India is 2nd largest producer of Onion next to China.
The productivity of Onion is much below that of China or the world average.
India exports 16.7 lakh tons worth Rs1816 crore (2010) of Onion.
Indian export is mainly to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Pakistan and a small quantity to the middle east.
This document discusses grafting, budding, and pruning tools. It begins by explaining that grafting involves fusing plant tissues to propagate trees and shrubs. Budding is a grafting technique that uses a single bud rather than an entire scion. Reasons for grafting and budding include changing varieties, benefiting from particular rootstocks, and repairing damaged plants. The document then describes common tools used for grafting and budding such as dibbers, knives, grafting tools, and pruning shears. It explains how to use these tools and stresses the importance of keeping blades sharp. Finally, it discusses different types of pruning equipment like pruners, saws, secateurs, and tree pruners
- Potato is the fourth major food crop worldwide after rice, wheat and maize. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally. The major potato producing states are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Punjab and Gujarat.
- For successful potato cultivation, appropriate variety selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management and harvest are required. Proper agronomic practices are needed to achieve optimal yield.
Insect pests of citrus and their controlDrThippaiahM
The document discusses insect pests that affect citrus crops in India. It identifies five major categories of citrus insect pests: 1) leaf feeders like citrus butterflies and the citrus leaf miner, 2) stem borers that bore into branches, 3) fruit sucking moths that puncture ripening fruits, 4) sap feeders like psyllids and mealybugs, and 5) non-insect pests like mites. It provides details on the life cycle and damage caused by some of the most damaging pests, including citrus butterflies, the citrus leaf miner, and fruit sucking moths. Management strategies focus on controlling the different lifestages, removing weed
This document discusses various intercultural equipment used for weeding and soil preparation between crop rows. It describes the sweep, a V-shaped tool that skims the soil surface to break crust and provide mulch. The junior hoe is used for weeding with adjustable shovels. Hand hoes have a short handle and small shovel. Long-handled weeders like the long-handled hoe reduce bending and improve efficiency over hand hoes. The paddy weeder has rotating serrated cylinders that cut weeds. Dry land weeders come in star and peg types suited to different soils. The cono weeder for paddy has rollers that uproot and bury weeds between rice rows.
This document provides information on growing Jerusalem artichokes. It describes the plant as a perennial sunflower native to North America that produces knobbly tubers that can be eaten raw or cooked. It discusses how to plant, care for, harvest, and potential pests/diseases of Jerusalem artichokes. The tubers only need to be planted in the fall 4-6 inches below ground and will return each year with proper care such as watering, mulching, and replanting some tubers annually to promote larger tuber growth.
The document provides information about the carrot plant. It discusses the botanical name, family, origin, pollination system, chromosome number, physical description, major producing states and countries, nutritional value, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices including land preparation, planting, manuring, irrigation, and harvesting. It concludes with information on grading, packaging, and storage of carrots.
This document discusses grafting, budding, and pruning tools. It begins by explaining that grafting involves fusing plant tissues to propagate trees and shrubs. Budding is a grafting technique that uses a single bud rather than an entire scion. Reasons for grafting and budding include changing varieties, benefiting from particular rootstocks, and repairing damaged plants. The document then describes common tools used for grafting and budding such as dibbers, knives, grafting tools, and pruning shears. It explains how to use these tools and stresses the importance of keeping blades sharp. Finally, it discusses different types of pruning equipment like pruners, saws, secateurs, and tree pruners
- Potato is the fourth major food crop worldwide after rice, wheat and maize. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally. The major potato producing states are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Punjab and Gujarat.
- For successful potato cultivation, appropriate variety selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management and harvest are required. Proper agronomic practices are needed to achieve optimal yield.
Insect pests of citrus and their controlDrThippaiahM
The document discusses insect pests that affect citrus crops in India. It identifies five major categories of citrus insect pests: 1) leaf feeders like citrus butterflies and the citrus leaf miner, 2) stem borers that bore into branches, 3) fruit sucking moths that puncture ripening fruits, 4) sap feeders like psyllids and mealybugs, and 5) non-insect pests like mites. It provides details on the life cycle and damage caused by some of the most damaging pests, including citrus butterflies, the citrus leaf miner, and fruit sucking moths. Management strategies focus on controlling the different lifestages, removing weed
This document discusses various intercultural equipment used for weeding and soil preparation between crop rows. It describes the sweep, a V-shaped tool that skims the soil surface to break crust and provide mulch. The junior hoe is used for weeding with adjustable shovels. Hand hoes have a short handle and small shovel. Long-handled weeders like the long-handled hoe reduce bending and improve efficiency over hand hoes. The paddy weeder has rotating serrated cylinders that cut weeds. Dry land weeders come in star and peg types suited to different soils. The cono weeder for paddy has rollers that uproot and bury weeds between rice rows.
