This paper describes studies related to the influence of the fatigue factor on the
oculomotor activity of aviation security screeners. Analysis of possible instrumental
diagnostic methods of the functional status of aviation security screeners was
conducted and the Eye-tracking technology was selected as the one with the greatest
advantages. Overview of the experience in the application of the Eye-tracking
technology when diagnosing the functional status of aviation security screeners is
presented. In this paper for the first time as follows from experimental studies using
the Eye-tracking technology potential fatigue markers of aviation security screeners
with the most accurate changes were identified consistent with earlier studies pursued
by other authors. As the result of solving the problem of the statistical hypothesis
testing it is found that such oculomotor reactions as the blink frequency, the blink
duration average and the pupils diameter average can be used for diagnosing the
functional status of aviation security screeners whereas the saccade frequency did not
change for certain in the period of studies pursued and is not potentially useful for
monitoring. It was demonstrated that the Sugeno fuzzy model based on the subtractive
clustering and ANFIS-learning does better approximate the dependence between
oculomotor activity indicators of aviation security screeners and the prohibited items
detection efficiency in comparison with other models. Model fidelity by the Root-
Mean-Square Error criterion on the learning sample is 0,0348 and on the test sample
is 0,0858 as the case may be. Scientific and theoretical value of this paper involves
developing scientific knowledge related to the influence of the fatigue factor on the
oculomotor activity of aviation security screeners in the course of the working activity
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMECHANIC METHODS FOR ERGONOMIC EVALUATION: COMPARISON WITH ...IAEME Publication
Various methods have been developed to evaluate workload in everyday life, and various methods of observation have been carried out. But it is still a debate until now. In this journal, the development of biomechanical methods for evaluating workloads which ergonomics will then be compared with the observation method. The observation method used is the SCANIA Ergonomics Standard (SES) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) methods which will be used to assess ergonomic workloads on two simulation workstations such as tightening, loosening, or increasing the number of pipes, and carrying out other actions. Sensors are also used to measure biomechanical data (Inclinometers, Accelerometers, and Goniometers). The results obtained show an assessment of the risk factors of RULA and SES according to the final results using biomechanical methods. However, there is a mismatch in the neck and wrist posture. In conclusion, the biomechanical approach is more appropriate than the observation method, but several risk factors are evaluated by unmeasured observation methods with biomechanical techniques that have been developed.
DETECTION OF DAMAGE IN STIFFENERS OF AIRCRAFT WING STRUCTURE BASED ON INDUCED...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the technique of structure health monitoring was applied to detect damage occurrence in the stiffeners of wing structure. A wing structure of airfoil shape according to digital NACA 0015 was considered for modelling the aerodynamic wing shape. Finite element models of the wing structure were created included undamaged and damage wing structures using high order eight nodes and six nodes shell elements. The damaged wing models included damaged at the main spar at 20%, 40%,60% and 80% the distance than the root chord. A mathematical model was developed using high order shell elements and programmed via MATLAB. The load cases were predicted experimentally using wind tunnel test on a wood airfoil prototype such that the pressure distributions through upper and lower wing skins measured at different attack angles.
Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Face and Content Validity of ...Jordan Lewis
This document describes the development and validation of a novel web-based otoscopy simulator called OtoTrain. Experts in otolaryngology evaluated the simulator and found that it demonstrated good face validity and content validity based on survey responses. The simulator was found to be superior to traditional education methods for learning otoscopy skills. Suggested improvements included adding haptic feedback and increasing the focus on pneumatic otoscopy techniques.
This paper discusses the implementation issues of installing a commercially available hand geometry system in the current infrastructure of Purdue University's Recreational Sports Center. In addition to a performance analysis of the system, a pre- and post- data collection survey was distributed to the 129 test subjects gathering information on perceptions of biometrics, in particular hand geometry, as well as participants' thoughts and feelings during their interaction with the hand geometry device. The results of the survey suggest that participants were accepting of hand geometry. Additionally, analyses of the participants' survey responses revealed that 93% liked using hand geometry, 98% thought it was easy to use, and 87% preferred it to the existing card-based system, while nobody thought the device invaded their personal privacy. System performance achieved a 3-try match rate of 99.02% (FRR 0.98%) when "gaming"/potential impostor attempts were removed from analysis. The failure to enroll rate was zero. Statistical analyses exposed a significant difference in the scores of attempts made by users with prior hand geometry usage, and subjects that could not straighten out their hand on the device. However, there were no statistical difference in the effects of rings/no rings, improper hand placements/proper hand placements, or gender on hand geometry score.
Advanced Computational Intelligence: An International Journal (ACII) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of computational intelligence. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced computational intelligence concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the computational intelligence.
This document describes a research PACS system developed by Evorad Medical Information Systems and researchers at the University of Crete. The system allows end-users like researchers and radiologists to develop their own image processing techniques within the PACS using Java or Matlab. It has advanced viewing capabilities, integration with RIS and HIS, and allows for collaboration between remote researchers through image and data synchronization over the internet. The system reduces the time needed for researchers to develop and validate new image processing techniques.
This document discusses an integrated reverse engineering approach for dimensional and error analysis of a customized humerus bone implant. It begins with an overview of how reverse engineering and rapid prototyping can be used to create customized medical implants using CT scan data. It then describes a specific case study where a humerus bone implant was created for a patient using FDM printing. Dimensional and error analysis was performed on the printed implant using an optical measurement technique, finding a mean error of 0.1mm between the CAD model and printed implant. The study demonstrates the potential for reverse engineering and rapid prototyping to create accurate, customized bone implants but also highlights sources of error that must be considered.
This document provides guidance on writing a case study assignment. It discusses what a case study is, how it differs and is similar to other assignments. It also explains that a case study is used to analyze a particular event or situation. The document instructs students to break down the case study using a grid to identify key elements like who, where, when, what happened, what needs analysis, possible reasons and causes, relevant theories and models, legislation, and potential solutions. It also provides an example of a well-written body paragraph and conclusion for a case study on pilot fatigue.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMECHANIC METHODS FOR ERGONOMIC EVALUATION: COMPARISON WITH ...IAEME Publication
Various methods have been developed to evaluate workload in everyday life, and various methods of observation have been carried out. But it is still a debate until now. In this journal, the development of biomechanical methods for evaluating workloads which ergonomics will then be compared with the observation method. The observation method used is the SCANIA Ergonomics Standard (SES) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) methods which will be used to assess ergonomic workloads on two simulation workstations such as tightening, loosening, or increasing the number of pipes, and carrying out other actions. Sensors are also used to measure biomechanical data (Inclinometers, Accelerometers, and Goniometers). The results obtained show an assessment of the risk factors of RULA and SES according to the final results using biomechanical methods. However, there is a mismatch in the neck and wrist posture. In conclusion, the biomechanical approach is more appropriate than the observation method, but several risk factors are evaluated by unmeasured observation methods with biomechanical techniques that have been developed.
DETECTION OF DAMAGE IN STIFFENERS OF AIRCRAFT WING STRUCTURE BASED ON INDUCED...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the technique of structure health monitoring was applied to detect damage occurrence in the stiffeners of wing structure. A wing structure of airfoil shape according to digital NACA 0015 was considered for modelling the aerodynamic wing shape. Finite element models of the wing structure were created included undamaged and damage wing structures using high order eight nodes and six nodes shell elements. The damaged wing models included damaged at the main spar at 20%, 40%,60% and 80% the distance than the root chord. A mathematical model was developed using high order shell elements and programmed via MATLAB. The load cases were predicted experimentally using wind tunnel test on a wood airfoil prototype such that the pressure distributions through upper and lower wing skins measured at different attack angles.
Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Face and Content Validity of ...Jordan Lewis
This document describes the development and validation of a novel web-based otoscopy simulator called OtoTrain. Experts in otolaryngology evaluated the simulator and found that it demonstrated good face validity and content validity based on survey responses. The simulator was found to be superior to traditional education methods for learning otoscopy skills. Suggested improvements included adding haptic feedback and increasing the focus on pneumatic otoscopy techniques.
This paper discusses the implementation issues of installing a commercially available hand geometry system in the current infrastructure of Purdue University's Recreational Sports Center. In addition to a performance analysis of the system, a pre- and post- data collection survey was distributed to the 129 test subjects gathering information on perceptions of biometrics, in particular hand geometry, as well as participants' thoughts and feelings during their interaction with the hand geometry device. The results of the survey suggest that participants were accepting of hand geometry. Additionally, analyses of the participants' survey responses revealed that 93% liked using hand geometry, 98% thought it was easy to use, and 87% preferred it to the existing card-based system, while nobody thought the device invaded their personal privacy. System performance achieved a 3-try match rate of 99.02% (FRR 0.98%) when "gaming"/potential impostor attempts were removed from analysis. The failure to enroll rate was zero. Statistical analyses exposed a significant difference in the scores of attempts made by users with prior hand geometry usage, and subjects that could not straighten out their hand on the device. However, there were no statistical difference in the effects of rings/no rings, improper hand placements/proper hand placements, or gender on hand geometry score.
