is displayed on
the screen using Text, Graphics or image. It is like a
it makes sure that the working of
application software must not be interfered by any
tion, Type of operating system,
, function of
, Example of some operating system
A Computer Machine or System has the different
types of device and software which are used to do a
complete operation or task. In Computer Operating
System[1]
, the commonly used and important resource
is Computer Memory(RAM, ROM), Storage
Device(HDD, FDD, SDD), CPU(Central Processing
Unit), Processors and Other Input / Output Device.
The computer Operating System manage and operate
the whole computer system and above resource
element and allocate them to perform a specific task
or operation or program. In short terms, we can say
that the operating system is an interface that connects
the user to the system and other application software
to hardware. Without an operating system, the general
purpose computer is useless[2]
.
The operating system is designed to communicate
with the user, computer system, and application
software.
Apr 2018 Page: 166
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 3
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Anjli Gupta
. in Computer Science, Kazi
Nazrul University, T.D.B College
, Raniganj, West Bengal
operation or task. In Computer Operating
, the commonly used and important resource
is Computer Memory(RAM, ROM), Storage
Device(HDD, FDD, SDD), CPU(Central Processing
Unit), Processors and Other Input / Output Device.[6]
ystem manage and operate
the whole computer system and above resource
element and allocate them to perform a specific task
or operation or program. In short terms, we can say
that the operating system is an interface that connects
d other application software
to hardware. Without an operating system, the general
.
The operating system is designed to communicate
with the user, computer system, and application
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
For the easy operation of the operating system, we can
see two types of view of every operating system.
That is---
1. User View[2]
- From the user viewpoint, the
operating system was designed to maximize the
performance of work and provide the minimal eff
of the user for any operation. Such system is designed
to monetize the individual user resource. In this case,
the operating system is designed for most uses, some
attention is given to performance, and no payment is
made for the use of the resource.
2. System View[2]
- From the system viewpoint, the
operating system is a hardware-based program.
Operating System assigns the allocated memory for
the different process of every resource. It shares the
control resources among the programs. And also
control the incorrect usage, error and deadlock
condition. This is a program that always runs on the
system in the form of the kernel. It controls the
application program that is not part of the kernel.
II. Types of Operating System
The operating system array is being developed from
the first computer generation and with the tip period
1) Simple Batch Operating System: In this types of
system there is no direct connection between
computer and computer user.[3]
user push a operating
data with punch type card or magnetic tape, after
submitting to the operation system, operator batch
together with their requirement then the system
manage each program in batch and execute the
operation.
2) Multiprogramming Batch System:
of operating system, system picks the jobs from his
memory, when the job need an input and output
operation the OS switch another job to another job. If
the many job run on same time the OS work on a
method called Scheduling.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
For the easy operation of the operating system, we can
see two types of view of every operating system.
From the user viewpoint, the
operating system was designed to maximize the
performance of work and provide the minimal effort
of the user for any operation. Such system is designed
to monetize the individual user resource. In this case,
the operating system is designed for most uses, some
attention is given to performance, and no payment is
From the system viewpoint, the
based program.
Operating System assigns the allocated memory for
the different process of every resource. It shares the
control resources among the programs. And also
the incorrect usage, error and deadlock
condition. This is a program that always runs on the
system in the form of the kernel. It controls the
application program that is not part of the kernel.
being developed from
the first computer generation and with the tip period[3]
In this types of
is no direct connection between
user push a operating
agnetic tape, after
to the operation system, operator batch
together with their requirement then the system
manage each program in batch and execute the
2) Multiprogramming Batch System: In this types
of operating system, system picks the jobs from his
memory, when the job need an input and output
operation the OS switch another job to another job. If
the many job run on same time the OS work on a
3) Single User, Single Task Operating System
this type of system, computer works on single task on
a single user at a time. The Palm OS is the good
example for this type of computer.
4) Single User, Multi Task Operating System:
system allows to work with one
process at same time.
5) Multi User Operating System:
OS, system permit multiple user to access the same
data or information at the same time via network or
other connection method.[4]
the user can interact with
each other. Some example these is Windows 7, Linux
and Unix.
6) Multiprocessor System:
consists many several processor to complete a
process. In this types of system OS provide higher
power and speed. The all process or operation in a
Multiprocessor System operate the under single OS.
