This document discusses improving nutrition in Egypt through agriculture and evaluating the impact of nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs. It covers:
1. The challenges of evaluating complex agricultural programs aimed at nutrition, including long impact pathways, implementation constraints vs evaluation rigor.
2. A comprehensive evaluation approach to assess impact, impact pathways, and cost through randomized or quasi-experimental designs, process evaluations, and cost analyses.
3. The importance of collaboration between implementers and evaluators to address challenges through a solid evaluation framework and partnership.
This document discusses different methods for conducting impact evaluations to assess the effects of projects, programs, or policies. It describes what impact evaluations are and why they are important. It then explains the challenge of finding an appropriate comparison group to account for selection bias. The document proceeds to discuss specific methods for constructing comparison groups, including difference-in-differences, randomization, instrumental variables, matching, and regression discontinuity design. For each method, it provides details on how the method works and its advantages and limitations.
This presentation from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) provides an overview of the CARE Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project impact evaluation design.
1) The document summarizes the results of an impact evaluation of the Innovation for Agribusiness (InovAgro) Project in Northern Mozambique.
2) The evaluation used a difference-in-differences empirical strategy with propensity score matching to estimate the impact of the project on outcomes like adoption of farm practices, access to market information, and household welfare.
3) Key challenges in evaluating the project's impact included its market systems development approach, which aimed to have systemic effects, and potential spillovers between treated and untreated communities.
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Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011.
Nutrition Resilience could be described as being achieved when a person, population or system has the capacity to mitigate, adapt and transform in response to shocks and stresses without long term impact on their nutritional status.
This document discusses the strengths and limitations of using dietary diversity indicators to measure the impact of agricultural projects on diet quality. Dietary diversity is defined as the number of different foods or food groups consumed over a given period of time. It is considered a proxy for micronutrient adequacy and diet quality. The document outlines key questions project planners should consider when deciding whether and how to measure diet quality. It also reviews evidence that greater dietary diversity is associated with better micronutrient status and health outcomes in various populations. However, limitations include day-to-day variability, lack of consensus on indicators for adults, and that household-level indicators may not reflect diet quality of vulnerable groups.
The aim of the CMAM surge model is to strengthen the capacity of government health systems to effectively manage increased caseloads of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), during predictable emergencies without undermining ongoing health and nutrition systems strengthening efforts. It is based on one of the fundamental principles of CMAM; that early detection of malnutrition leads to improved treatment outcomes and fewer cases of SAM, as children are treated before their malnutrition becomes severe.
The pilot project was initiated by Concern in collaboration with the SCHMT as well as health facility staff in May 2012,
This document discusses different methods for conducting impact evaluations to assess the effects of projects, programs, or policies. It describes what impact evaluations are and why they are important. It then explains the challenge of finding an appropriate comparison group to account for selection bias. The document proceeds to discuss specific methods for constructing comparison groups, including difference-in-differences, randomization, instrumental variables, matching, and regression discontinuity design. For each method, it provides details on how the method works and its advantages and limitations.
This presentation from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) provides an overview of the CARE Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project impact evaluation design.
1) The document summarizes the results of an impact evaluation of the Innovation for Agribusiness (InovAgro) Project in Northern Mozambique.
2) The evaluation used a difference-in-differences empirical strategy with propensity score matching to estimate the impact of the project on outcomes like adoption of farm practices, access to market information, and household welfare.
3) Key challenges in evaluating the project's impact included its market systems development approach, which aimed to have systemic effects, and potential spillovers between treated and untreated communities.
Gender in monitoring, evaluation and impact assessmentILRI
Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011.
Nutrition Resilience could be described as being achieved when a person, population or system has the capacity to mitigate, adapt and transform in response to shocks and stresses without long term impact on their nutritional status.
This document discusses the strengths and limitations of using dietary diversity indicators to measure the impact of agricultural projects on diet quality. Dietary diversity is defined as the number of different foods or food groups consumed over a given period of time. It is considered a proxy for micronutrient adequacy and diet quality. The document outlines key questions project planners should consider when deciding whether and how to measure diet quality. It also reviews evidence that greater dietary diversity is associated with better micronutrient status and health outcomes in various populations. However, limitations include day-to-day variability, lack of consensus on indicators for adults, and that household-level indicators may not reflect diet quality of vulnerable groups.
The aim of the CMAM surge model is to strengthen the capacity of government health systems to effectively manage increased caseloads of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), during predictable emergencies without undermining ongoing health and nutrition systems strengthening efforts. It is based on one of the fundamental principles of CMAM; that early detection of malnutrition leads to improved treatment outcomes and fewer cases of SAM, as children are treated before their malnutrition becomes severe.
The pilot project was initiated by Concern in collaboration with the SCHMT as well as health facility staff in May 2012,
1. While global food supplies remain secure, price volatility and natural disasters have raised concerns of a repeat of the 2007-08 food crisis.
2. Five steps are recommended to prevent another crisis: implement social safety nets, boost smallholder productivity, establish coordinated global food monitoring, eliminate export bans, and create mechanisms to decrease price volatility such as coordinated reserves.