Advanced Computational Intelligence: An International Journal (ACII) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of computational intelligence. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced computational intelligence concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the computational intelligence.
This document describes a research PACS system developed by Evorad Medical Information Systems and researchers at the University of Crete. The system allows end-users like researchers and radiologists to develop their own image processing techniques within the PACS using Java or Matlab. It has advanced viewing capabilities, integration with RIS and HIS, and allows for collaboration between remote researchers through image and data synchronization over the internet. The system reduces the time needed for researchers to develop and validate new image processing techniques.
This document discusses an integrated reverse engineering approach for dimensional and error analysis of a customized humerus bone implant. It begins with an overview of how reverse engineering and rapid prototyping can be used to create customized medical implants using CT scan data. It then describes a specific case study where a humerus bone implant was created for a patient using FDM printing. Dimensional and error analysis was performed on the printed implant using an optical measurement technique, finding a mean error of 0.1mm between the CAD model and printed implant. The study demonstrates the potential for reverse engineering and rapid prototyping to create accurate, customized bone implants but also highlights sources of error that must be considered.
This document provides guidance on writing a case study assignment. It discusses what a case study is, how it differs and is similar to other assignments. It also explains that a case study is used to analyze a particular event or situation. The document instructs students to break down the case study using a grid to identify key elements like who, where, when, what happened, what needs analysis, possible reasons and causes, relevant theories and models, legislation, and potential solutions. It also provides an example of a well-written body paragraph and conclusion for a case study on pilot fatigue.
ANALYZING AIRCRAFT LANDING DECISIONMAKING THROUGH FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH: A COM...ijseajournal
This document summarizes a study that uses fuzzy logic to analyze aircraft landing decision-making based on weather conditions and pilot experience. The study compares two experiments: one using three inputs (wind direction, wind speed, visibility) and another adding pilot experience as a fourth input. A fuzzy logic system generates decisions of feasible, careful or not feasible for landing. Comparing the results found a 68% difference, indicating pilot experience significantly impacts decisions. Membership functions were created to fuzzify the inputs and Mamdani fuzzy inference was used to evaluate rules and generate output.
ANALYZING AIRCRAFT LANDING DECISIONMAKING THROUGH FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH: A COM...ijseajournal
Due to the importance of weather in people's lives, various groups have advocated for accurate climate
information. However, weather predictions can often be unclear or ambiguous. Weather advice and
information are crucial in determining the safety of landing an aircraft in aviation. To address this,
Mamdani Fuzzy Logic will be used to compare two scenarios: one with three inputs (wind direction, wind
speed, and visibility) and another that includes the pilot's experience to assess its impact on the landing
process. A fuzzy logic-based intelligent system generates three decisions: feasible, careful, and not feasible
for landing an aircraft on a runway. The difference rate between the two experiments was 68%, indicating
that the pilot's experience played a significant role and forced its importance in the results.
Running Head: SAFETY IN AVIATION 0
SAFETY IN AVIATION 1
Safety in Aviation
Meshari Al-Shahin
Dr. Jennifer Nader
ERAU
Meshari Al-Shahin
1420 New Bellevue Ave
Daytona Beach, Fl 32114
Nov 6, 2018
Daniel Elwell
FAA
800 Independence Ave SW
Washington, DC 20591
Re: Safety in Aviation Submittal 1420 new Bellevue
Dear Mr. Elwell,
Enclosed is my aviation submission for safety in aviation at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University. My project was on aviation safety and from the word go relied on quantitative studies. The PDF packet includes 9 pages and breaks down as follows:
1. The letter of transmittal: pg.2
2. Abstract: pg.3
3. Analytical paragraph: pg.5
4. Introduction and Background: pg.6
5. Recommendation: pg.9
6. Conclusion: pg.10
7. References: pg.11
Considering the nature of report, it is limited in scope to different structure and platforms; we expect some challenges in the completion of research topic due to the time factor. I fully expect a further research and analysis of data applying statistical tools. On top of that, the project calls for analysis and recommendation of the research. The memorandum is attached to show the job allocation and scheduling thus I would require more time as I shall rely upon qualitative and quantitative tools of research. Therefore, I would request for a special consideration of all my sections of the project.
I would like to go ahead with my project on safety in aviation. Kindly pay a close attention to the progressive report of the work done and offer any green light for the completion of the project. Your guidance would be appreciated to the latter. Moreover, let me know if you experience any difficulties with my files or anything that seems to be not in order. You can contact me anytime via email at [email protected].
Thanks for your concern in advance,
Meshari Al-Shahin
Meshari Al-Shahin
Abstract
This paper summarized various measures taken for safety in aviation and considered the various responsibilities assigned to different people to ensure that there is a safe flying environment. The paper tries to provide solutions to the aviation industry that are effective for the aviation industry and useful to the employees in the industry, as well as travellers and used a problem-solution analysis. The report was designed to offer viable solutions to the problems that have arisen due to the expansion of air transport. An in-depth analysis of the issues surrounding the aviation management systems as well as the individual contribution to the general operations is highly scrutinized. Weather and climatic conditions were included as part of this study as it has been linked a large number of deaths because of poor insight, which thus have led to accidents. The recommendations include that it is advisable for .
Running Head: SAFETY IN AVIATION 0
SAFETY IN AVIATION 1
Safety in Aviation
Meshari Al-Shahin
Dr. Jennifer Nader
ERAU
Meshari Al-Shahin
1420 New Bellevue Ave
Daytona Beach, Fl 32114
Nov 6, 2018
Daniel Elwell
FAA
800 Independence Ave SW
Washington, DC 20591
Re: Safety in Aviation Submittal 1420 new Bellevue
Dear Mr. Elwell,
Enclosed is my aviation submission for safety in aviation at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University. My project was on aviation safety and from the word go relied on quantitative studies. The PDF packet includes 9 pages and breaks down as follows:
1. The letter of transmittal: pg.2
2. Abstract: pg.3
3. Analytical paragraph: pg.5
4. Introduction and Background: pg.6
5. Recommendation: pg.9
6. Conclusion: pg.10
7. References: pg.11
Considering the nature of report, it is limited in scope to different structure and platforms; we expect some challenges in the completion of research topic due to the time factor. I fully expect a further research and analysis of data applying statistical tools. On top of that, the project calls for analysis and recommendation of the research. The memorandum is attached to show the job allocation and scheduling thus I would require more time as I shall rely upon qualitative and quantitative tools of research. Therefore, I would request for a special consideration of all my sections of the project.
I would like to go ahead with my project on safety in aviation. Kindly pay a close attention to the progressive report of the work done and offer any green light for the completion of the project. Your guidance would be appreciated to the latter. Moreover, let me know if you experience any difficulties with my files or anything that seems to be not in order. You can contact me anytime via email at [email protected].
Thanks for your concern in advance,
Meshari Al-Shahin
Meshari Al-Shahin
Abstract
This paper summarized various measures taken for safety in aviation and considered the various responsibilities assigned to different people to ensure that there is a safe flying environment. The paper tries to provide solutions to the aviation industry that are effective for the aviation industry and useful to the employees in the industry, as well as travellers and used a problem-solution analysis. The report was designed to offer viable solutions to the problems that have arisen due to the expansion of air transport. An in-depth analysis of the issues surrounding the aviation management systems as well as the individual contribution to the general operations is highly scrutinized. Weather and climatic conditions were included as part of this study as it has been linked a large number of deaths because of poor insight, which thus have led to accidents. The recommendations include that it is advisable for .
Image processing based eye detection methods a theoretical reviewjournalBEEI
This document provides a theoretical review of image processing based eye detection methods for assessing driver fatigue. It discusses several approaches including:
1. Face detection algorithms like template matching, appearance based methods, and feature based methods which analyze facial features to detect eyes.
2. Eye detection algorithms like template matching methods which use eye templates, and appearance based methods using features like iris detection and thresholding.
3. Challenges in eye detection like eye obstruction, glasses, lighting conditions, and issues with closed or low contrast eyes which affect accuracy.
The review evaluates the strengths and limitations of different eye detection techniques and their ability to accurately detect eyes under real-world driving conditions.