The best feature of this type of operating system is the
performance was enhanced, increase the system
throughput, Speedup the execute of a single process.
7) Desktop System: This type of OS specially build
for Desktop or Personal Computer/ Mainframe
Computer. the goals of these operating system
maximize user experience, convenience and
responsiveness. Windows and Mas OS
OS. [5]
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Apr 2018 Page: 167
r, Single Task Operating System: In
this type of system, computer works on single task on
a single user at a time. The Palm OS is the good
example for this type of computer.
4) Single User, Multi Task Operating System: This
system allows to work with one or more than one
5) Multi User Operating System: In these type of
OS, system permit multiple user to access the same
data or information at the same time via network or
the user can interact with
each other. Some example these is Windows 7, Linux
Multiprocessor system
consists many several processor to complete a
types of system OS provide higher
power and speed. The all process or operation in a
Multiprocessor System operate the under single OS.
The best feature of this type of operating system is the
performance was enhanced, increase the system
dup the execute of a single process.
This type of OS specially build
for Desktop or Personal Computer/ Mainframe
Computer. the goals of these operating system
maximize user experience, convenience and
responsiveness. Windows and Mas OS was a Desktop
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 168
8) Distributed Operating System: The Distributed
Operating System use to multiple processor to serving
multiple application and user. The processor connect
or communicate with each other through different
communication method such as bus, wired
connection, telephone lines etc. The processor of
distributed system are referred as sites, node, port etc.
9) Network Operating System: The network
Operating System runs on server and provides the
user to manage data, security, application and other
network related function. The website was hosted in
Network Operating System. The main uses of this
type of operating system is shared file, printer and
other device among multiple computer on this
network with connected via LAN, PAN, WAN or
other network connected method.
10) Time Sharing Operating System: In this types
of operating system works on more than one process
or task one by one at a time. the processor divide the
time was distributed among the all executed process
or task. The processor switch rapidly between the
process.
11) Real-time Operating Systems: A real-time
system is defined as a data processing system, the
time difference for input processing and feedback is
so small that it controls the environment. The system
displays the time-consuming information and is
marked as response time. So in this way, the reaction
time compared to online processing is very low.
12) Hand-held System: This time of OS specially
made for Mobile and Tablet Like Hand Held Device.
The hand-held devices have Personal Digital
Assistance with network connectivity. Hand-held
device have a limited memory and Small Power
Supply, for this reason the OS is memory and power
efficient. The OS not used virtual memory. Some
hand-held have some wireless connectivity like Blue-
tooth, WiFi to access Internet and also media process
like play music and camera for expend their utility.
III. Operating System Service:
Operating System Provide a Service for User and
System for an environment to execute the program
and the programs in a convenient manner.
1) Program Execution: OS handle different types of
activities or Program in own system.
System Program Like:
a) Name Server,
b) File Server,
c) Spooler,
d) Printing Process,
e) Run a Specific Program
f) Registers,
g) Code to Execute
h) Data Manipulate.
Main Program Management Activities –
a) Execute Program.
b) Deadlock Handling.
c) Loads Program into Memory.
2) Input-Output Operation: Operating System
Manage the connection between user, device and
device driver.
Each I/O device was operated with their Device
Driver and Communicate with OS.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 169
a) OS provides access to required I/O device.
b) Permission for reading or Write operation on any
file by I/O Device.
3) File System Manipulation: File Means the Data,
the collection of information that stored on disk either
secondary or primary, long time or short time uses
purpose. Storage Media like Magnetic Disk, Magnetic
Tape, Solid State Disk, and Optical Drive.
For each media that store in Storage device having its
own properties like –
a) Transfer Rate,
b) Storage Capacity,
c) Transfer Speed,
d) Data access Permission (Read Only, Editable, and
Hidden)
e) Data Access Method
In an Operating System, File was normally stored or
organized in the directory or a folder for easy
navigation and uses and find the reach of file.
In a Directory contain File or another directory.
Some main File Management Activities –
a) Read or write a file.
b) Permission for operation or uses of the file.
c) OS Provides Interface for Create, Edit or Update,
Delete Files and Folders or Directories.
d) Its Provide Interface for Backup and Restore the
File System.