This document provides information on growing Jerusalem artichokes. It describes the plant as a perennial sunflower native to North America that produces knobbly tubers that can be eaten raw or cooked. It discusses how to plant, care for, harvest, and potential pests/diseases of Jerusalem artichokes. The tubers only need to be planted in the fall 4-6 inches below ground and will return each year with proper care such as watering, mulching, and replanting some tubers annually to promote larger tuber growth.
The document provides information about the carrot plant. It discusses the botanical name, family, origin, pollination system, chromosome number, physical description, major producing states and countries, nutritional value, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices including land preparation, planting, manuring, irrigation, and harvesting. It concludes with information on grading, packaging, and storage of carrots.
This document provides information on various insect pests and non-insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It identifies over 150 insect species that damage sorghum but focuses on the most serious pests, which it classifies as borer pests, ear head feeders, sap feeders, defoliators, and non-insect pests like mites. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature and symptoms of damage. Some of the key pests discussed include the sorghum shoot fly, sorghum stem borer, sorghum ear head bugs, and the sorghum ear head midge.
Identification and damage to store grain by coleopteran pests and its managementMilindLimbachiya
This document discusses the identification and management of coleopteran (beetle) pests that damage stored grains. It identifies two main types of stored grain pests - primary pests that damage sound grains (internal and external feeders), and secondary pests that damage already damaged grains. It then provides details on the identification and damage caused by several important primary pests, including cigarette beetle, khapra beetle, lesser grain borer, pulse beetle, rice weevil, and groundnut beetle. It also discusses secondary pests like red rust flour beetle. The document outlines preventive and curative management measures for stored grain pests, including sanitation, drying, proper storage structures, temperature
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
Bhendi shoot and fruit borer, which is highly destructive to the bhendi crops, damaging most of the economic part of the crops,yield of crop will reduce and fruit become unsuitable for the consumption .
This document provides information on the production of peas in Himachal Pradesh, India. It discusses the botanical details of peas, important varieties grown in the region, ideal climate and soil conditions, and cultivation practices like sowing time, seed rate, spacing, manures and fertilizers, irrigation, weeding, and pest and disease management. The main varieties mentioned are Arkel, VL-7, Matar Ageta, and Punjab 89 for early season, and Palam Priya, Solan Nirog, and GC-477 for main season. Climatic needs, ideal soil type, and harvesting procedures are also outlined.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
Maulik Genetic Resources as Site Specific Staple Food Genetic Resources for Food and Nutrition Security
Are these enough to secure food and to advance agricultural sciences
Fall Army Worm is a new insect in Bangladesh. The people will able to know how it is attack, its harmful effect etc.it is very dangerous insect for our crop cultivation. It is capable to destroy our crops totally.
Thrips are a pest that damages onions and garlic by feeding on the leaves. The adult thrips are pale yellow to gray and lay eggs in leaf epidermis. Nymphs and adults lacerate leaf tissue from between the sheath and stem to feed on oozing sap, causing small white patches. Severe infestations can cause leaves to dry from the tip downwards and distort or stunt bulbs. Management techniques include clean cultivation, flooding fields to control populations, and spraying recommended insecticides.
This document provides information on the production technology of onion and garlic crops. It discusses the botanical details, climate and soil requirements, varieties, planting methods, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation practices, intercultivation, harvesting, curing, storage and important diseases of onion. It summarizes the key information on the leading onion producing states in India, recommended spacing and seed rate for planting, important improved varieties released by state agricultural universities with their characteristics and yield.
This document provides information on the maize stem borer (Chilo partellus), including its identification, life cycle, damage to maize crops, host plants, economic injury level, and management practices. It describes C. partellus as a major pest of maize in Asia and Africa, causing up to 80% yield losses. The document outlines identification features at different life stages. Management strategies discussed are cultural, biological, pheromonal, botanical, and chemical control, with an emphasis on using natural enemies and less toxic insecticides applied early in crop development.
1. To diagnose plant problems, carefully examine plants for abnormal characteristics, look for patterns of injury, and scout plants to identify the cause.
2. Common plant problems can be abiotic, caused by non-living factors like weather, or biotic, caused by living organisms. Pests cause biotic problems and identifying the specific pest is important.
3. Proper scouting involves monitoring marked areas over time, considering when and how symptoms developed, and using identification resources to determine the likely cause of injury.