A demographic profile_of_nondestructive_inspection_and_testing_(ndi-ndt)_pers...Mueed Liaqat
This document provides a demographic profile and preliminary analysis of nondestructive inspection and testing (NDI/NDT) personnel from nine aircraft maintenance facilities across three major US air carriers. It finds that the workforce is predominantly male (99%), with a median age of 45, and includes job classifications of visual inspectors (52%), visual-NDI/NDT personnel (36%), and NDI/NDT specialists (12%). Eddy current inspection was performed most frequently, while radiographic inspection was performed least. The analysis suggests that vision screening programs should give special consideration to the visual capabilities and ophthalmic conditions of males over 40 years old.
This document summarizes a research paper that assesses different airport passenger screening systems using queuing theory and modeling. It describes three types of screening systems - centralized, semi-centralized, and gate-by-gate. Queuing models are used to estimate wait times under each system. The document also reviews previous research on modeling airport security as queues and discusses methods like stochastic queuing theory, deterministic analysis, and simulation.
The document proposes improvements to airport security systems using queuing theory and the analytic hierarchy process. It establishes an M/M/1 queuing model to analyze passenger wait times. An AHP model evaluates the security system based on equipment, staffing, and emergencies. It finds that item detection, X-rays, and millimeter waves most affect throughput. Strategies are developed to reduce waits by prioritizing screening processes and addressing cultural differences. The models provide guidance but have limitations due to available data.
There are different types of algorithms used in eye tracking technologies. These algorithms are divided into two main categories: feature-based and model-based. Feature-based technologies consist of threshold values, which are used to decide the presence or absence of features or determinant factors. While the model-based approach is an iterative search of a model parameter, which is the best fitting model that is a closest match to the image. However, these approaches have significant problems regarding computational speed and accuracy. Similarly, there are different types of eye – tracking technologies, which depend on different types of technologies such as infrared video cameras and other technologies, which require specific calibration and setup and are quite expensive. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an alternative eye–tracking technology using a new eye-tracking algorithm, which is highly portable and independent of any hardware or software systems. In an evaluation the algorithm worked accurately for users with strong dyslexia. Participants had various positive and negative opinions regarding such an auto-detection system. Furthermore, we propose that such technology could be used to automatically modify the content of online material to better suit dyslexic users.
AN ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETECTING DYSLEXIA ON THE FLYijcsit
There are different types of algorithms used in eye tracking technologies. These algorithms are divided into two main categories: feature-based and model-based. Feature-based technologies consist of threshold values, which are used to decide the presence or absence of features or determinant factors. While the model-based approach is an iterative search of a model parameter, which is the best fitting model that is a
closest match to the image. However, these approaches have significant problems regarding computational speed and accuracy. Similarly, there are different types of eye – tracking technologies, which depend on different types of technologies such as infrared video cameras and other technologies, which require specific calibration and setup and are quite expensive. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an alternative eye–tracking technology using a new eye-tracking algorithm, which is highly portable and independent of any hardware or software systems. In an evaluation the algorithm worked accurately for users with strong dyslexia. Participants had various positive and negative opinions regarding such an auto-detection system. Furthermore, we propose that such technology could be used to automatically modify the content of online material to better suit dyslexic users.
Automotive crash detection and airbag deployment using mems accelerometer1MartinSeremani
The project come up with MEMS accelerometer which detects a crash using a microcontroller(ECU) to deploy airbags after assessing the magnitude of the impact from a signal sent to the microcontroller by the accelerometer. The project will mainly focus on headon crashes and the deployment of front airbags.
Airbags are standard in automobiles today, and they are generally designed to deploy in frontal collisions [6]. Sensors in the automobiles measure sharp decelerations caused by collisions to know when it is time to deploy the airbags [6]. While this was the original method for deploying airbags, additions have been made to that system because it does not take passenger occupancy or position into account.
Occupancy is important for various reasons. One of the reasons is that if an airbag is deployed, it cannot be reused and must be replaced [6].Thus if an airbag deploys unnecessarily, an avoidable cost for replacement is incurred, and the car becomes unsafe for passengers until the airbag is replaced. Another reason the identity of an occupant is important is injuries as airbags commonly cause minor injuries, which at times are greater injuries [6]. Airbags inflate at about 160kph, while seatbelts help prevent severe injuries, airbags can be fatal to children [6]. That iswhy different government have set laws in place requiring airbags be tested for different ages ofchildren [5]
Vigilance of an operator is compromised in performing many monotonous activities like workshop and manufacturing floor tasks, driving, night shift workers, flying, and in general any activity which requires keen attention of an individual over prolonged periods of time. Driver or operator fatigue in these situations leads to drowsiness and lowered vigilance which is one of the largest contributors to injuries and fatalities amongst road accidents or workshop floor accidents. Having a vigilance monitoring system to detect drop in vigilance in these situations becomes very important.
REAL TIME VIGILANCE DETECTION USING FRONTAL EEGijcsit
Vigilance of an operator is compromised in performing many monotonous activities like workshop and manufacturing floor tasks, driving, night shift workers, flying, and in general any activity which requires keen attention of an individual over prolonged periods of time. Driver or operator fatigue in these situations leads to drowsiness and lowered vigilance which is one of the largest contributors to injuries and fatalities amongst road accidents or workshop floor accidents. Having a vigilance monitoring system to detect drop in vigilance in these situations becomes very important.
The document discusses the Federal Aviation Administration's use of human factors analysis in air traffic management systems. It addresses how human factors research focuses on human performance, safety analysis, and system optimization. The FAA integrates human factors throughout the system development life cycle from research and requirements definition to post-implementation monitoring to improve safety and performance. Challenges include fully integrating human factors programs, but the FAA addresses this through standards, education, and communication across lines of business.
Climate Visibility Prediction Using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
The document describes a research project that aims to develop a machine learning model to predict visibility distance based on climatic indicators. The researchers collected a dataset containing measurements of variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure along with corresponding visibility distance readings. They plan to preprocess the data, select important features, and train regression algorithms like decision trees, XGBoost, and linear regression to predict visibility. Accurately predicting visibility can benefit various sectors by improving safety and decision making. The researchers hope to contribute to knowledge in this area and provide a useful tool for organizations.
Climate Visibility Prediction Using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
The document describes a research project that aims to develop a machine learning model to predict visibility distance based on climatic indicators. The researchers collected a dataset containing measurements of variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure along with corresponding visibility distance readings. They plan to preprocess the data, select important features, and train regression algorithms like decision trees, XGBoost, and linear regression to predict visibility. Accurately predicting visibility can benefit various sectors by improving safety and decision making. The researchers intend to evaluate model performance, tune hyperparameters, and ultimately deploy the optimal model for real-world visibility forecasting.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.comComputers & Industr.docxrock73
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Computers & Industrial Engineering 54 (2008) 34–44
www.elsevier.com/locate/dsw
A quantitative model for aviation safety risk assessment
Huan-Jyh Shyur *
Department of Information Management, Tamkang University, 151 Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan
Received 2 August 2006; received in revised form 14 June 2007; accepted 14 June 2007
Available online 21 June 2007
Abstract
The objective of this research is to develop an analytic method that uses data on both accident and safety indicators to
quantify the aviation risk which are caused by human errors. A specified proportional hazard model considering the base-
line hazard function as a quadratic spline function has investigated and demonstrated its applicability in aviation risk
assessment. The use of the proposed model allows investigation of non-linear effects of aviation safety factors and flexible
assessment of aviation risk. A subset of data gathered from the Fight Safety Management Information System (FSMIS)
developed by the office of the Taiwan Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) was applied to accomplish this study. The
results demonstrate that the proposed model is a more promising approach with the potential of becoming very useful in
practice and leading to further generalization of aviation risk analysis.
� 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Risk assessment; Aviation safety; Human error; Proportional hazard model
1. Introduction
As the worldwide air transportation traffic volume grows rapidly, safety in aviation becomes a burning
problem over many countries today. Aviation accident may result in human injury or even death. It influences
the reputation and the economy of the air transportation industry of a country. According to the analysis of
Mineata (1997), when today’s accident rate is applied to the traffic forecast for 2015, the result would be the
crashing of an airliner somewhere in the world almost every week. Braithwaite, Caves, and Faulkner (1998)
stated that in order to achieve safety and reduce accident rate, we must quantify risk and balance it with
appropriate safety measures.
