On farm innovations that increase production irrigated macadamia production – a south african perspective - gerhard mostert
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Macadamia trees grow best at temperatures between 20-25°C, while temperatures below -1°C can harm young trees and frosts of -6°C can kill them. Prolonged exposure over 35°C also causes stress. Average annual rainfall should be at least 1200mm, but irrigation is needed if rainfall is lower. Irrigation in Australia increased macadamia yields from 10.54kg to 20.79kg per tree, a 97% increase. Irrigation in South Africa increases yields from 2t/ha without irrigation to 3-5t/ha with irrigation.
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This document discusses the integrated pest management of stink bugs and other pests in macadamia orchards in South Africa. It summarizes the seasonal abundance and host switching behavior of key pest species like the two spotted stink bug. It analyzes the overwintering patterns of stink bugs and the seasonal succession of indigenous bug populations. The document also examines the relationship between nut borer moth catches, egg/larval stages, and damage. It proposes spraying dates and conclusions on stink bug ecology. Monitoring data and strategies will be made available on a weekly-updating industry website.
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Innovations in water management for small farmers
Innovations in water management for small farmers IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
The document discusses innovations in water management for small farmers in semi-arid regions. It notes that over 800 million people live in semi-arid areas and face challenges of poverty, land degradation, lack of water access, and more. New technologies discussed include improved water storage systems, irrigation expansion, on-farm water management techniques, use of sensors to measure soil data, harnessing of groundwater resources, integrating irrigation with water/sanitation sectors, climate change mitigation strategies, and using mycorrhizae fungi and biochar to improve soil and water retention. The document advocates for a holistic integrated water resources management approach to improve livelihoods for farmers in dryland regions.Technological innovations for boosting crop productivity in dryland.pptx
This presentation describes about few of the Innovations that have been made for improving the crop productivity under the dryland agriculture system. Success stories are also added for convenience. This was my college seminar presentation, hope it suits well.
Irrigation Presentation.ppt
This document discusses olive irrigation, including the physiological effects of water stress on olive trees and how irrigation can benefit olive production. Some key points:
- Irrigation increases canopy growth, root development, and early onset of production in young olive trees.
- Irrigation increases fruit production in adult trees by over 100% compared to unirrigated trees, with higher increases at lower planting densities.
- Olive trees are drought resistant but need at least 600-700mm of water per year for regular growth and production. Deficit irrigation can be used to influence fruit and oil yield/quality.
- The type of irrigation system used (furrow, drip, sprinkler) depends on soil type and other factors
Crop Production in Dry Land Area.pptx
climatic and soil factors in dryland farming in indian region, you will understand the different variations regarding the dryland farming and you can understand about the dryland techniques.
Tropical rainforest
This document summarizes key aspects of tropical rainforests, including their location, climate characteristics, soil type, vegetation layers, threats, and causes of deforestation. Tropical rainforests are located between 5-10 degrees north and south of the equator in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and the Amazon Basin. They have high temperatures, rainfall, and humidity that support the growth of deep, nutrient-poor soils and several vegetation layers ranging from emergent trees to an understory. Common threats include slash-and-burn agriculture, fires, logging, cattle ranching, and agriculture which have significantly reduced tropical rainforest coverage due to unsustainable practices.
Learning Event No 11, Session 2. Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD)...
Learning Event No 11, Session 2. Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD)...CCAFS | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
Building Resilience to Climate Change and Increase Food Security Through Scaling up Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration. Presentation from Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) 2011. Learning Event number 11, Session 2, Room C. Presented by Abasse , How the Niger Republic is building resilience of farmers to climate change and increasing food security. 20100906140933our presentation
The group members are studying different crops commonly grown by farmers in rural areas, including oil palm, rubber trees, and rice. These crops are suitable for the fertile soil and climate conditions in the rural villages. During dry seasons, crop production and farmer incomes may decrease. The group plans to research why farmers choose these particular crops, which crops can survive drought, what soil and climate conditions allow crop growth, and the differences between C3 and C4 crops. They will conduct research online and in journals.
Dusty Gedges - EFB
O enfoque deste Workshop está na demonstração das oportunidades de intervenção que resultam da actual conjuntura no âmbito da CERTIFICAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA E DA QUALIDADE DO AR EM EDIFÍCIOS, dando relevo ao papel das COBERTURAS no desempenho energético-ambiental do edificado. O Workshop é dirigido a todos os decisores que influenciam a qualidade de construção do meio edificado.
O tema assume grande relevância, na medida em que as coberturas dos edifícios estão na origem de muitas patologias, que carecem de resolução urgente e, também, porque é nestes espaços que será possível integrar um conjunto importante das oportunidades associadas à sustentabilidade urbana – é o caso da utilização de energias renováveis, do aproveitamento da água da chuva e do contributo para a redução do efeito “Ilha de Calor Urbana”.