FEY Lec. 2 Introduction to phylum arthropoda.pptRajuPanse
This document discusses the characteristics of arthropods and their classification. It begins by defining arthropods as segmented animals in the phylum Arthropoda that have jointed appendages. It then lists key characteristics of arthropods such as a segmented body plan, paired appendages, an exoskeleton, molting, and bilateral symmetry. The document goes on to classify the phylum Arthropoda into 7 classes: Onychophora, Crustacea, Arachnida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Trilobita, and Hexapoda (Insects). It provides examples and brief descriptions of each class.
Piper betel, or betel vine, is a perennial creeper native to Malaysia that is widely cultivated for its aromatic leaves, which are used as a masticatory. The leaves are rich in nutrients and have religious and medicinal importance. Betel vine grows best in humid, tropical conditions with rainfall between 225-475 cm. It is propagated through cuttings and needs intensive care including pruning, manuring, irrigation, and protection from insect pests and diseases. On average, mature vines yield 52-75 lakh leaves per hectare annually.
The document discusses major insect pests that affect cashew plants, including the tea mosquito bug, cashew stem and root borer, cashew leaf miner, red banded thrips, and mealy bug. It provides details on the identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management practices for these key pests. Some severe pests are the tea mosquito bug, which can cause 20-60% yield losses, and the cashew stem and root borer, which can kill trees by extensively damaging roots. Management involves monitoring, collection of damaged plant parts, and application of specified insecticides at particular plant growth stages.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that infect crucifer crops like cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The major pests described in detail include the cabbage butterfly, diamond back moth, flea beetle, mustard sawfly, and cabbage aphid. For each pest, the document outlines their physical description, life cycle, damage caused, and potential management strategies. Minor pests that are also briefly mentioned include tobacco caterpillar, soybean hairy caterpillar, and various bugs and beetles. The document provides important information on identifying and controlling key insect threats to crucifer vegetable production.
1. The potato tuber moth is a major pest of potatoes that causes damage by tunneling into foliage, stems, and tubers. It has 5-6 generations per year.
2. Cutworms can damage potato and other crops by cutting young plant stems. They are most active at night and in cool climates.
3. The sweet potato weevil bores into and damages sweet potato stems and tubers both in fields and storage. It is carried between seasons in damaged tubers.
The document discusses various products for protecting paddy crops including Bio Gold, Root-o-Max Gold, Picaso Gold, and Indomycorrhiza. It also discusses major weeds, insect pests, and diseases that affect rice crops such as the yellow stem borer, pink borer, leaf folder, brown plant hopper, and white backed plant hopper. Control and management options are provided for each pest including recommended dosages of products like Orion Gold and Kranti.
Potato is the world's fourth largest food crop. In India, it is the third largest produced crop after rice and wheat. The document discusses potato cultivation practices in India such as varieties, nutritional value, common pests and diseases, and their management. It provides details on weeds, their types, and control methods. It also outlines the application schedules, benefits, and working of different products used at various potato growth stages to promote plant health and manage pests and diseases. These include products like HPM Gold GR, 24 Karat, Devsena, and chemicals for weed, disease, and insect control.
This document provides information on various insect pests and non-insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It identifies over 150 insect species that damage sorghum but focuses on the most serious pests, which it classifies as borer pests, ear head feeders, sap feeders, defoliators, and non-insect pests like mites. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature and symptoms of damage. Some of the key pests discussed include the sorghum shoot fly, sorghum stem borer, sorghum ear head bugs, and the sorghum ear head midge.
Identification and damage to store grain by coleopteran pests and its managementMilindLimbachiya
This document discusses the identification and management of coleopteran (beetle) pests that damage stored grains. It identifies two main types of stored grain pests - primary pests that damage sound grains (internal and external feeders), and secondary pests that damage already damaged grains. It then provides details on the identification and damage caused by several important primary pests, including cigarette beetle, khapra beetle, lesser grain borer, pulse beetle, rice weevil, and groundnut beetle. It also discusses secondary pests like red rust flour beetle. The document outlines preventive and curative management measures for stored grain pests, including sanitation, drying, proper storage structures, temperature
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
Bhendi shoot and fruit borer, which is highly destructive to the bhendi crops, damaging most of the economic part of the crops,yield of crop will reduce and fruit become unsuitable for the consumption .
This document provides information on the production of peas in Himachal Pradesh, India. It discusses the botanical details of peas, important varieties grown in the region, ideal climate and soil conditions, and cultivation practices like sowing time, seed rate, spacing, manures and fertilizers, irrigation, weeding, and pest and disease management. The main varieties mentioned are Arkel, VL-7, Matar Ageta, and Punjab 89 for early season, and Palam Priya, Solan Nirog, and GC-477 for main season. Climatic needs, ideal soil type, and harvesting procedures are also outlined.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
Maulik Genetic Resources as Site Specific Staple Food Genetic Resources for Food and Nutrition Security
Are these enough to secure food and to advance agricultural sciences
Fall Army Worm is a new insect in Bangladesh. The people will able to know how it is attack, its harmful effect etc.it is very dangerous insect for our crop cultivation. It is capable to destroy our crops totally.