In order to ensure the public safety and maintain a safe aviation environment, developing an analytic
method that moves beyond the essential identification of risk factors to assess the safety performance and dis-
cover the potential hazards of airlines is indispensable. McFadden and Towell (1999) mentioned, while appre-
ciating the value of accident investigations in identifying the cause and initiating corrective actions to prevent
future errors, that a fundamental shift in the emphasis to ‘‘proactive safety’’ would be necessary. To achieve
0360-8352/$ - see front matter � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cie.2007.06.032
* Tel.: +88 6226215656 2881.
E-mail address: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
H.-J. Shyur / Computers & Industrial Engineering 54 (2008) 34–44 35
‘‘proactive safety’’, an ...
This document summarizes research on driver drowsiness detection systems. It begins with an abstract describing how convolutional neural networks were used to create a model to classify eyes as open or closed using webcam photos. It then reviews six related works that used techniques like LSTM-CNN architectures, support vector machines, and multi-modal information to detect drowsiness. The document outlines the objectives, methodology, application requirements, and conclusions of the research, which involved using image processing and deep learning models to accurately detect drowsiness in a non-invasive manner to improve road safety.
Human Factors_ The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society-2016-L...Dr Marie Langer
The document describes two studies conducted to develop and deploy a Maintenance Operations Safety Survey (MOSS) tool modeled after the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) used in flight operations. Study 1 involved developing MOSS through test observations to evaluate conducting peer observations of maintenance tasks and coding the data using a Threat and Error Management (TEM) framework. Study 2 deployed MOSS through observations of line maintenance checks by expert observers. The observations identified an average of 7.8 threats and 2.5 errors per check as well as links between threats, errors, and undesirable outcomes. The research demonstrated the feasibility of observing routine maintenance operations and using TEM-based results to identify successful strategies for managing threats and errors.
Careful analysis of potential hazards can assist in the mitigation.docxtidwellveronique
Careful analysis of potential hazards can assist in the mitigation of future accidents. Two approaches to hazard analysis include the preliminary hazard analysis and the detailed hazard analysis. Both methods are used to help identify and prioritize the potential hazards at a job site that can end in the possibility of a severe accident. A preliminary hazard analysis is conducted to identify potential hazards and prioritize them according to (1) the likelihood of an accident or injury from a hazard and (2) the severity of an injury, illness or property damage that may result if the hazard had caused the accident (Goetsch, 2010). In contrast, a detailed hazard analysis involves the application of analytical, inductive, and deductive methods (Goetsch, 2010).
Expertise and reasoning can be two useful applications when performing a hazard analysis. Typically a preliminary hazard analysis along with previous expertise would be sufficient in determining possible job site hazards and developing methods to avoid them. If needed, more detailed methods can be used for conducting detailed analysis. They are:
failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA),
hazard and operability review (HAZOP),
technic of operations review (TOR),
human error analysis (HEA), and
fault tree analysis (FTA).
Failure mode and effects analysis is a formal step-by-step analytical method used to analyze complex engineering systems. The hazard and operability review is an analysis method that allows problems to be identified even before a body of experience has been developed for a given process or system (Goetsch, 2010). The technique of operations review is a method that allows supervisors and employees to work together to analyze workplace accidents and incidents. The human error analysis basically predicts that accidents are caused by human errors while the fault tree analysis visually displays the hazard analysis in detail.
Hazard analysis is extremely important in the construction industry. It is very important to analyze the probability of any types of accidents on-site and also to
Reading Assignment
Chapter 8:
Job Safety and Hazard Analysis
Chapter 9:
Accident Investigation, Record Keeping, and Reporting
Learning Activities (Non-Graded)
See information below
Key Terms
1. Accident investigation
2. Accident report
3. Emergency procedures
4. Faultfinding
5. Frequency
6. Hazard analysis
7. Hazard and operability review
8. Human error analysis
9. Immediacy
10. Principal’s office syndrome
11. Probability
12. Risk analysis
13. Technic of operations review
14. Witnesses
Coordinate medical response in the event of an accident. In the case of an accident, the first thing management and supervisors need to do is implement their emergency plan. Each accident should be treated as if it were a larger accident. The main points to ultimately cover in an accident investigation are: who, what, when, where, why, and how. In coordinating the accident inve ...
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
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Running Head: SAFETY IN AVIATION 0
SAFETY IN AVIATION 1
Safety in Aviation
Meshari Al-Shahin
Dr. Jennifer Nader
ERAU
Meshari Al-Shahin
1420 New Bellevue Ave
Daytona Beach, Fl 32114
Nov 6, 2018
Daniel Elwell
FAA
800 Independence Ave SW
Washington, DC 20591
Re: Safety in Aviation Submittal 1420 new Bellevue
Dear Mr. Elwell,
Enclosed is my aviation submission for safety in aviation at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University. My project was on aviation safety and from the word go relied on quantitative studies. The PDF packet includes 9 pages and breaks down as follows:
1. The letter of transmittal: pg.2
2. Abstract: pg.3
3. Analytical paragraph: pg.5
4. Introduction and Background: pg.6
5. Recommendation: pg.9
6. Conclusion: pg.10
7. References: pg.11
Considering the nature of report, it is limited in scope to different structure and platforms; we expect some challenges in the completion of research topic due to the time factor. I fully expect a further research and analysis of data applying statistical tools. On top of that, the project calls for analysis and recommendation of the research. The memorandum is attached to show the job allocation and scheduling thus I would require more time as I shall rely upon qualitative and quantitative tools of research. Therefore, I would request for a special consideration of all my sections of the project.
I would like to go ahead with my project on safety in aviation. Kindly pay a close attention to the progressive report of the work done and offer any green light for the completion of the project. Your guidance would be appreciated to the latter. Moreover, let me know if you experience any difficulties with my files or anything that seems to be not in order. You can contact me anytime via email at [email protected].
Thanks for your concern in advance,
Meshari Al-Shahin
Meshari Al-Shahin
Abstract
This paper summarized various measures taken for safety in aviation and considered the various responsibilities assigned to different people to ensure that there is a safe flying environment. The paper tries to provide solutions to the aviation industry that are effective for the aviation industry and useful to the employees in the industry, as well as travellers and used a problem-solution analysis. The report was designed to offer viable solutions to the problems that have arisen due to the expansion of air transport. An in-depth analysis of the issues surrounding the aviation management systems as well as the individual contribution to the general operations is highly scrutinized. Weather and climatic conditions were included as part of this study as it has been linked a large number of deaths because of poor insight, which thus have led to accidents. The recommendations include that it is advisable for .
Running Head: SAFETY IN AVIATION 0
SAFETY IN AVIATION 1
Safety in Aviation
Meshari Al-Shahin
Dr. Jennifer Nader
ERAU
Meshari Al-Shahin
1420 New Bellevue Ave
Daytona Beach, Fl 32114
Nov 6, 2018
Daniel Elwell
FAA
800 Independence Ave SW
Washington, DC 20591
Re: Safety in Aviation Submittal 1420 new Bellevue
Dear Mr. Elwell,
Enclosed is my aviation submission for safety in aviation at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University. My project was on aviation safety and from the word go relied on quantitative studies. The PDF packet includes 9 pages and breaks down as follows:
1. The letter of transmittal: pg.2
2. Abstract: pg.3
3. Analytical paragraph: pg.5
4. Introduction and Background: pg.6
5. Recommendation: pg.9
6. Conclusion: pg.10
7. References: pg.11
Considering the nature of report, it is limited in scope to different structure and platforms; we expect some challenges in the completion of research topic due to the time factor. I fully expect a further research and analysis of data applying statistical tools. On top of that, the project calls for analysis and recommendation of the research. The memorandum is attached to show the job allocation and scheduling thus I would require more time as I shall rely upon qualitative and quantitative tools of research. Therefore, I would request for a special consideration of all my sections of the project.
I would like to go ahead with my project on safety in aviation. Kindly pay a close attention to the progressive report of the work done and offer any green light for the completion of the project. Your guidance would be appreciated to the latter. Moreover, let me know if you experience any difficulties with my files or anything that seems to be not in order. You can contact me anytime via email at [email protected].
Thanks for your concern in advance,
Meshari Al-Shahin
Meshari Al-Shahin
Abstract
This paper summarized various measures taken for safety in aviation and considered the various responsibilities assigned to different people to ensure that there is a safe flying environment. The paper tries to provide solutions to the aviation industry that are effective for the aviation industry and useful to the employees in the industry, as well as travellers and used a problem-solution analysis. The report was designed to offer viable solutions to the problems that have arisen due to the expansion of air transport. An in-depth analysis of the issues surrounding the aviation management systems as well as the individual contribution to the general operations is highly scrutinized. Weather and climatic conditions were included as part of this study as it has been linked a large number of deaths because of poor insight, which thus have led to accidents. The recommendations include that it is advisable for .