4) Communication: Some Main activities of OS with
respect to communication –
a) Two processes required to transfer data between
them.
b) The Communication process, one computer or one
Computer to another computer by a computer network
c) Communication process was accomplished by two
methods, by shared memory or Message Passing.
5) Error Detection: In an operating System Error
occurs anytime and anywhere—
1) Simple Batch Operating System : In this types of
system there have no direct connection between
computer and computer user.[3]
user push a operating
with punch type card or magnetic tape, after submit
the operation system operator batch together with
their requirement then the system manage each
program in batch and execute the operation.
2) Multiprogramming Batch System : In this types of
operating system, system picks the jobs from his
memory, when the job need an input and output
operation the OS switch another job to another job. If
the many job run on same time the OS work on a
method called Scheduling.
3) Single User, Single Tusk Operating System : This
type computer works on single task on a single user at
a time. The Palm OS is the good example for this type
of computer.
4) Single User, Multi Task Operating System : This
system allows to work with one or more than one
process at same time.
5) Multi User Operating System : In these type of OS,
system permit multiple user to access the same data or
information at the same time via network or other
connection method.[4]
the user can interact with each
other. Some example these is Windows 7, Linux and
Unix.
6) Multiprocessor System : Multiprocessor system
consists many several processor to complete a
process. In this types of system OS provide higher
power and speed. The all process or operation in a
Multiprocessor System operate the under single OS.
The best feature of this type of operating system is the
performance was enhanced, increase the system
throughput, Speedup the execute of a single process.
7) Desktop System : This type of OS specially build
for Desktop or Personal Computer/ Mainframe
Computer. the goals of these operating system
maximize user experience, convenience and
responsiveness. Windows and Mac OS was a Desktop
OS. [5]
8) Distributed Operating System : The Distributed
Operating System use to multiple processor to serving
multiple application and user. The processor connect
or communicate with each other through different
communication method such as bus, wired
connection, telephone lines etc. The processor of
distributed system are referred as sites, node, port etc.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 170
9) Network Operating System : The network
Operating System manage on server and must be
provide by the user to manage the data, security,
application and other network related task. The
website was hosted in Network Operating System.
The main uses of this type of operating system is
shared file, printer and other device among multiple
computer on this network with connected via LAN,
PAN, WAN or other network connected method.
10) Time Sharing Operating System : In this types of
operating system system works on more than one
process or task one by one at a time. the processor
divide the time was distributed among the all executed
process or task. The processor switch rapidly between
the process.
11) Real-time Operating System : A real-time system
is defined as a data processing system, the time
difference for input processing and feedback is so
small that it controls the environment. The system
displays the time-consuming information and is
marked as response time. So in this way, the reaction
time compared to online processing is very low.
12) Hand-held System : This time of OS specially
made for Mobile and Tablet Like Hand Held Device.
The hand-held device have Personal Digital
Assistance with network connectivity. Hand-held
device have a limited memory and Small Power
Supply, for this reason the OS is memory and power
efficient. The OS not used virtual memory. Some
hand-held have some wireless connectivity like Blue-
tooth, WiFi to access Internet and also media process
like play music and camera for expend their utility.
III. Operating System Service:
Operating System Provide a Service for User and
System for an environment to execute the program
and the programs in a convenient manner.
1) Program Execution: OS handle Different types of
Activities or Program in Own System.
System Program Like:
a) Name Server,
b) File Server,
c) Spooler,
d) Printing Process,
e) Run a Specific Program
f) Registers,
g) Code to Execute
h) Data Manipulate.
Main Program Management Activities –
a) Execute Program.
b) Deadlock Handling.
c) Loads Program into Memory.
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 171
2) Input-Output Operation: Operating System
Manage the connection between user, Device and
Device Driver.
Each I/O device was operated with their Device
Driver and Communicate with OS.
a) OS provides access to required I/O device.
b) Permission for reading or Write operation on any
file by I/O Device.
3) File System Manipulation: File Means the Data,
the collection of information that stored on disk either
secondary or primary, long time or short time uses
purpose. Storage Media like Magnetic Disk, Magnetic
Tape, Solid State Disk, and Optical Drive.
