1) The document describes an operational amplifier design project using LTSpice where the goal is to meet specific specifications.
2) The design utilizes BJT transistors, resistors, and multiple stages including a differential input stage, current mirror, common emitter amplifier, and output stage.
3) Simulation results show the design meets requirements with a differential gain of 2511 V/V, common mode gain of 0.05 V/V, CMRR of 94 dB, and output amplitude of 5.1 V with minimum distortion and average value close to 0 V.
The input a.c. the signal is applied across the base-emitter terminals of the transistor & output is taken across collector-emitter terminals of the transistor.
Negative amplifiers and its types Positive feedback and Negative feedbackimtiazalijoono
Negative amplifiers
What is Feedback?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers
Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier
Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
Principles of Negative Current Feedback
Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback
The input a.c. the signal is applied across the base-emitter terminals of the transistor & output is taken across collector-emitter terminals of the transistor.
Negative amplifiers and its types Positive feedback and Negative feedbackimtiazalijoono
Negative amplifiers
What is Feedback?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers
Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier
Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
Principles of Negative Current Feedback
Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback
Introduction to Linear ICs– BJT differential amplifier-Operational amplifier IC 741–Block diagram and Characteristics - Inverting, non inverting and difference amplifier – Adder, Subtractor, Integrator, Differentiator-Comparator- Window detector- Regenerative comparator (Schmitttrigger) - Precision rectifier- Current to voltage converter – Voltage to current converter
-Log and antilog amplifiers- Instrumentation amplifiers.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS, DIFFERENTIAL, NON-INVERTING AND INSTRUMENTATIONAL AMP...Kramikauniyal
THEORY AND EXPLANATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND ITS APPLICATION IN FORMING NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS, INSTRUMENTATIONAL AMPIFIERS ALONG WITH FEW SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING, THE CONTENT IS PRECISE AND SUFFICIENT TO UNDERSTAND THE THEORY RELATED TO THE TOPICS
This paper describes about different types of voltage followers. Each follower has its own advantages and limitations. The voltage follower can be characterized with current mirror source current or it can be used as a ideal current source. Voltage Follower is one of the most important analog circuits required in many analog integrated circuits. Input impedance of op amp is very high, giving effective isolation of the output from the signal source.
An amplifier is one of the most important applications of transistor. Generally, transistor in CE configuration was used for faithful amplification of signal due to high gain, high input impedance and high power gain. But it has been observed that feedback in an amplifier introduces significant improvement in gain and gives amplified output in required form.
Block diagram of a typical op-amp – characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp - parameters of opamp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations - frequency response - circuit stability.
Introduction to Linear ICs– BJT differential amplifier-Operational amplifier IC 741–Block diagram and Characteristics - Inverting, non inverting and difference amplifier – Adder, Subtractor, Integrator, Differentiator-Comparator- Window detector- Regenerative comparator (Schmitttrigger) - Precision rectifier- Current to voltage converter – Voltage to current converter
-Log and antilog amplifiers- Instrumentation amplifiers.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS, DIFFERENTIAL, NON-INVERTING AND INSTRUMENTATIONAL AMP...Kramikauniyal
THEORY AND EXPLANATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND ITS APPLICATION IN FORMING NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS, INSTRUMENTATIONAL AMPIFIERS ALONG WITH FEW SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING, THE CONTENT IS PRECISE AND SUFFICIENT TO UNDERSTAND THE THEORY RELATED TO THE TOPICS
This paper describes about different types of voltage followers. Each follower has its own advantages and limitations. The voltage follower can be characterized with current mirror source current or it can be used as a ideal current source. Voltage Follower is one of the most important analog circuits required in many analog integrated circuits. Input impedance of op amp is very high, giving effective isolation of the output from the signal source.
An amplifier is one of the most important applications of transistor. Generally, transistor in CE configuration was used for faithful amplification of signal due to high gain, high input impedance and high power gain. But it has been observed that feedback in an amplifier introduces significant improvement in gain and gives amplified output in required form.