Image processing based eye detection methods a theoretical reviewjournalBEEI
This document provides a theoretical review of image processing based eye detection methods for assessing driver fatigue. It discusses several approaches including:
1. Face detection algorithms like template matching, appearance based methods, and feature based methods which analyze facial features to detect eyes.
2. Eye detection algorithms like template matching methods which use eye templates, and appearance based methods using features like iris detection and thresholding.
3. Challenges in eye detection like eye obstruction, glasses, lighting conditions, and issues with closed or low contrast eyes which affect accuracy.
The review evaluates the strengths and limitations of different eye detection techniques and their ability to accurately detect eyes under real-world driving conditions.
A demographic profile_of_nondestructive_inspection_and_testing_(ndi-ndt)_pers...Mueed Liaqat
This document provides a demographic profile and preliminary analysis of nondestructive inspection and testing (NDI/NDT) personnel from nine aircraft maintenance facilities across three major US air carriers. It finds that the workforce is predominantly male (99%), with a median age of 45, and includes job classifications of visual inspectors (52%), visual-NDI/NDT personnel (36%), and NDI/NDT specialists (12%). Eddy current inspection was performed most frequently, while radiographic inspection was performed least. The analysis suggests that vision screening programs should give special consideration to the visual capabilities and ophthalmic conditions of males over 40 years old.
This document summarizes a research paper that assesses different airport passenger screening systems using queuing theory and modeling. It describes three types of screening systems - centralized, semi-centralized, and gate-by-gate. Queuing models are used to estimate wait times under each system. The document also reviews previous research on modeling airport security as queues and discusses methods like stochastic queuing theory, deterministic analysis, and simulation.
The document proposes improvements to airport security systems using queuing theory and the analytic hierarchy process. It establishes an M/M/1 queuing model to analyze passenger wait times. An AHP model evaluates the security system based on equipment, staffing, and emergencies. It finds that item detection, X-rays, and millimeter waves most affect throughput. Strategies are developed to reduce waits by prioritizing screening processes and addressing cultural differences. The models provide guidance but have limitations due to available data.
There are different types of algorithms used in eye tracking technologies. These algorithms are divided into two main categories: feature-based and model-based. Feature-based technologies consist of threshold values, which are used to decide the presence or absence of features or determinant factors. While the model-based approach is an iterative search of a model parameter, which is the best fitting model that is a closest match to the image. However, these approaches have significant problems regarding computational speed and accuracy. Similarly, there are different types of eye – tracking technologies, which depend on different types of technologies such as infrared video cameras and other technologies, which require specific calibration and setup and are quite expensive. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an alternative eye–tracking technology using a new eye-tracking algorithm, which is highly portable and independent of any hardware or software systems. In an evaluation the algorithm worked accurately for users with strong dyslexia. Participants had various positive and negative opinions regarding such an auto-detection system. Furthermore, we propose that such technology could be used to automatically modify the content of online material to better suit dyslexic users.
AN ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETECTING DYSLEXIA ON THE FLYijcsit
There are different types of algorithms used in eye tracking technologies. These algorithms are divided into two main categories: feature-based and model-based. Feature-based technologies consist of threshold values, which are used to decide the presence or absence of features or determinant factors. While the model-based approach is an iterative search of a model parameter, which is the best fitting model that is a
closest match to the image. However, these approaches have significant problems regarding computational speed and accuracy. Similarly, there are different types of eye – tracking technologies, which depend on different types of technologies such as infrared video cameras and other technologies, which require specific calibration and setup and are quite expensive. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an alternative eye–tracking technology using a new eye-tracking algorithm, which is highly portable and independent of any hardware or software systems. In an evaluation the algorithm worked accurately for users with strong dyslexia. Participants had various positive and negative opinions regarding such an auto-detection system. Furthermore, we propose that such technology could be used to automatically modify the content of online material to better suit dyslexic users.
Automotive crash detection and airbag deployment using mems accelerometer1MartinSeremani
The project come up with MEMS accelerometer which detects a crash using a microcontroller(ECU) to deploy airbags after assessing the magnitude of the impact from a signal sent to the microcontroller by the accelerometer. The project will mainly focus on headon crashes and the deployment of front airbags.
Airbags are standard in automobiles today, and they are generally designed to deploy in frontal collisions [6]. Sensors in the automobiles measure sharp decelerations caused by collisions to know when it is time to deploy the airbags [6]. While this was the original method for deploying airbags, additions have been made to that system because it does not take passenger occupancy or position into account.
Occupancy is important for various reasons. One of the reasons is that if an airbag is deployed, it cannot be reused and must be replaced [6].Thus if an airbag deploys unnecessarily, an avoidable cost for replacement is incurred, and the car becomes unsafe for passengers until the airbag is replaced. Another reason the identity of an occupant is important is injuries as airbags commonly cause minor injuries, which at times are greater injuries [6]. Airbags inflate at about 160kph, while seatbelts help prevent severe injuries, airbags can be fatal to children [6]. That iswhy different government have set laws in place requiring airbags be tested for different ages ofchildren [5]
Vigilance of an operator is compromised in performing many monotonous activities like workshop and manufacturing floor tasks, driving, night shift workers, flying, and in general any activity which requires keen attention of an individual over prolonged periods of time. Driver or operator fatigue in these situations leads to drowsiness and lowered vigilance which is one of the largest contributors to injuries and fatalities amongst road accidents or workshop floor accidents. Having a vigilance monitoring system to detect drop in vigilance in these situations becomes very important.
REAL TIME VIGILANCE DETECTION USING FRONTAL EEGijcsit
Vigilance of an operator is compromised in performing many monotonous activities like workshop and manufacturing floor tasks, driving, night shift workers, flying, and in general any activity which requires keen attention of an individual over prolonged periods of time. Driver or operator fatigue in these situations leads to drowsiness and lowered vigilance which is one of the largest contributors to injuries and fatalities amongst road accidents or workshop floor accidents. Having a vigilance monitoring system to detect drop in vigilance in these situations becomes very important.
The document discusses the Federal Aviation Administration's use of human factors analysis in air traffic management systems. It addresses how human factors research focuses on human performance, safety analysis, and system optimization. The FAA integrates human factors throughout the system development life cycle from research and requirements definition to post-implementation monitoring to improve safety and performance. Challenges include fully integrating human factors programs, but the FAA addresses this through standards, education, and communication across lines of business.
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The document describes a research project that aims to develop a machine learning model to predict visibility distance based on climatic indicators. The researchers collected a dataset containing measurements of variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure along with corresponding visibility distance readings. They plan to preprocess the data, select important features, and train regression algorithms like decision trees, XGBoost, and linear regression to predict visibility. Accurately predicting visibility can benefit various sectors by improving safety and decision making. The researchers hope to contribute to knowledge in this area and provide a useful tool for organizations.
Climate Visibility Prediction Using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
The document describes a research project that aims to develop a machine learning model to predict visibility distance based on climatic indicators. The researchers collected a dataset containing measurements of variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure along with corresponding visibility distance readings. They plan to preprocess the data, select important features, and train regression algorithms like decision trees, XGBoost, and linear regression to predict visibility. Accurately predicting visibility can benefit various sectors by improving safety and decision making. The researchers intend to evaluate model performance, tune hyperparameters, and ultimately deploy the optimal model for real-world visibility forecasting.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.comComputers & Industr.docxrock73
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Computers & Industrial Engineering 54 (2008) 34–44
www.elsevier.com/locate/dsw
A quantitative model for aviation safety risk assessment
Huan-Jyh Shyur *
Department of Information Management, Tamkang University, 151 Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan
Received 2 August 2006; received in revised form 14 June 2007; accepted 14 June 2007
Available online 21 June 2007
Abstract
The objective of this research is to develop an analytic method that uses data on both accident and safety indicators to
quantify the aviation risk which are caused by human errors. A specified proportional hazard model considering the base-
line hazard function as a quadratic spline function has investigated and demonstrated its applicability in aviation risk
assessment. The use of the proposed model allows investigation of non-linear effects of aviation safety factors and flexible
assessment of aviation risk. A subset of data gathered from the Fight Safety Management Information System (FSMIS)
developed by the office of the Taiwan Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) was applied to accomplish this study. The
results demonstrate that the proposed model is a more promising approach with the potential of becoming very useful in
practice and leading to further generalization of aviation risk analysis.