For each media that store in Storage device having its
own properties like –
a) Transfer Rate,
b) Storage Capacity,
c) Transfer Speed,
d) Data access Permission (Read Only, Editable, and
Hidden)
e) Data Access Method
In an Operating System, File was normally stored or
organized in the directory or a folder for easy
navigation and uses and find the reach of file.
In a Directory contain File or another directory.
Some main File Management Activities –
a) Read or write a file.
b) Permission for operation or uses of the file.
c) OS Provides Interface for Create, Edit or Update,
Delete Files and Folders or Directories.
d) Its Provide Interface for Backup and Restore the
File System.
4) Communication: Some Main activities of OS with
respect to communication –
a) Two processes required to transfer data between
them.
b) The Communication process, one computer or one
Computer to another computer by a computer network
c) Communication process was accomplished by two
methods, by shared memory or Message Passing.
5) Error Detection: In an operating System Error
occurs anytime and anywhere. The error also may
occur in CPU or Input Output Device or Memory and
Hardware and OS handled all the Errors.
Some Major Operating System with Respect to Error -
a) The Operating System checks all the Error
Constantly.
b) The OS handled and take an appropriate action to
detect and resolve all the errors.
6) Resource Allocation: Resource like main memory,
I/O device, CPU, and Storage. All the resource
management by the OS and file Storage are allocated
for each and different job.
Some main Resource Management –
a) The OS scheduled all kind of Resource using
Schedulers.
b) All CPU Schedulers algorithms used for better
CPU Performance and Utilization.
7) Protection: Consider a computer System has
multiple users with multiple processors, for that
reason, the various processes should be protected
from each other user, process, and Activities.
Protection is method or mechanism or way to driving
the access of every process, program, users or
resource that makes a computer system.
Some main Activities of an operating system –
a) The OS protect Input Output Device from External
invalid Access.
b) The OS authenticate the user by password or
different authentication method.
Storing any Data or Information in two methods -
1) Contiguous Storage Allocation: This is the
simplest Storage allocation technique. In this type of
allocation technique the data or any program was
allocate contiguously. Operating System was allocates
the estimate amount of memory required by complete
the process before allocation.
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
2) Non - Contiguous Storage Allocation:
indicates the program and related data should not be
saved in the adjacent location; the pr
distributed in a different location. When a process
requires an access to the component, the OS provides
access to this assignment table when a table puts a
record.
In real life the primary memory was not sufficient for
any operation to store the whole program. In this
reason OS take help of Virtual Storage technique.
There are two approaches to Virtual Allocation
Storage---
1) Program Paging - A program is broken in fixed
size of page and stored in secondary memory. The
page is given by the OS as logical or virtual address
from 0 to n. A method called Page table is used to
lead the maps from logical to physical address which
is used to retrieve the page when required.
2) Program Segment - A program is divided into
small logical segment, assigned logical address from 0
to n and stored in secondary memory. A method call
segment table is used to lead segment from secondary
memory to primary memory.
Operating System are used both of Virtual St
allocation to store on computer in form of files to
optimize the memory uses. A large program part by
different segment into page or more the one segment
may be stored in a single page.
4) File Management: File is mainstream of a
computer. Data or information stored in computer in a
file. The user keeps their data safely and correctly in a
file that's important for and OS. The management of
file system and work with file is known as or called as
File Management.[17]
The File management required some t
operation to work with file.
1) Create - Create a New file for storing data or
Information.
2) Update - Update some information of old created
file.
3) Read - Open and read the data of a created file.
4) Delete - Delete the created File.
5) Recover - Recover the Deleted or corrupted File.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
Contiguous Storage Allocation: The name
indicates the program and related data should not be
saved in the adjacent location; the program is
distributed in a different location. When a process
requires an access to the component, the OS provides
access to this assignment table when a table puts a
In real life the primary memory was not sufficient for
whole program. In this
reason OS take help of Virtual Storage technique.
Virtual Allocation
A program is broken in fixed
size of page and stored in secondary memory. The
logical or virtual address
from 0 to n. A method called Page table is used to
lead the maps from logical to physical address which
is used to retrieve the page when required.
