The document discusses digital ecosystems and proposes a solution for managing transactions within a digital business ecosystem network. It suggests using software agents to gather and store local knowledge, make external links, manage content, and process business activities and transactions. This would help create a connected network between service providers and small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) in a way that is resistant to failures and able to handle the dynamic nature of content, links, and transactions over time.

1. O pen P hilosophies for A ssociative A utopoietic Digita L Eco S ystems Sotiris Moschoyiannis, Amir r Razavi, Paul Krause Architecture and Process 2008

2. Introduction What is a Digital Ecosystem A digital ecosystem is a self-organising digital infrastructure aimed at creating a digital environment for networked organizations that supports cooperation , knowledge sharing, the development of open and adaptive technologies and evolutionary business models. DE Business Environment Distributed Long-lived Transactions for SMEs Challenges Business transactions performance, failures and consistency Network response to dynamicity of environment, connectivity and fragmentations

3. The Web is an Ecosystem The Web is an Ecosystem

4. What is an Ecosystem? An interactive system established between living creatures and the environment in which they live Arthur Tansley (1871-1955) (Arguably) The members of an ecosystem “benefit” from each others’ participation Typically the respective populations in a predator-prey relationship tend towards a stable (sometimes cyclic) attractor

5. The environment is: a social context a digital infrastructure In a “Digital Ecosystem” The members are: e-Businesses, software services, information sources

6. A Digital Ecosystem? The nature of the environment defines the properties of the ecosystem we would claim

7. A complex, adaptive system? A digital ecosystem is a self-organising digital infrastructure aimed at creating a digital environment for networked organizations that supports cooperation , knowledge sharing , the development of open and adaptive technologies and evolutionary business models .

8. What are we trying to build? An environment which encourages diversity Absence of critical points of failure or control Preservation of “local autonomy” of participants only reveal what you choose to reveal Robust support for long-term transactions (interactions) between members

9. THE CONTENT, LINKS, AND TRANSACTIONS “ I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’ people have touted for ages will finally materialize.” [ref: Berners-Lee, Tim; Fischetti, Mark (1999). Weaving the Web. Harper San Francisco, chapter 12. ISBN 9780062515872- ref: 24]

10. THE CONTENT, LINKS, AND TRANSACTIONS “ I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content , links, and transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’ people have touted for ages will finally materialize.” [ref: Berners-Lee, Tim; Fischetti, Mark (1999). Weaving the Web. Harper San Francisco, chapter 12. ISBN 9780062515872- ref: 24]

11. THE CONTENT, LINKS, AND TRANSACTIONS “ I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links , and transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’ people have touted for ages will finally materialize.” [ref: Berners-Lee, Tim; Fischetti, Mark (1999). Weaving the Web. Harper San Francisco, chapter 12. ISBN 9780062515872- ref: 24]

12. “ I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’ people have touted for ages will finally materialize.” [ref: Berners-Lee, Tim; Fischetti, Mark (1999). Weaving the Web. Harper San Francisco, chapter 12. ISBN 9780062515872- ref: 24] THE CONTENT, LINKS, AND TRANSACTIONS

15. Hedges, et al. Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals, Nature 381 , 226-229 (1996)

16. The solution Software agents on behalf of people (SMEs) Gather and store local knowledge (local contexts); Collect and accumulate knowledge from outside (external links); Manage content; Promoting the stored contexts for outside and provide external links; Process business activities and transactions. Digital Business Ecosystem Keeping the transaction-created networks Creating a connected network between services (service providers – SMEs).

17. The complexity of Digital Business Ecosystem is not a connected network has a very dynamic nature content, links, transactions does not have potential for creating all sort of links between different content or service providers is relying on centralised controls for business activities is not fully resistant against failures and errors is not stable, with traffic bottlenecks and other uncontrolled parameters easily affecting the environment

18. Transactions in DEs Correspond to business activities and involve complex interactions between service providers/consumers B2B scenarios require long-running transactions (min, hrs, days…) which involve the execution of a number of underlying services Comprise a mixture of different levels of composition ( subtransactions ) of several services from different service providers Local autonomy and loosely-coupled services – SMEs… but also SOA as the enabling technology of a DE for business ACID properties are questionable; Atomicity? Isolation? Consistency Release of results before transaction commit ( partial results ) Recovery management ( recoverability ) Compensation Omitted results Forward recovery

19. Managing dependencies Capture dependencies within and across transactions Within a transaction we use Internal Dependency Graphs ( IDG ) Across transactions we use External Dependency Graphs ( EDG ) Each platform only knows about before and after A fully distributed mechanism for local coordination and log-based recovery management in long-running transactions

20. Business network properties Connectivity Supporting Business activities ( distributed business transactions) Resistant to fragmentations Transaction recoverability (costly) Forward recovery Alternative scenarios/paths (using diversity of DEs) Dynamicity Local Autonomy (loosely coupling) Time-based business activity ( regional behaviour/availability ) Versatile SMEs business model (changing the business nature time to time

21. Distributed coordination for executing transaction

22. Virtual Private Transaction Networks

23. A measurement for Platform stability OPAALS

24. Virtualization levels

25. Connecting VPTNs

26. Super peers and permanent nodes super peers are expensive nodes with costly maintenance requirements Who is going to provide such nodes? during peak time the pressure of high traffic can result in a bottleneck on super peer nodes How they cope with the dynamic network structure? processing redundant data and producing overheads waste at off-peak times of the network while they will be continuously under pressure at peak time while the network grows How regular cost increased can be justified?

27. PERMANENT CLUSTERS & VIRTUAL SUPER PEERS Good connectivity Spreading Traffic Clustering stability and local storage Network Dynamicity on VSPs

28. Dynamic algorithm for choosing nodes for VSPs

29. Achilles heel of the network high dependency on a few number of nodes vulnerable on any smart attack on hubs As the fragmentation on the network (creating islands in the network) costly to repair (de-fragmentation) inconsistency of such a model with the dynamicity of a digital ecosystem SMEs may not provide stable and permanent nodes for hubs at all This means fragmentation even without any external attack or physical failures

30. Digital Business Ecosystem network resistance against failures

31. Further work “ Web 3.0, a phrase coined by John Markoff of the New York Times in 2006, refers to a supposed third generation of Internet-based services that collectively comprise what might be called 'the intelligent Web' — .... — which emphasize machine-facilitated understanding of information in order to provide a more productive and intuitive user experience. ”