� 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Risk assessment; Aviation safety; Human error; Proportional hazard model
1. Introduction
As the worldwide air transportation traffic volume grows rapidly, safety in aviation becomes a burning
problem over many countries today. Aviation accident may result in human injury or even death. It influences
the reputation and the economy of the air transportation industry of a country. According to the analysis of
Mineata (1997), when today’s accident rate is applied to the traffic forecast for 2015, the result would be the
crashing of an airliner somewhere in the world almost every week. Braithwaite, Caves, and Faulkner (1998)
stated that in order to achieve safety and reduce accident rate, we must quantify risk and balance it with
appropriate safety measures.
In order to ensure the public safety and maintain a safe aviation environment, developing an analytic
method that moves beyond the essential identification of risk factors to assess the safety performance and dis-
cover the potential hazards of airlines is indispensable. McFadden and Towell (1999) mentioned, while appre-
ciating the value of accident investigations in identifying the cause and initiating corrective actions to prevent
future errors, that a fundamental shift in the emphasis to ‘‘proactive safety’’ would be necessary. To achieve
0360-8352/$ - see front matter � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cie.2007.06.032
* Tel.: +88 6226215656 2881.
E-mail address: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
H.-J. Shyur / Computers & Industrial Engineering 54 (2008) 34–44 35
‘‘proactive safety’’, an ...
This document summarizes research on driver drowsiness detection systems. It begins with an abstract describing how convolutional neural networks were used to create a model to classify eyes as open or closed using webcam photos. It then reviews six related works that used techniques like LSTM-CNN architectures, support vector machines, and multi-modal information to detect drowsiness. The document outlines the objectives, methodology, application requirements, and conclusions of the research, which involved using image processing and deep learning models to accurately detect drowsiness in a non-invasive manner to improve road safety.
Human Factors_ The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society-2016-L...Dr Marie Langer
The document describes two studies conducted to develop and deploy a Maintenance Operations Safety Survey (MOSS) tool modeled after the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) used in flight operations. Study 1 involved developing MOSS through test observations to evaluate conducting peer observations of maintenance tasks and coding the data using a Threat and Error Management (TEM) framework. Study 2 deployed MOSS through observations of line maintenance checks by expert observers. The observations identified an average of 7.8 threats and 2.5 errors per check as well as links between threats, errors, and undesirable outcomes. The research demonstrated the feasibility of observing routine maintenance operations and using TEM-based results to identify successful strategies for managing threats and errors.
Careful analysis of potential hazards can assist in the mitigation.docxtidwellveronique
Careful analysis of potential hazards can assist in the mitigation of future accidents. Two approaches to hazard analysis include the preliminary hazard analysis and the detailed hazard analysis. Both methods are used to help identify and prioritize the potential hazards at a job site that can end in the possibility of a severe accident. A preliminary hazard analysis is conducted to identify potential hazards and prioritize them according to (1) the likelihood of an accident or injury from a hazard and (2) the severity of an injury, illness or property damage that may result if the hazard had caused the accident (Goetsch, 2010). In contrast, a detailed hazard analysis involves the application of analytical, inductive, and deductive methods (Goetsch, 2010).
Expertise and reasoning can be two useful applications when performing a hazard analysis. Typically a preliminary hazard analysis along with previous expertise would be sufficient in determining possible job site hazards and developing methods to avoid them. If needed, more detailed methods can be used for conducting detailed analysis. They are:
failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA),
hazard and operability review (HAZOP),
technic of operations review (TOR),
human error analysis (HEA), and
fault tree analysis (FTA).
Failure mode and effects analysis is a formal step-by-step analytical method used to analyze complex engineering systems. The hazard and operability review is an analysis method that allows problems to be identified even before a body of experience has been developed for a given process or system (Goetsch, 2010). The technique of operations review is a method that allows supervisors and employees to work together to analyze workplace accidents and incidents. The human error analysis basically predicts that accidents are caused by human errors while the fault tree analysis visually displays the hazard analysis in detail.
Hazard analysis is extremely important in the construction industry. It is very important to analyze the probability of any types of accidents on-site and also to
Reading Assignment
Chapter 8:
Job Safety and Hazard Analysis
Chapter 9:
Accident Investigation, Record Keeping, and Reporting
Learning Activities (Non-Graded)
See information below
Key Terms
1. Accident investigation
2. Accident report
3. Emergency procedures
4. Faultfinding
5. Frequency
6. Hazard analysis
7. Hazard and operability review
8. Human error analysis
9. Immediacy
10. Principal’s office syndrome
11. Probability
12. Risk analysis
13. Technic of operations review
14. Witnesses
Coordinate medical response in the event of an accident. In the case of an accident, the first thing management and supervisors need to do is implement their emergency plan. Each accident should be treated as if it were a larger accident. The main points to ultimately cover in an accident investigation are: who, what, when, where, why, and how. In coordinating the accident inve ...
Similar to OPERATING EFFICIENCY STUDY OF AVIATION SECURITY SCREENERS USING THE EYE-TRACKING TECHNOLOGY AND FUZZY MODELS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
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BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
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A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
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Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. A. A. Gladkikh, An. K. Volkov, Al. K. Volkov, V. M. Il'in, YU. V. Sulimov, N. A. Pchelin
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 329 editor@iaeme.com
Key words: Aviation security, Aviation Security screener, Fuzzy Models, Subtractive
Clustering, Eye-Tracking Technology, Fatigue and Student’s t-test
Cite this Article: A. A. Gladkikh, An. K. Volkov, Al. K. Volkov, V. M. Il'in, YU. V.
Sulimov, N. A. Pchelin, Operating Efficiency Study of Aviation Security Screeners
Using the Eye-Tracking Technology and Fuzzy Models, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 328-338.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
In the context of moving to the risk-oriented approach to the security provision, International
Civil Aviation Organization recommends operators to develop and to implement the fatigue
risk management system (FRMS). It is interesting to note that FRMS implementation
recommendations exist only for the air staff. However, under conditions of the expanding
passenger flow, the workload of aviation security screeners is increased. It means that the
fatigue risk is raised up. This can lead to the great number of mistakes (a free pass of
prohibited items and substances) and as the consequence committing of unlawful interference
acts. At the present time a traditional regulatory approach to the personnel fatigue control is
implemented with respect to aviation security service specialists. Approach involves
regulating the allowed working time and also rest periods between working cycles. At the
present time, systems diagnosing the functional status of aviation security screeners apply the
following methods:
1) Electroencephalography (Belyavin et al. 1987; Fabiani et al. 2000) [1, 2]. This method
is the reliable diagnostic facility of human cognitive processes and it is applied, for example,
for diagnosing of the driver fatigue (Berka et al. 2004) [3]. Despite all advantages, the
application of this method for diagnosing the functional status of aviation security screeners
in the working environment is not often possible because of the adjustment of facilities.
2) Cardiac activity analysis (Egelund 1982) [4]. Effects of the heart rate reduction and
their connection with the driver’s fatigue were demonstrated in the paper (Wierwille et al.
1981) [5]. This method does also have disadvantages: the low-resolving ability over time and
nuisance because of wires which are also sensitive to interferences.
3) Galvanic skin reaction (Dorokhov et al. 1998) [6]. This method, primarily,
characterizes the «vegetative tonus» of the human and it is used for diagnosing the emotional
tension. This method does also have disadvantages: the susceptibility to the influence of
temperature changes, humidity, drafts, and also, in some cases, the discrimination complexity
of various functional statuses of the aviation security screener (waves of the one and the same
form and sequence can be arisen by various reasons).
4) Analysis of speech characteristics (Heitmann et al. 2001) [7]. At the present time, the
development of this system together with the application of recognition mechanisms of
speech emotions for detecting of the human critical fatigue status is in progress (Batliner et al.
2006) [8]. Advantage of this approach is the absence of wiring channels for retrieving
information. This meets requirements for measuring fatigue indicators in day-to-day activities
of specialists. From the viewpoint of the aviation security screener, dialoging is an
unassuming but abstractive and subsidiary task.
5) Analysis of oculomotor patterns (Poole et al. 2006) [9]. Oculomotor activity of the
human-aviation security screener objectively reflects important psychic functions of their
activity. Modern Eye-tracking technologies are unassuming and require a simple video
recording for the registration of the large range of oculomotor activity parameters. The most
common information related to movements of eyes used for studying cognitive processes and
3. Operating Efficiency Study of Aviation Security Screeners Using the Eye-Tracking Technology
and Fuzzy Models
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 330 editor@iaeme.com
problems is provided by such characteristics as staring and saccades. Saccades are «fast
coordinated jumping movements of eyes between staring points» (Poole et al. 2006) [9].