A program is divided into
small logical segment, assigned logical address from 0
to n and stored in secondary memory. A method call
segment table is used to lead segment from secondary
Operating System are used both of Virtual Storage
allocation to store on computer in form of files to
optimize the memory uses. A large program part by
different segment into page or more the one segment
File is mainstream of a
formation stored in computer in a
file. The user keeps their data safely and correctly in a
file that's important for and OS. The management of
file system and work with file is known as or called as
The File management required some tools or
Create a New file for storing data or
Update some information of old created
Open and read the data of a created file.
Recover the Deleted or corrupted File.
6) Sharing - Sharing the created file to Different
System.
7) Secure - Secure the data of file with the use of
Password and Encryption.
5) Memory Management:
optimization, memory control and overall
Performance is known as Memory Management. In
modern computer the memory management plays an
important role in operating System
The computer systems have two types of memory
1) Primary Memory - Primary Memory is a fast or
direct memory. It's also expensive memory. Primary
Memory is used to run the executed programs and
service and stored in a specific memory location
temporary. It's also be known as Main Memory.
RAM, ROM, and Cache Memory were
Memory.
2) Secondary Memory - Secondary memory is less
expensive but slower memory as Primary Memory.
The user store data and information stored in
secondary memory. Common secondary memory was
Hard Disk Drive, Solid State Drive, Optical Disk, Pen
Drive etc.
To maintain a balance between the OS to ensure that
the performance of the system is not damaged due to
very early primary memory or system expenditure.
Need to maintain intermediate access and recovery
functionality for high system performance input and
output data, user instructions and performance
information. Once program requests are accepted, as
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Apr 2018 Page: 172
Sharing the created file to Different
Secure the data of file with the use of
5) Memory Management: Computer memory
optimization, memory control and overall system
Performance is known as Memory Management. In
modern computer the memory management plays an
important role in operating System[13]
.
The computer systems have two types of memory -
Primary Memory is a fast or
direct memory. It's also expensive memory. Primary
Memory is used to run the executed programs and
service and stored in a specific memory location
temporary. It's also be known as Main Memory.
RAM, ROM, and Cache Memory were Primary
Secondary memory is less
expensive but slower memory as Primary Memory.
The user store data and information stored in
secondary memory. Common secondary memory was
Hard Disk Drive, Solid State Drive, Optical Disk, Pen
To maintain a balance between the OS to ensure that
the performance of the system is not damaged due to
very early primary memory or system expenditure.
Need to maintain intermediate access and recovery
functionality for high system performance input and
output data, user instructions and performance
information. Once program requests are accepted, as
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
per the requirement, it allocates primary and
secondary storage areas. Once the infection is
completed, the allocated memory space is free. Using
a storage management strategy to keep all storage
space allocated or free the allocation.
6) Device Management: The operating system
interacts with the peripheral device with specific
device driver software for peripheral control. In a
Computer the device management system is a very
small embedded system and device management
routines may be included in Operating System.
When many process in operating system access th
device or request for access to the device, the
operating system manage all device in a specific way
that partially shares that device and operate the among
all process. Process Access device operate by a
method call System Call Interface ad its interfac
provide by the OS.
VI. Examples of Some Operating System:
The some common operating was found for personal
computer. The three most used and most common
Operating System was build for Personal User and
Personal Computer.
The Operating System is-
1) Microsoft Windows: The most useable personal
Computer and Home Computer Operating System
It was made and Market placed by Windows. The
Operating System was fully closed source. It’s a GUI
Operating System. In
Windows includes
various types of greater
functionality like native
File Manager, Program
Manager. It has dynamic
interface. Windows
offered including network
windows for work with
workgroup for aimed to business.
Windows also provide network server for hosting,
many website and web server was run with windows.
Approx 90% [23]
Computer run in windows.
Some Famous Windows Operating System
are
a) Windows 10
b) Windows 8.1 or 8
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
per the requirement, it allocates primary and
storage areas. Once the infection is
completed, the allocated memory space is free. Using
a storage management strategy to keep all storage
The operating system
vice with specific
device driver software for peripheral control. In a
Computer the device management system is a very
small embedded system and device management
routines may be included in Operating System.
When many process in operating system access the
device or request for access to the device, the
operating system manage all device in a specific way
that partially shares that device and operate the among
all process. Process Access device operate by a
method call System Call Interface ad its interface
VI. Examples of Some Operating System:
he some common operating was found for personal
computer. The three most used and most common
Operating System was build for Personal User and
The most useable personal
Computer and Home Computer Operating System[21]
.