Protected ariculture: A production system for arid rehgions
This document discusses protected agriculture as a production system suitable for arid regions. It describes the environmental constraints of arid zones like low and erratic rainfall, high temperatures, and scarce water resources. Protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and low tunnels are recommended as they provide favorable growing conditions, higher yields, and more efficient water and input use compared to open field cultivation. Specific techniques for different crops like tomato, cucumber, and capsicum within these protected structures are covered, including variety selection, seedling raising, transplanting, training, fertigation practices, and more.
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This document discusses the importance of cover crops in conservation agriculture systems. It notes that a permanent year-round soil cover is central to conservation agriculture. It then discusses the benefits of soil cover, including protecting the soil, improving soil moisture and structure, and providing habitat for other organisms. The document outlines different types of soil cover, including living cover crops and mulch. It provides examples of cover crops and their characteristics. It discusses managing cover crops, including seed sources, planting methods, and challenges to adoption. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of soil cover for sustainable agriculture.
Onion eng
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Cassava crop 1
Cassava is the third most important source of calories in the tropics after rice and maize. It is grown mostly by smallholder farmers and low-income communities, especially women. Cassava production has increased by 100 million tons since 2000 due to rising demand in Asia. Cassava is well-suited to growth in marginal areas with poor soil and unpredictable rainfall due to its hardiness and ability to be grown with few inputs. The crop's increasing production offers opportunities for farmers to earn higher incomes and boost food supplies where needed.
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This document provides gardening tips for the West Kimberley region of Australia, which has an arid climate with high temperatures, seasonal rainfall, and wind. It recommends using local plant varieties adapted to the conditions, designing gardens to reduce evaporation through windbreaks and shade, improving soil with compost, and using mulch and efficient irrigation to minimize water use. Key techniques include grouping plants by water needs, retrofitting existing gardens, adding soil conditioners, and choosing appropriate mulches and watering systems.
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Practical productive and environment friendly utilization of salt affected lands
1) The document discusses strategies for utilizing salt-affected soils in Pakistan in a practical, productive, and environmentally friendly manner.
2) It describes three types of salt-affected soils in Pakistan and introduces varieties developed to suit each soil type: short-stature wheat for irrigated saline soils, drought-tolerant wheat for saline soils in dry areas, and Durugen wheat to tolerate desert conditions of high salt, heat, and low water.
3) Testing showed these new varieties outperformed standard varieties by yielding more while requiring fewer inputs under harsh soil and climate conditions. Their cultivation could help increase wheat production and improve food security.
Salata eng
The document discusses irrigation for lettuce and green leaf crops. It notes that lettuce has a shallow root system and requires strict moisture management. Insufficient irrigation can negatively impact yields and quality, while too much irrigation can also reduce quality. The NaanDan Jain IrriStand system is highlighted as optimizing irrigation by simulating light rain with low flow sprinklers and uniform distribution to meet crop needs. It maintains soil aeration while providing water and nutrients specifically tailored to the shallow root system of lettuce.
20100906140913beriani pbl
The document discusses why farmers in a rural village grow certain crops such as oil palm, rubber trees, and rice. It provides details on the suitable growing conditions for each crop, including soil type, climate, and differences between C3 and C4 plants. Specifically:
1) Oil palm, rubber trees, and rice are grown because the land has fertile soil and suitable conditions for these commercial crops.
2) Oil palm and rubber trees can grow in a variety of soil types as long as the soil has good drainage. Rice grows best in humid, flooded soil.
3) Each crop thrives under different temperature and rainfall conditions that are typical for the region.
Effect of Precipatation on Distribution of Plants.pptx
Useful for the students who wants to study this topic & enhances the knowledge for a specific topic.
PRECIPITATION:
is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water that falls under gravity from clouds.
The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and "precipitates". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate.
Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air.
REASON FOR CHANGE IN PRECIPITATION: There are many reasons for changes in precipitation. The leading cause is a change in temperature. Many scientists believe an increase in temperature could lead to a more intense water cycle. The rates of evaporation from soils and water, as well as transpiration from plants, could increase. The amount of precipitation could also increase. Predicted changes in the water cycle differ according to the region of the planet being examined. Many scientists believe rates of evaporation will be greater than precipitation in the middle latitudes such as the United States. This could result in drier summers in these regions. Of course, predicted changes in the water cycle also differ according to the climate. EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION ON PLANTS: Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on plants distribution. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops. Drought can kill crops and increase erosion, while overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth. Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, certain cacti require small amounts of water, while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive. In areas with wet and dry seasons, soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season.