As the result of the conducted analysis it may be concluded that the most perspective
fatigue diagnostic tool of aviation security screeners against the background of the
ergonomics, usability, registration quality of biological signals and information capacity of
diagnosed parameters is the Eye-tracking technology.
Eye-tracking technology became widely used in monitoring facilities of the functional
status of aviation security screeners in various fields of activity. Experimental studies
connected with diagnosing of functional statuses of drivers are actively pursued according to
evaluation results of the oculomotor activity (Sommer et al. 2008; Coetzer et al. 2011; Devi et
al. 2008) [10-12]. In papers (Di Stasi et al. 2012; Ceder 1977) [13, 14] authors found that the
reduction of the frequency, amplitude and speed of macro saccades could potentially be
markers reflecting the fatigue status of drivers. Results of studies are relevant to the paper
(Schleicher et al. 2008) [15] in which authors found that the reduction of the longstanding
fixation quantity with the simultaneous increase in the number of short fixations could be
used for estimating of drivers’ fatigue. In the paper (Wright et al. 2001) [16] it was made clear
that changing of the saccade amplitude is a good marker of the fatigue status of crew teams.
Similar results were obtained when studying the activity of air traffic control officers
(McGregor et al. 1996) [17]. Moreover, one of potential markers of the fatigue status of
aviation security screeners is the increase in the number of blinks (Van Orden et al. 2000)
[18]. Pupils’ diameter can also be the informative indicator of changes in the human
functional stress level. As the result of the conducted analysis it may be concluded that
various indicators of the oculomotor activity such as the number and the amplitude of
saccades, staring, blink frequency and pupils’ diameter can be used as potential markers of the
aviation security screeners’ fatigue. That is why the key objective is to study and to
substantiate physical and physiological reactions potentially suitable for being markers of
functional status changing of aviation security screeners.
With that knowledge in mind, the urgency of this paper is due to the availability of such
remaining challenge as the absence of decision-making support models by the operating
efficiency evaluation of aviation security screeners taking into consideration the influence of
the fatigue factor.
2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE FATIGUE
FACTOR ON THE OCULOMOTOR ACTIVITY OF AVIATION
SECURITY SCREENERS
Problem-solving of searching for oculomotor activity markers being in charge of the fatigue
functional status of aviation security screeners was pursued directly in the course of the
working activity. 22 aviation security screeners of the International Airport «Ulyanovsk
Vostochny» participated in the study. Sample consisted of men and women at the ages from
21 to 60. Oculomotor activity patterns of aviation security screeners were registered using the
mobile eye-tracker «Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0» of «SensoMotoric Instruments» and the
software «SMI BeGaze 3.7». Ocular movements were registered binocularly in other words
by tracking movements of both eyes of the persons under consideration using special high
precision infrared cameras. In addition to the above, for the objective estimation of aviation
security screeners’ fatigue we used the variation cardio-intervalometry (VCM) method which
gives an opportunity to determine the functional status of the vegetative nervous system by
heart function rhythm parameters. Method is included in the psychophysiological testing
4. A. A. Gladkikh, An. K. Volkov, Al. K. Volkov, V. M. Il'in, YU. V. Sulimov, N. A. Pchelin
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 331 editor@iaeme.com
facility UPFT-1/30 «Psychophysiologist» («Psychophysiologist»). Analyzed indicators are
presented in the Table 1.
Table 1 Registered parameters of the aviation security screener’s activity
Designation Parameter
Data of the Eye-tracking technology
SF, unit/sec saccade frequency
BF, unit/sec blink frequency
BDA, msec blink duration average
PDA, mm pupils diameter average
Cardiac activity data using the VCM method
MoRR, msec Mode of RR–intervals
SDNN, msec Root-Mean-Square deviation of RR–intervals
Heart rate, beats per
minute
heart rate
VSR, relative units Estimation of the functional status
LSR, points Level of the functional status
At first, the control study of the group of aviation security screeners was pursued. This
group of aviation security screeners corresponded to the control group characterizing the
operating efficiency status. At the beginning of the working shift after the 20-minute work
using the X-ray TV introscope the aviation security screener under consideration went to the
specially allotted room where he/she sat in front of the notebook with the installed simulator
for aviation security screeners. He/she put on eye-tracking glasses and after the calibration of
facilities he/she should interpret 20 text X-ray patterns. Simultaneously, information by VCM
is received. Thereupon the control series ended. Sequence of pursuing the test study
characterizing the fatigue status was completely analogous to the control study with the
exception that testing the group of aviation security screeners was carried out in the end of the
working shift (early in the morning after processing the flight) after the 20-minute work using
the X-ray TV introscope. This very period was selected based on the inquiry results of
aviation security screeners as the most fatigue for all of them.
Analysis of measurement results of the vegetative nervous system status in accordance
with the VCM method showed that results of the control series LSR fall within 4-5 pursuant to
the verbal interpretation means «near to optimal» and «optimal» as the case may be. Test
series is characterized with values LSR within 2-3 pursuant to the verbal interpretation means
«maximum allowable» and «allowable» as the case may be. As can be seen from the above,
the analysis in total all over the sample of persons under consideration gave an opportunity to
reach the conclusion that aviation security screeners in the control series of tests were in the
operating status. Aviation security screeners in the test series were in the fatigue status.
Results of the robust estimation of base data are presented in the Table 2. Estimation was
carried out using the program «Statistica».
Table 2 Results of the robust estimation of base data
Valid
N
Mean
Trimmed
mean,
5,000 %
Winsorized
mean,
5,000 %
Grubbs
Test
Statistic
p-
value
Std.
Dev.
SF 55 2.694 2.692 2.699 1.947 1.000 0.346
BF 55 0.274 0.249 0.268 2.822 0.190 0.257
BDA 55 322.859 322.664 320.629 2.281 1.000 92.197
PDA 55 2.137 2.139 2.142 2.613 0.393 0.509
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In accordance with the Table 2 it is apparent that values of the mean, trimmed mean and
Winsorized mean are approximately equal. This suggests that there are no deviations in data.
Grubbs’ test for maximum values of indicators SF, BF, BDA and PDA has the significance 1;
0,19; 1; 0,3927 as the case may be which is more than the selected significance α=0,05.
Calculated Grubbs’ test does not exceed the critical point of 2,992 when α=0,05. As can be
seen from the above, maximum values are not runouts. To determine the accuracy rate for the
sample characteristic, it is necessary to find the ratio of the non-sampling error to the
arithmetic mean. Calculated values of the accuracy rate are %7467,1SFCs ,
%6827,12BFCs , %8505,3BDACs , %2123,3PDACs . Accuracy will be considered as
wholly satisfactory, if Cs does not exceed 3-5 %. Value of Cs for SF, BDA and PDA is below
specified criteria which indicate the reasonable accuracy of these characteristics. For the
indicator BF the value Cs has several times the 5 % which is obviously connected with the
small statistical sample. As can be seen from the above, the conducted analysis using the
«descriptive statistic» method showed the applicability of obtained statistic data for their
further analysis. In Tables 3 and 4 there are sample means and corrected sample variances of
experimental variables in the control group selx and and in the test group sely and as
the case may be.
Table 3 Results in the control group
Indicators SF BF BDA PDA
Sample mean, selx 2,7386 0,1964 320,2544 2,5215
Corrected sample variance, 0,1675 0,0422 4790,0913 0,2394
Table 4 Results in the test group
Indicators SF BF BDA PDA
Sample mean, sely 2,6909 0,4050 367,7850 2,1222
Corrected sample variance, 0,1040 0,0324 5692,1634 0,1637
Testing of the hypothesis for the equality of general dispersions in the first and the second
group using the F-test showed that the hypothesis is acceptable for all analyzed parameters. In
other words corrected sample variances differ insignificantly. This suggests the measurement
accuracy of oculomotor activity values.
Null hypothesis for the equality of theoretical mean values was tested by the Student’s t-
test. Observed value of the Student’s t-test ( obsT ) for parameters are:
.95,2)(;17,2)(;14,3)(;36,0)( PDATBDATBFTSFT obsobsobsobs
Critical zone in this case is reversible. For the significance level and the number
of freedom degrees the critical point ( ..crbilatt ) is .02,2)42;05,0(.. crbilatt
For the parameter SF ..)( crbilatobs tSFT the null hypothesis for the equality of means in
groups according to this indicator is acceptable. As can be seen from the above, the frequency
of saccades did not change for certain in the period of measurements taken. Pursuant thereto
this parameter is not suitable for diagnosing the fatigue of aviation security screeners.