It was made and Market placed by Windows. The
Operating System was fully closed source. It’s a GUI
Windows also provide network server for hosting,
run with windows.
Computer run in windows.
Some Famous Windows Operating System[7]
Versions
c) Windows Home Server
d) Windows Server 2008
e) Windows 7
f) Windows Vista
g) Windows XP
h) Windows 2000
i) Windows NT
j) Windows ME (Windows Millennium
Edition)
k) Windows 98
l) Windows 95
m) Windows 3.0 - 3.1
n) Windows 1.0 - 2.0
o) Ms-Dos
2) Mac OS: Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System)
is a Graphical Operating System
by Apple Inc. It’s a
Unix Family
Operating System.
And it’s the primary
or main operating
system of Apple’s
Family. It’s used on
Laptop, Desktop and
home computer.
Some Famous Mac OS versions are
a) Version 10.13: "High Sierra"
b) Version 10.12: "Sierra"
c) Version 10.11: "El Capitan"
d) Version 10.10: "Yosemite"
e) Version 10.9: "Mavericks"
f) Version 10.8: "Mountain Lion"
g) Version 10.7: "Lion"
h) Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard"
i) Version 10.5: "Leopard"
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Apr 2018 Page: 173
c) Windows Home Server
d) Windows Server 2008
j) Windows ME (Windows Millennium
Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System)
is a Graphical Operating System[15]it
was developed
Some Famous Mac OS versions are[8]
.
a) Version 10.13: "High Sierra"
on 10.12: "Sierra"
c) Version 10.11: "El Capitan"
d) Version 10.10: "Yosemite"
e) Version 10.9: "Mavericks"
f) Version 10.8: "Mountain Lion"
g) Version 10.7: "Lion"
h) Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard"
i) Version 10.5: "Leopard"
9. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
j) Version 10.4: "Tiger"
k) Version 10.3: "Panther"
l) Version 10.2: "Jaguar"
m) Version 10.1: "Puma"
n) Version 10.0: "Cheetah"
o) Public Beta: "Kodiak"
3) Linux: Its Provide By Linux Distribution. Linux is
a Open Source Operating System, [9]
Operating System means anyone can be modified,
change anything[10]
, Distributed by any one in whole
world and can use it free.
Its different from Proprietary Software like
Windows(Owner - Microsoft) and Mac (Owner
Apple), which can only modified, distributed by only
the own company. The advantages of Linux is its
totally free, many distributors, found different
versions that anyone choose from it.
The Most Web Server and Website are Running on
Linux OS because it's relatively easy to edit.
Some Well-Known Linux Distribution Operating
System for Personal Computer -
a) Ubuntu
b) Kali-Linux
c) Linux Mint
d) Fedora
e) Debian
f) OpenSUSE
g) Deepin
h) Red-Hat
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
Its Provide By Linux Distribution. Linux is
Open Source
ans anyone can be modified,
, Distributed by any one in whole
Its different from Proprietary Software like
Microsoft) and Mac (Owner -
Apple), which can only modified, distributed by only
own company. The advantages of Linux is its
totally free, many distributors, found different
The Most Web Server and Website are Running on
Linux OS because it's relatively easy to edit.
on Operating
Some Linus OS for Web Servers
a) Ubuntu Server
b) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
c) CentOS
d) SUSE Enterprise Linux`
All this operating System was made first time in CLI
(Coding Line Interface)[25]
Operating System use GUI (Graphical User
Interface)[24]
.
The Some Operating System that found On Mobile or
Handheld Device[27]
.
1) Android: Android is a Famous Mobile Operating
System that is developed
by Google. The Android
OS work on Mobile,
Wear Device,
Television, Projector,
Tablet, and Car Variant
Types of Device. This
android is an open
source software and its build on Linux Kernel
Today almost 70% Mobile uses Android.
2) iOS: iOS is also known as iPhone OS. The iOS
mobile operating system was created and developed
by Apple Inc. exclusively for his own device
Hardware. The operating System also runs on iPad,
Apple Watch and Also some Apple Device.