Thrips are a pest that damages onions and garlic by feeding on the leaves. The adult thrips are pale yellow to gray and lay eggs in leaf epidermis. Nymphs and adults lacerate leaf tissue from between the sheath and stem to feed on oozing sap, causing small white patches. Severe infestations can cause leaves to dry from the tip downwards and distort or stunt bulbs. Management techniques include clean cultivation, flooding fields to control populations, and spraying recommended insecticides.
This document provides information on the production technology of onion and garlic crops. It discusses the botanical details, climate and soil requirements, varieties, planting methods, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation practices, intercultivation, harvesting, curing, storage and important diseases of onion. It summarizes the key information on the leading onion producing states in India, recommended spacing and seed rate for planting, important improved varieties released by state agricultural universities with their characteristics and yield.
This document provides information on the maize stem borer (Chilo partellus), including its identification, life cycle, damage to maize crops, host plants, economic injury level, and management practices. It describes C. partellus as a major pest of maize in Asia and Africa, causing up to 80% yield losses. The document outlines identification features at different life stages. Management strategies discussed are cultural, biological, pheromonal, botanical, and chemical control, with an emphasis on using natural enemies and less toxic insecticides applied early in crop development.
1. To diagnose plant problems, carefully examine plants for abnormal characteristics, look for patterns of injury, and scout plants to identify the cause.
2. Common plant problems can be abiotic, caused by non-living factors like weather, or biotic, caused by living organisms. Pests cause biotic problems and identifying the specific pest is important.
3. Proper scouting involves monitoring marked areas over time, considering when and how symptoms developed, and using identification resources to determine the likely cause of injury.
FEY Lec. 2 Introduction to phylum arthropoda.pptRajuPanse
This document discusses the characteristics of arthropods and their classification. It begins by defining arthropods as segmented animals in the phylum Arthropoda that have jointed appendages. It then lists key characteristics of arthropods such as a segmented body plan, paired appendages, an exoskeleton, molting, and bilateral symmetry. The document goes on to classify the phylum Arthropoda into 7 classes: Onychophora, Crustacea, Arachnida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Trilobita, and Hexapoda (Insects). It provides examples and brief descriptions of each class.
Piper betel, or betel vine, is a perennial creeper native to Malaysia that is widely cultivated for its aromatic leaves, which are used as a masticatory. The leaves are rich in nutrients and have religious and medicinal importance. Betel vine grows best in humid, tropical conditions with rainfall between 225-475 cm. It is propagated through cuttings and needs intensive care including pruning, manuring, irrigation, and protection from insect pests and diseases. On average, mature vines yield 52-75 lakh leaves per hectare annually.
The document discusses major insect pests that affect cashew plants, including the tea mosquito bug, cashew stem and root borer, cashew leaf miner, red banded thrips, and mealy bug. It provides details on the identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management practices for these key pests. Some severe pests are the tea mosquito bug, which can cause 20-60% yield losses, and the cashew stem and root borer, which can kill trees by extensively damaging roots. Management involves monitoring, collection of damaged plant parts, and application of specified insecticides at particular plant growth stages.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that infect crucifer crops like cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The major pests described in detail include the cabbage butterfly, diamond back moth, flea beetle, mustard sawfly, and cabbage aphid. For each pest, the document outlines their physical description, life cycle, damage caused, and potential management strategies. Minor pests that are also briefly mentioned include tobacco caterpillar, soybean hairy caterpillar, and various bugs and beetles. The document provides important information on identifying and controlling key insect threats to crucifer vegetable production.
1. The potato tuber moth is a major pest of potatoes that causes damage by tunneling into foliage, stems, and tubers. It has 5-6 generations per year.
2. Cutworms can damage potato and other crops by cutting young plant stems. They are most active at night and in cool climates.
3. The sweet potato weevil bores into and damages sweet potato stems and tubers both in fields and storage. It is carried between seasons in damaged tubers.
The document discusses various products for protecting paddy crops including Bio Gold, Root-o-Max Gold, Picaso Gold, and Indomycorrhiza. It also discusses major weeds, insect pests, and diseases that affect rice crops such as the yellow stem borer, pink borer, leaf folder, brown plant hopper, and white backed plant hopper. Control and management options are provided for each pest including recommended dosages of products like Orion Gold and Kranti.