For parameters BF, BDA, PDA ..),,( crbilatobs tPDABDABFT , the null hypothesis for the
equality of means in groups according to this indicator is not acceptable. As can be seen from
the above, statistically significant changes of the blink frequency, the blink duration average
2
xs 2
ys
2
xs
2
ys
05,0
422 mnf
6. A. A. Gladkikh, An. K. Volkov, Al. K. Volkov, V. M. Il'in, YU. V. Sulimov, N. A. Pchelin
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and the pupils’ diameter average give an opportunity to interpret indicator data as potential
fatigue markers of aviation security screeners. It is interesting to note that obtained results are
coherent with early studies within the framework of which it was found that the increase in
the number of blinks is the potential fatigue marker of aviation security screeners(Van Orden
et al. 2000) [18]. Moreover, in accordance with the PELCOS technology, the character of
blinks is analyzed by estimating the time percentage when eyelids of the person under
consideration are partially-obscured during one minute (> 80% – it means that it is the fatigue
criterion) (Dinges et al. 1998) [19]. Conclusively established changes of the pupils’ mean
diameter of aviation security screeners are coherent with results of modern studies of drivers’
fatigue problem and using pupilograph perspectives as the pupil measurement facility.
2. SYNTHESIS OF THE FUZZY MODEL
Principal component of decision-making support systems is the knowledge base. Taking into
consideration the fact that making decisions in the sphere of the aviation security support
often takes place in the context of basic data ambiguity and incompleteness, the application of
fuzzy models is justified. There are two main types of fuzzy models: Mamdani and Sugeno.
General approaches to the automatic synthesis of fuzzy models from experimental data are
presented in the paper of authors (Gladkikh et al. 2019) [20]. There is a learning sample of M
pairs of experimental data and the problem consists in the identification of fuzzy rules
connecting input data (x) with the output (y):
,,1),,( MryX rr (1)
Where:
rX is the input data vector corresponding to r-line of the sample and - value of the
output variable.
Quality of the fuzzy model is estimated by the Root-Mean-Square Error criterion (RMSE):
,)),,((
1
.1
Mr
rr XWPFy
M
RMSE (2)
Where:
M is the number of pairs of experimental data; P is the parameter vector of the
membership functions variables (x) and (y); W is the weight vector of rules from the
knowledge base; ),,( rXWPF is the calculation result of the fuzzy knowledge base.
To increase the quantity of the learning sample, experimental researches based on the
International Airport «Ulyanovsk Baratayevka» with the participation of 11 aviation security
screeners and the application of the mobile eye tracker «Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0» were
additionally carried out. As can be seen from the above, the total number of data pairs
describing the operating efficiency of aviation security screeners was 55. Indicators BF, BDA
and PDA are associated with input variables of the model (x). Output variable (y) was the
detection rate of prohibited items (DP). Original sample was divided into the learning (47
aviation security screeners) and the test (8 aviation security screeners) ones.
To synthesize the Sugeno model we selected the pack Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of the pack
MatLab. Synthesis procedure is implemented using the function genfis2. The following
subtractive clustering algorithm parameters are selected: the cluster radius is 0,7 (the value
from the range [0, 1]) is settled; the suppression coefficient is 1,25; the acceptance coefficient
is 0,5; the abruption coefficient is 0,15. As the result of the application of subtractive
clustering at the first stage, we received the knowledge base consisting of 4 rules
corresponding to four found clusters:
ry
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IF BF=in1cluster1 AND BDA=in2cluster1 AND PDA=in3cluster1, THEN DP=out1cluster1;
IF BF=in1cluster2 AND BDA=in2cluster2 AND PDA=in3cluster2, THEN DP=out1cluster2;
IF BF=in1cluster3 AND BDA=in2cluster3 AND PDA=in3cluster3, THEN DP=out1cluster3;
IF BF=in1cluster4 AND BDA=in2cluster4 AND PDA=in3cluster4, THEN DP=out1cluster4.
Model bug on the learning sample by the criterion (2) is trnRMSE1=0,0436 and on the test
sample is chkRMSE1=0,0924. In the Figure 1а there are comparison results of the output
variable values from experimental data of the learning sample and results of fuzzy modeling
presented.
a) b)
Figure 1. Testing results of the model on the learning sample
a) after the subtractive clustering; b) after the ANFIS-learning
Figure 2. Dependence of modeling errors on
the iterations number of the ANFIS-
algorithm
Figure 3. Testing results of the Mamdani
model on the learning sample
To improve the accuracy, the model was learned using the ANFIS-algorithm. Number
learning of iterations was 200. On the basis of the graph in the Figure 1b it may be concluded
that the modeling quality was improved. Errors after the ANFIS-learning amounted
trnRMSE2=0,0348 and chkRMSE2=0,0858. In the Figure 2 the dependence of modeling errors
on the iterations number of the ANFIS-algorithms is illustrated. As the result of the ANFIS-
8. A. A. Gladkikh, An. K. Volkov, Al. K. Volkov, V. M. Il'in, YU. V. Sulimov, N. A. Pchelin
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learning both parameters of variable membership functions and parameters in conclusions of
fuzzy model rules were specified. Example of the membership function type by fuzzy clusters
for the input variable PDA before learning using the ANFIS-algorithm and after learning is
presented in the Figure 4 (membership functions in rules are described using Gaussian
functions).
a) b)
Figure 4. Membership functions to fuzzy clusters by the variable PDA
a) before learning; b) after the ANFIS-learning
By way of illustration, in the Figure 5 the surface «inputs-output» for the obtained model
in coordinates BDA-PDA is illustrated.
a) b)
Figure 5. Surface «inputs-output» in coordinates BDA-PDA
a) before learning; b) after the ANFIS-learning
In the Table 6 comparing results of the synthetized Sugeno model with the fuzzy
Mamdani model and the linear regression. Mamdani model is synthetized using the function
genfis3. The following parameters of the fuzzy c-means algorithm are selected: the number of
clusters is 4; the exponential weight is 2; the target function improvement value during the
one iteration is 0,00001; the number of iterations is 100. As the result of experimental data,
the Mamdani model with 4 fuzzy rules was extracted. Comparison results of the output
variable value from experimental data of the learning sample and results of fuzzy modeling
using the Mamdani model are presented in the Figure 3. Quality of the identified linear
9. Operating Efficiency Study of Aviation Security Screeners Using the Eye-Tracking Technology
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regression model in accordance with the corrected determination coefficient was 52,02
R .
Coefficients of this model and its characteristics are presented in the Table 5.
Table 5 Regression model
Variable Coefficient Standard error
Value of
Student’s
t-criterion
Test significance
(p-value)
Constant 1.051 0.039 26.291 3.971E-06
BF -0.109 0.032 -3.425 0.001
BDA -0.0002 9.396E-05 -2.734 0.009
PDA -0.033 0.0152 -2.156 0.064
Basic data partition quality into fuzzy clusters is implemented using the Xei-Beni (XB)
index (Gladkikh et al. 2019) [20]. Calculated value of the XB index was 0,5449. Optimal
partition into clusters corresponds to the criterion XB < 1. As the case may be, the good
partition into fuzzy clusters is received.
Table 6 Comparison results of obtained models
Model
RMSE on the
learning sample
RMSE on the test
sample
Sugeno model
(without the ANFIS-learning)
0,0436 0,0924
Sugeno model (with the ANFIS-learning) 0,0348 0,0858
Mamdani model 0,0613 0,0925
Linear regression model 1,4132 1,4193
In accordance with the Table 6 it is apparent that the fuzzy Sugeno model based on the
subtractive clustering and the ANFIS-learning does better approximate the dependence
between oculomotor activity indicators of aviation security screeners and the prohibited items
detection efficiency in comparison with other models.
3. CONCLUSION
In this paper for the first time as follows from experimental studies using the Eye-tracking
technology potential fatigue markers of aviation security screeners with the most accurate
changes were identified consistent with earlier studies pursued by other authors. Fuzzy
Sugeno model for the operating efficiency study of aviation security screeners based on the
subtractive clustering and the ANFIS-learning is developed. Model fidelity by the RMSE
criterion on the learning sample is 0,0348 and on the test sample is 0,0858 as the case may be.
Scientific and theoretical value of this paper involves developing scientific knowledge related
to the influence of the fatigue factor on the oculomotor activity of aviation security screeners
in the course of the working activity. Ambiguousness of obtained results against changing of
the saccade frequency under the influence of the fatigue factor unlike early studies which
established this indicator as the fatigue indicator of drivers and pilots raises the series of
questions requiring further studies. Provided that series of additional studies are pursued,
identified markers of the oculomotor activity can be used for the development of intellectual
systems for the fatigue control of aviation security screeners.
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