3) BlackBerry OS: BlackBerry OS is a mobile
Operating System developed by BlackBerry Limited
for its own BlackBerry Linear Smart
BlackBerry Hand-held Device
4) Symbian: Symbian was a mobile operating System
that's specially designed for Smart
known as Nokia Symbian OS. Itis a close source
Operating System.
5) WebOS: webOS is also built in Linux karnel;it’s a
Multitasking Operating System. The webOS was
developed by Palm Inc and next it’s acquired
Now it is an Open Source Operating System. The
Operating system was run on Smart phone and smart
TV[19]
.
6) Windows OS: It is developed by Microsoft
Corporation and runs on Computer. Specially made an
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Apr 2018 Page: 174
Some Linus OS for Web Servers -
b) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Linux`
All this operating System was made first time in CLI
Platform and modern
Operating System use GUI (Graphical User
The Some Operating System that found On Mobile or
Android is a Famous Mobile Operating
source software and its build on Linux Kernel[14]
.
Today almost 70% Mobile uses Android.
iOS is also known as iPhone OS. The iOS
mobile operating system was created and developed
by Apple Inc. exclusively for his own device
Hardware. The operating System also runs on iPad,
me Apple Device.[20]
BlackBerry OS is a mobile
Operating System developed by BlackBerry Limited
for its own BlackBerry Linear Smart-phone or Other
held Device[18]
.
Symbian was a mobile operating System
pecially designed for Smart-phone and it's also
known as Nokia Symbian OS. Itis a close source
webOS is also built in Linux karnel;it’s a
Multitasking Operating System. The webOS was
developed by Palm Inc and next it’s acquired by HP.
Now it is an Open Source Operating System. The
Operating system was run on Smart phone and smart
It is developed by Microsoft
Corporation and runs on Computer. Specially made an
10. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 175
Operating System for Mobile that run on Microsoft
Mobile.
7) KaiOS: Itisan Open source operating system from
Firefox Organization. It is a web based operating
system. It is made for smart-phone with the affordable
features of phone. Today KaiOS support 4G service.
KaiOS was run on Reliance Jio Provide Jio-Phone.
VII. CONCLUSION
In the same way, the computer OS controls your
desktop, a mobile operating system is a software
program that control your mobile phones, tablets,
ipads. Some well known operating systems are
Android, Windows, Black berry, and iOS. These all
runs on mobiles or tablets. The mobile OS is
responsible for determining the functions and features
available on your device such as keyboards, thumb
wheel, synchronize with applications such as email,
text messaging and more. It will also determine that
which extra mobile apps can be used on your device.
So, we can easily conclude that operating system
plays an important role in our everyday lives. We can
also say that a computer without an operating system
is just like a human body without heart. Therefore,
operating system is an essential part of our living
system.
REFERENCES:
1. Introduction
http://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/syste
m/os_intro.html
2. https://www.studytonight.com/operating-
system/introduction-operating-systems
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
4. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/
os_types.htm
5. https://www.studytonight.com/operating-
system/types-of-os
6. https://www.gcflearnfree.org/computerbasics/unde
rstanding-operating-systems/1/
7. Windows Version -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
8. Mac OS X Version -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_version_hist
ory
9. Windows VS Linux
http://windowsvslinux.wikidot.com/
10. http://www.renewablepcs.com/aboutlinux/advanta
ges-of-using-linux
11. Security http://windowsvslinux.wikidot.com/#toc4
12. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/
os_security.htm
13. Memory Management
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_manageme
nt
14. Android OS Wiki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_
system)
15. Mac OS X https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
16. Function Of Operating
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/
os_overview.htm
17. File Management
http://www.includehelp.com/operating-
systems/file-management-functions.aspx
18. BlackBerry OS
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25196/bla
ckberry-os
19. WebOs
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/webOS
20. iOS https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-ios-
1994355
21. Windows OS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
22. Dhotre, I.A. (2009). Operating Systems. Technical
Publications.
23. OS Statistics
https://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_o
s.asp
24. GUI Os
https://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/03/oper
ating-system-interface-design-between-1981-
2009/
25. CLI OS
http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definiti
on/command-line-interface-CLI
26. GUI vs CLI
https://www.cybrary.it/0p3n/command-line-
interface-cli-vs-graphical-user-interface-gui/
27. Handheld Device
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/defi
nition/handheld