Block diagram of a typical op-amp – characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp - parameters of opamp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations - frequency response - circuit stability.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
1. Jeff Webb
ELEC 3700
LTSpice Op Amp Design Project
8/1/2016
The operational amplifier is a fundamental building block of analog circuit design. The
primary goal of this project is to use LTSpice to design and simulate an operational amplifier
meeting a certain set of specifications. The input is a 5 mV amplitude source with a frequency of
20 kHz, a 2 kΩ source resistance, and a DC value with a range of -1 V to +1 V. Supply voltage is
provided by two 9 V batteries. The required output is a 5 V amplitude sinusoid across a 100 Ω
load resistance with an average value of 0 V and minimal distortion. The design exhibited in this
project utilizes 2N3904 npn and 2N3906 pnp BJT’s, as well as standard resistor values that are
present within the Jaeger appendix for 1% values. The following screenshot shows the topology
of my op amp design. This design is very close to meeting the desired specifications per the
project guidelines.
Figure 1: Multistage op amp
2. The first functional block that will be discussed is the differential input stage given in the
figure below.
Figure 2: Differential input stage with current mirror load
The differential input stage forms the backbone of the op amp circuit. This stage is a
bipolar differential amplifier with two npn transistors and an active current mirror load formed
from a pnp current mirror as shown. The current mirror is used to enhance the voltage gain
capability while helping to maintain the operating point balance that is necessary for good
common-mode rejection.
The current mirror circuit given below is formed by two npn transistors and a Rref
resistor.
Figure 3: Current mirror circuit
3. Current mirror biasing is extremely important in this design. A reference current is
established by using resistor Rref that provides operating bias to the current mirror. A large value
of resistance is required to achieve a small operating current that is independent of the supply
voltage.
Lastly, the last two stages of the op amp shown below are discussed.
Figure 4: pnp common-emitter stage and npn output stage
An op amp usually requires higher voltage gain than is available from a single differential
amplifier stage. To achieve a higher gain, a pnp common-emitter amplifier Q3 is added by
connecting it to the output of the differential amplifier. The resistor R3 is added at the collector
of the pnp to help obtain a better output signal centered at 0 V. The output stage Q4 is added to
maintain unity voltage gain and provide low output resistance. The input resistance is set by the
input differential pair, and the output resistance is determined by the resistance looking into the
emitter of Q4.
4. I measured the differential and common mode gain of my op amp using LTSpice. For the
differential mode gain, I wired a voltage source to the two inputs of the op amp and specified a
voltage of 1 V AC. Next, I ran an AC analysis simulation to obtain the Bode plot shown below.
Figure 5: Circuit schematic and Bode plot corresponding to differential mode response
In order to measure the common mode gain, I shorted the two input terminals of my op
amp and wired it to the positive terminal of a 1 V AC voltage source. Next, I ran an AC analysis
simulation to obtain the common mode response shown below.
Figure 6: Circuit schematic and Bode plot corresponding to common mode response
5. I also measured total quiescent power dissipation and DC operating points for -1, 0, and
+1 V in LTSpice. These values are easily found by running the op amp, hovering the cursor over
the output and reading the values at the bottom of the screen.
Given below is a table summarizing all of the aforementioned and required quantities for
my op amp:
DC input Differential
Mode Gain
Common
Mode Gain
CMRR Dissipated
Power
DC Output
-1 V 2511 v/v .05 v/v 94 dB 982.4 mW 911.4 mV
0 V 2511 v/v .05 v/v 94 dB 993.3 mW 966.5 mV
+1 V 2511 v/v .05 v/v 94 dB 982.4 mW 911.4 mV
The following screenshots show plots of the output of my op amp at DC values of 0, -1,
and +1 V.
Figure 7: Output at 0 V DC
6. Figure 8: Output at -1 V DC
Figure 9: Output at +1 V DC
Figure 10: Average value of output waveform
7. The results in each plot give an output waveform with an amplitude of about 5.1 V with
minimum distortion and an average value of 480.89 mV. This is as close as I could get to the
required output amplitude of 5 V with 0 V average value. I think this is a good op amp and I am
pleased with this design. It provides good overall characteristics: desired gain, CMRR and good
frequency response. Overall, this project has taught me a great deal about the behavior and
characteristics of multistage amplifiers. I am confident that the knowledge and experience I have
gained from this project will stimulate my future endeavors next semester in radio lab.