Potato is the world's fourth largest food crop. In India, it is the third largest produced crop after rice and wheat. The document discusses potato cultivation practices in India such as varieties, nutritional value, common pests and diseases, and their management. It provides details on weeds, their types, and control methods. It also outlines the application schedules, benefits, and working of different products used at various potato growth stages to promote plant health and manage pests and diseases. These include products like HPM Gold GR, 24 Karat, Devsena, and chemicals for weed, disease, and insect control.
CHILLI Cultivation Practices and Improved Variety, biotic and abiotic stres...ayushtiwari125861
This Slide teaches you about the cultivation practices of Chilli Crop.
Use full for your Exam, presentation work, etc.
This slide includes:
1. Chili cultivation Practices
2. Abiotic and Biotic Stress
3. Diseases
4. Improved variety with quality.
This document provides information on the production technology of turnip. It discusses the botany of turnip, including its botanical name and family. It describes propagation methods, suitable soil and climate conditions, field preparation procedures, seed rates, sowing times, fertilizer needs, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, post-harvest handling, common pests and diseases, and popular varieties of turnip. The document is intended to serve as a guide for farmers on how to successfully grow turnip as a crop.
Allium Seed Production ~ Cornell University, New YorkSeeds
Alliums, which include many important vegetable crops, reproduce through cross-pollination and require isolation of varieties when grown for seed production. They include onions, garlic, leeks, and other species. Seed producers must isolate varieties of the same species by certain distances or through caging/bagging to prevent cross-pollination. Many alliums are biennials requiring vernalization and grow best from bulbs. Seeds should be harvested when dry and processed by threshing, screening, and drying to remove chaff while maintaining viability.
This document provides information about green gram seed production. It discusses the botanical description of green gram, including its roots, stems, flowers, leaves, fruits, and seeds. It also outlines green gram's climatic requirements, preferred soil type, land preparation, isolation requirements, application of manures and fertilizers, seed treatment, sowing methods, and more. The document is a report submitted to professors that evaluates field work activities for green gram seed production, including land preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, weeding, and applications of amrutpani and panchagavya.
Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot applicationSupta Sarkar
Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot application:
DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICALS (PESTICIDES) DOSES FOR FIELD APPLICATION:
Cereals:
-rice
-wheat
-maize
Millet:
-ragi
Pulses:
-pigeon pea (Red gram)
-green gram & black gram
-Lentil
-STUDY 1: (Chick pea) /[Bengal gram]
Oilseed crop – Groundnut
Sugar crop – Sugarcane
Fruits – Mango
Vegetables
-Tomato
-Cole crops
FERTILIZERS FOR FIELD APPLICATION
-STUDY 2 :(Optimization & validation of targeted yield equation based fertilizer doses)
GROWTH REGULATORS
DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICAL DOSES FOR POT APPLICATION
-STUDY 3: (Fertilizer management of cabbage)
REFERENCES
This document provides an introduction to garlic including its uses, nutritional value, major growing regions, varieties, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It discusses that garlic is used as a spice and condiment in India and promotes heart and immune health. It also summarizes that the major garlic growing countries include USA, Egypt, China, Korea and India. The document outlines garlic's climate requirements, soil preferences, propagation methods, and pest and disease management practices.
The document provides information on chilli cultivation including:
- Chilli is an important commercial crop grown in India, with major producing states being Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.
- There are over 400 chilli varieties worldwide, with common types including selection, mutant, hybrid, and public/private sector varieties.
- Optimal growing conditions include temperatures from 24-40°C, pH 5.8-6.5 soil, and irrigation every 5-6 days in summer and 9-10 days in winter.
- Pests and diseases that affect chilli require control methods like spraying insecticides for thrips and fungicides for diseases such as damping off.
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops in India. It describes the scientific name, symptoms of damage, life cycle stages and pictures of key insect pests such as the shoot borer, internode borer, top borer, white grub, termite, Pyrilla, scale, mealybug and woolly aphid. It also outlines integrated pest management strategies for each insect pest, including cultural, biological and chemical control methods. The document was submitted to Dr. C. Narender Reddy of the Department of Entomology for review.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
Garlic is a valuable spice crop grown in India and worldwide. It promotes heart and immune health and supports blood circulation. Major producers include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. Garlic is rich in nutrients and antioxidants. In India, production is low despite suitable climatic conditions across many states. Popular varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5. Garlic is typically grown through cloves planted during June-July and October-November seasons. Proper soil preparation, fertilization, irrigation, and pest/disease management are needed to achieve optimal yields.