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT BIOMES: The geographical distribution (and productivity) of the plants in the various biomes is controlled primarily by the climatic variables precipitation and temperature. There are 8 major terrestrial biomes >Tropical Rain Forest >Tropical Savanna > Deserts >Grass Lands > Chaparral > Temperate Deciduous Forests > Temperate Boreal Forests > Artic And Alpine Tundra Each biome plants have different adaptation to survive in that environment.
Tundra means marshy plain. The geographical distribution of the tundra biome is largely poleward of 60° North latitude.
The tundra biome is characterized by an absence of trees, the presence of dwarf plants
Ldb Permacultura_Kent dryland strategies 2
The document discusses dryland strategies for establishing vegetation in arid environments. It focuses on reducing evaporation through techniques like planting windbreaks and adding mulch to increase soil moisture and plant growth. Key strategies include establishing deep-rooted pioneer trees with irrigation, directing runoff to infiltrate soils, and harvesting water in swales and dams. The document also provides guidelines for desert housing and settlements, emphasizing passive cooling methods and water conservation.
Ldb Permacultura_Kent dryland strategies
Dryland strategies focus on reducing evaporation through increasing soil life and plant cycles. This decreases evaporation via shade, wind buffering, and mulch additions. This improves water cycling efficiency for plant establishment. Techniques include reducing wastewater, managing flood flows, and runoff. Pioneer trees need mulch and drip irrigation for wind buffering and mulch production. Summer is a slow period with heat and water stress, so fertilizers are added in winter. Desert housing requires cooling in summer and warmth in winter through features like courtyards, evaporation, and ventilation strategies.
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Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
GraphSummit Singapore | Graphing Success: Revolutionising Organisational Stru...
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software Fuzzing
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Consult the full report at https://www.oecd.org/digital/oecd-artificial-intelligence-review-of-germany-609808d6-en.htm
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a Website
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
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- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
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- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
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On farm innovations that increase production irrigated macadamia production – a south african perspective - gerhard mostert
- 2. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Best results from macadamias are achieved at temperatures between 20° and 25°C. Soil temperatures less than -1°C can severely affect young trees and frosts of -6°C will kill young trees and damage flowers and foliage of older trees. Prolonged exposure to over 35°C will also cause stress. Average annual rainfall should be at least 1200mm, otherwise irrigation is required. Between 1500mm and 2500mm is ideal for most soils.
- 3. • < 20 % area under Mac production have rainfall >1200mm/yr • All the Northern areas - dry winter and spring
- 4. IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION Yield !!! = profit In a season of below average rainfall (Clunes, Northern New South Wales, Australia), irrigation increased yield of Macadamia var. 246 from 10.54 kilograms per tree of nut in shell (10 % moisture nis) for non irrigated trees to 20.79 kilograms (10% moisture nis) for irrigated trees, an increase of 97 %. - Col Peak and Ned Sutherland South Africa Average Dry land yield = 2t/ha Irrigation = 3 to 5 t/ha
- 5. CRITICAL PERIODS FOR NO WATER STRESS Flowering Fruit set Exponential fruit growth
- 6. WATER REQUIREMENTS • Total water requirement (effective) • 950mm to 1100 mm/ha/year • 32 000 liter/tree/year (313 trees/ha) • Max daily water use (January)(mature trees) • 6 mm/ha/day • 190 liter/tree/day (313 trees/ha) • Rainfall • 750 mm to 1400 mm • 30 to 50% effective • Irrigation supplement • Varied from 400mm to 1000 mm/year
- 7. IRRIGATION TYPE • Dry land ? around 50 % • 10% increase from 2 ton/ha(DIS) = 200 kg • 200 kg (DIS) @ $2,5/kg = $500/ha • This is enough to finance the capital cost plus pay for the running cost of irrigation • Micro • 90% of irrigated area • Drip • Very promising but still small area
- 8. SCHEDULING • High frequency • Very shallow root system • Proteoid roots, also known as cluster roots, are plant roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets. They may form a two- to five-centimetre-thick mat just beneath the leaf litter. They enhance nutrient uptake, possibly by chemically modifying the soil environment to improve nutrient solubilisation.[1] As a result, plants with proteoid roots can grow in soil that is very low in nutrients, such as the phosphorus-deficient native soils of Australia. • Thick mulch layer • Less the 20 % depletion of easily available water • Keep top soil moist and subsoil moist to dry
- 9. SHEDULING EQUIPMENT Irrometers Probes
- 10. OVER IRRIGATION This can happen in a short time More problematic than under irrigation
- 11. THANK YOU