- Mustard is a major rabi (winter) oilseed crop grown in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh. It is cultivated for its oil-rich seeds which contain 37-49% oil.
- The document discusses agronomic practices for growing mustard such as variety selection, sowing time, seed rate, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, and pest management. It also summarizes information on mustard's floral biology, nutrition value, and common pests and diseases.
- With improved varieties and agronomic management, average yields of 10-12 quintals/hectare for rapeseed and 15-
This document provides information on sprouting broccoli. It begins by identifying its botanical name and family, and notes it originated in the Mediterranean region. It then discusses the plant's morphology, composition, uses, cultivation requirements including climate, soil, planting, harvesting, and diseases and pests. It lists several varieties and concludes with physiological disorders and their causes and controls. In summary, it is a comprehensive overview of sprouting broccoli covering its botanical characteristics, cultivation practices, and common issues.
Gerbera is commonly grown in several states in India. There are many varieties that differ in color. Propagation is through division of suckers or tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures of 22-25°C during the day and 12-16°C at night under 50% shade. Soil preparation includes fumigation, with beds spaced 60cm apart. Drip irrigation of 4.5-6 liters/m2 daily is required. Pests like aphids and diseases like crown rot must be managed. Flowers are harvested once the outer disc florets open, with a yield of 130-200 flowers/m2 annually. Post-harvest care includes hydration and bleach treatment, with boxes
This document provides information on sweet potatoes, including that they are an important starchy crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It details that India's top producing states are Bihar, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh. Sweet potatoes are used for food and industrial purposes and provide nutrients. The document outlines ideal growing conditions, common varieties, and pests and diseases affecting sweet potato cultivation.
The document provides information on recent advances in ginger production in India. It discusses ginger's morphology, production technology including land preparation, propagation methods, planting techniques, fertilizer use, and pest and disease management. It also outlines some high-yielding ginger varieties released in India, listing their average yields, key features, and recommended production regions. The top three ginger producing states in India are Kerala, Orissa and Meghalaya.
Ginger is a herbaceous perennial plant grown for its rhizome. It originates from South-East Asia and India. The plant has narrow green leaves and pale yellow flowers. The fresh or dried underground rhizome is used as a spice and in herbal medicine. Ginger requires warm, humid conditions with adequate rainfall and shade. It is cultivated using rhizome sets planted in ridges or beds and harvested after 8-10 months when the leaves yellow. Common diseases include bacterial and fungal rots. Ginger is an important spice in Pakistan but domestic production is low, with most ginger imported to meet demand.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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2. ONION
India is 2nd largest producer of Onion next to China.
Productivity of Onion is much below that of China or world
average.
India exports 16.7 lakh tons worth Rs1816 crore (2010) of
Onion.
Indian export is mainly to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and
Pakistan and small quantity to middle east.
3. Figures
Major Onion Producing Countries
Country Area Production Productivity
(Lakh Ha) (Lakh Ton) (T/ha)
China 10.25 226 22.05
India 9.59 163.09 17.01
U.S.A. 0.6 32.77 54.62
Iran (Islamic Republic
of) 0.71 22.6 31.83
Russian Federation 0.92 20.81 22.59
Egypt 0.6 20.25 33.75
Major Onion Exporting Countries : China, India, Netherlands, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, USA, Brazil
Major Onion Importing Countries : Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Dubai, Kuwait,
Indonesia, UAE, Singapore, Seychelles, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bangladesh
4. Figures
Major Onion Producing States
State
Area
Production
(in '000 MT)
Productivit
y (Ton/ha)
('000 ha)
Maharashtra 468.0 5864.0 12.5
Madhya Pradesh 117.3 2826.0 24.1
Karnataka 136.6 2065.2 15.1
Gujarat 72.8 1851.2 25.4
Bihar 54.3 1304.2 24.0
Andhra Pradesh 55.8 1004.6 18.0
Rajasthan 57.5 705.0 12.3
5. Maharashtra is the largest producing state contributing
about 31% of India’s total production.
It has largest area (1.2 lakh Ha) and highest productivity
(21.5 tons/ha).
Nasik is India’s largest market for Onion trading.
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and
Karnataka are other important states.
6. Seasons & Varieties
Season Growing Months Harvest months Storage Quality Remarks
Kharif /Rainy June-August August-September Poor (1 month) 10-15%
Late Kharif
(Rangda)
September-
November
November-
December Poor (1 month) 30-35%
Rabi /Winter (Pol
/Unhali) December-February February-March Good (4-6 month) 50-60 %
Variety Season Colour Remarks
N-53 Kharif Red Poor Storage
Baswant-780 Kharif Red Poor Storage
N2-4-1 Rabi Brick-Red Good Storage
N-257-9-1 Rabi White Good Storage
Phule Safed All year White
Good for
Dehydration
Phule Suvarna Late Kharif /Rabi Yellow Red
Good for export to
Europe
AFDR Late Kharif /Rabi Dark Red
Fairly Good for
Storage
AFLR Rabi Light Red Good Storage
7. Nursery Raising
Seed Rate: 8 – 10 Kg/Ha
Proper nursery management and transplanting are
important operations in the onion crop.
About 0.05 hectare nursery bed area is enough for getting
seedlings to transplant in one hectare.
Field should be ploughed 5-6 times to break clods and well
pulverized to hold water.
The debris of previous crops, weeds and stones should be
removed before bed preparation.
8. Main Field Preparation
Prior to transplanting, field should be ploughed & disked properly
to eliminate debris and soil clods.
Organic manures equivalent to 75 kg nitrogen/ha should be
incorporated at the time of last ploughing and beds with
appropriate size should be prepared after levelling.
Water logging favours Anthracnose which is a devastating
disease thus flat bed should be avoided.
Broad bed furrow (BBF) is best method for onion production as
excess water can be drained out through the furrow.
BBF of 15 cm height and 120 cm top width with 45 cm furrow are
best to achieve proper spacing and population density. It is
suitable for drip and sprinkler irrigation as well.
9. Transplanting
Proper care should be taken while selecting seedlings for transplanting.
Over and under aged seedlings should be avoided for better establishment.
At the time of transplanting, one third of the seedling top should be cut to
get good establishment.
Before transplanting, roots treatment should be done with a good systemic
fungicide to reduce incidence of fungal diseases during establishment.
The optimum spacing is 15 cm between the rows and 10 cm between plants.
10. Nutrient Management
N P2O5 K2O
Kharif onion (Yield potential – 25-30 t/ha)
Basal 25 kg 40 kg 40 kg organic manure equivalent to 75kg N
(FYM – Approx. 15 t/ha or
Vermicompost – Approx. 7.5 t/ha)
Starter 10 Kg/Ha
30 DAT 25 kg - - Humino 5 – 7.5 Kg/Ha
45 DAT 25 kg - - -
Total 75 kg 40 kg 40 kg -
Late Kharif and Rabi onion (Yield potential- 40-50 t/ha)
Basal 40 kg 40 kg 60 kg organic manure equivalent to 75kg N
(FYM – Approx. 15 t/ha or
Vermicompost – Approx. 7.5 t/ha)
Starter 10Kg/Ha
30 DAT 35 kg - - Humino 5 – 7.5 Kg/Ha
45 DAT 35 kg - -
Total 110kg 40 kg 60 kg
11. Nutrient Management
One third of recommended N and full dose of P2O5 and K2O
are applied at the time of planting while remaining two
third N is applied in two equal splits at 30 and 45 days after
planting.
In addition to NPK, sulphur & Zinc are also essential plant
nutrients important for onion crop.
Application of 15-30 kg S/ha as basal dose at the time of
transplanting is sufficient for optimum production of onion.
Foliar application of Zn @ 0.5% at 45 and 60 days after
transplanting improves nutritional quality of onion bulbs.
12. Weed management
Onion is infested with diverse flora of weeds.
Onion crop has very poor competitive ability with weeds.
This is due to
slow initial growth;
lack of adequate foliage to smother weeds.
Weeds have the ability to reduce bulb yield by 49-86%
depending on severity of infestation.
16. Weed Control
• Pre Emergence Herbicide –
1. Pendimethalin 30 % EC @ 1 – 1.5 L/Acre
2. Pendimethalin 37.8 % CS @ 700 ml/Acre
Apply the Herbicide with 3 Days of Transplanting
Prevent the crop from weeds by making a protective layer on the
soil surface thus inhibit the weeds from Germination.
17. Weed Control
• Post Emergence Herbicide
1. Propaquizafop 10% EC @ 250 ml/Acre
2. Quizalafop 5 % EC @ 400 ml/Acre
3. Quizalafop 10 % @ 200 ml/Acre
An excellent systemic selective, post emergence herbicide for control of
annual and perennial grassy weeds in broadleaf crops.
Recommended for post emergent use at 2 to 3 leaf stage of weed
growth
One hour rain fastness and enhanced activity on target weeds.
4. Oxyfulorfen 23.5 % EC @ 100 – 150 ml/Acre
An excellent pre-emergence and directed post-emergence contact
herbicide.
It provides selective control of most annual broad-leaf weeds and some
grassy weeds.
Sunlight is essential for performance of Oxy Gold.
18. Insect Pest Management
Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci)
With continuing leaf growth, these feeding
points elongate to give the typical onion
thrips symptoms: whitish spots & streaks on
the leaves.
Intensive feeding results in silvery-white
stippled appearance referred as white blast
or silver top.
Seedlings may be killed if large numbers of
thrips are present.
19. Management
Greentara 100 g/Acre
Regent Sc 250 ml/acre
Jump WG 50 G/Acre
Acephate 500 g/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
20. Insect Pest Management
Leafminers (Lyriomyza spp.)
Thin, white, winding trails on leaves; heavy mining can
result in white blotches on leaves and leaves
dropping from the plant prematurely; early infestation
can cause yield to be reduced; adult leafminer is a
small black and yellow fly which lays its eggs in the
leaf; larave hatch and feed on leaf interior.
22. Disease Management
Purple Blotch (Alternari porri)
The symptoms start appearing on old leaves
first.
Eye shaped, purple colour spots develop on
infected leaves which are surrounded by a
broad chlorotic margin
Lesions may girdle leaves and stalks, which
drop after 2-3 weeks.
23. Management
Nativo 120 g/Acre
Amistar 200 ml/Acre
Avtar 500g/Acre
Contaf Plus 330 ml/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
24. Disease Management
Stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium
vesicarium)
Small yellow to orange spots develop in middle of
leaves which soon develop into elongated, spindle
shaped diffused spots surrounded by characteristic
pinkish margin.
The spots progress from the tip to the base of the
leaves. The spots coalesce into extended patches,
blighting the leaves and gradually the entire foliage.
25. Management
Nativo 120 g/Acre
Amistar 200 ml/Acre
Avtar 500g/Acre
Contaf Plus 330 ml/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
26. Disease Management
Downy Mildew (Peronospora destructor)
Systemically infected plants are dwarfed and pale
green; destroys foliage rapidly.
Bulb formation slows down & gradually stops
Bulbs do not develop fully & remain soft & spongy.
28. Disease Management
Smut of Onion (Urocystis cepulae)
Black smut Sori are seen at the base of the
leaves and leaf surface.
Black powdery mass is seen after rupturing
of sorus wall.
29. Management
Saaf 500 g/Acre
Sprint 500 g/Acre
Full stop 250 g/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
30. Disease Management
Black Mold of Onion (Aspergillus niger)
Infection usually is through neck tissues as
foliage dies down at maturity.
Infected bulbs are discolored black around the
neck, and affected scales shrivel.
Powdery black spores are arranged as streaks
along veins on & between outer dry scales.
Market value of affected bulbs is reduced.
31. Management
Saaf 500 g/Acre
Sprint 500 g/Acre
Full stop 250 g/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
32. Disease Management
Soft Rot/Bulb Rot
Bacterial (Pseudomonas) - or Fungal
Tissues become water soaked/soft & pale
yellow to light brown.
Watery, foul-smelling viscous liquid may
ooze from the neck when squeezed.
If infected in the field, leaves wilt & turn
white
33. Management
Conika 300 g/Acre
Copper Oxychloride 500g/Acre with Streptocycline 6g/15
Litre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
34. Disease Management
White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum)
First symptom is yellowing & wilting of foliage
Under wet conditions plants may not wilt, but
become loose in soil
Below ground, the pathogen rots the roots and
then invades the bulb
White fluffy fungus growth appears on the base
of the bulb & later becomes covered in small,
round, black structures
35. Management
Saaf 500 g/Acre
Sprint 500 g/Acre
Full stop 250 g/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
36. Disease Management
Basal Rot (Fusarium oxysporum sp. cepae)
A white fungal growth is evident at the base of
infected bulbs.
When an infected bulb is cut vertically, a brown
discoloration of the stem plate tissue is apparent.
Basal rot can continue in storage.
Sometimes the bulb appears healthy from
outside, but inner side sheaths are rotten.
37. Management
Saaf 500 g/Acre
Sprint 500 g/Acre
Full stop 250 g/Acre
Folicur 250 ml/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
38. Disease Management
Neck Rot (Botrytis allii)
Decay of bulbs from the neck downwards
Scales of diseased bulbs become soft & brown, giving
them a ‘cooked’ appearance
Dense grey mould growth develops.
This is often accompanied by hard, black, crust-like
structures (the resting bodies or sclerotia of the
fungus)
39. Management
Saaf 500 g/Acre
Sprint 500 g/Acre
Full stop 250 g/Acre
Mix Activator 5 ml/15 litre for better control
40. For Better Storage it is advised to spray the onion crop with
a good systemic fungicide 10 days before harvesting. This
prevents the crop from Smut and other fungus which does
damage during storage.