3. Caution is still warranted as export bans or speculation could still trigger a crisis, so targeted actions are needed to ensure global food security.
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation tools for agricultural development projects in Egypt. It defines monitoring as tracking project information for progress updates, and evaluation as periodic assessments of effects. Successful M&E requires clear objectives, measurable indicators, and tools tailored to needs. Key steps include deciding why to conduct M&E, clarifying objectives, choosing indicators, and identifying data collection methods. Examples of tools provided are logical frameworks, rapid appraisal, participatory methods, and spatial mapping to visually monitor progress. The document advocates for building an M&E system and database in collaboration with Egyptian stakeholders.
The document summarizes the author's experience participating in a group project where they played the role of an interrogator. As the interrogator, the author gathered props like folders and photos. They had to memorize their lines but sometimes faced delays that made learning challenging. Overall, the group worked well together with no disagreements. The most difficult part for the author was learning lines and staying serious while acting. Going forward, the author wants to improve their time management, memorization skills, getting into character, and filming techniques.
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The document discusses the role and history of clinical pharmacists in managing oncology clinics. It describes how clinical pharmacists began in the 1960s and their role has expanded over the years. The main goals of clinical pharmacists are to assist physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy, assist medical staff, and maximize patient compliance. Oncology pharmacists play a vital role on the healthcare team by ensuring optimal medication regimens for cancer patients, educating patients, and monitoring patients for side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
The document discusses Sellafield's support for major projects in the Northern Powerhouse region. It outlines Sellafield's scope of work on nuclear projects totaling £3 billion. It also summarizes Sellafield's efforts to address challenges in delivering major projects by developing strategic supply chain partnerships, boosting skills through apprenticeships and educational programs, and establishing a Project Academy to train project managers. The document encourages sharing lessons learned to help resolve common challenges across organizations in delivering major projects on time and on budget.
The document provides an overview and key findings from the 2016 Global Nutrition Report. It begins with an introduction to the report and what's new in 2016, including a shift to focusing on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The main section outlines the key findings, which show that global targets for nutrition are not on track to be met and that more funding and better allocation of resources is needed. It calls for political commitment to end all forms of malnutrition, increased and better invested funding, tackling malnutrition in all its forms, and taking proven and new actions to support nutrition. The document concludes by providing three things readers can do to help advance progress on nutrition.
Building business continuity through risk management
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This document discusses program evaluation in public health. It begins by defining key terms like program, evaluation, and monitoring. It describes the need for evaluation to improve health programs and allocate resources. The types of evaluation include formative, process, outcome, and economic evaluations. Steps of evaluation involve engaging stakeholders, describing the program, focusing the design, gathering evidence, justifying conclusions, and ensuring use. Frameworks for public health evaluation include CDC's 30 standards across utility, feasibility, propriety and accuracy.
Planning the Evaluation
Impact models
Types of inference and choice of design
Defining the indicators and obtaining the data
Carrying out the evaluation
Disseminating evaluation findings
Working in large-scale evaluations
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of nutrition programs during emergency situations. It covers the purpose and components of M&E, including monitoring, evaluation, inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and indicators. Key points include:
- Monitoring is the ongoing collection and review of program implementation data to track progress and identify needed changes, while evaluation assesses program effectiveness and impact.
- Components of M&E include inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes at both intermediate and long-term levels.
- Indicators are variables that measure different aspects of a program and should be selected based on criteria like validity, sensitivity, and practicality of data collection.
- An M&E plan outlines the
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In this presentation, Ilf Bencheikh will detail the importance of rigorous impact evaluation methods to assess the true effect of nutrition programs.
Once presented the methodological challenges, he will share the results of studies run by J-PAL researchers in the nutrition field, mostly in India and China. The learnings that will be drawn will be about the positive impact of well-conceived nutrition programs, but also about the right incentives to reach behavioral change. Scientific impact evaluation is a powerful tool to understand how people really behave and which are the best ways to help them improve their lives.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a three days Training Workshop on ‘Monitoring and Evaluation Methods’ on 10-12 March 2014 in New Delhi, India. The workshop is part of an IFAD grant to IFPRI to partner in the Monitoring and Evaluation component of the ongoing projects in the region. The three day workshop is intended to be a collaborative affair between project directors, M & E leaders and M & E experts. As part of the workshop, detailed interaction will take place on the evaluation routines involving sampling, questionnaire development, data collection and management techniques and production of an evaluation report. The workshop is designed to better understand the M & E needs of various projects that are at different stages of implementation. Both the generic issues involved in M & E programs as well as project specific needs will be addressed in the workshop. The objective of the workshop is to come up with a work plan for M & E domains in the IFAD projects and determine the possibilities of collaboration between IFPRI and project leaders.
1. While global food supplies remain secure, price volatility and natural disasters have raised concerns of a repeat of the 2007-08 food crisis.
2. Five steps are recommended to prevent another crisis: implement social safety nets, boost smallholder productivity, establish coordinated global food monitoring, eliminate export bans, and create mechanisms to decrease price volatility such as coordinated reserves.
3. Caution is still warranted as export bans or speculation could still trigger a crisis, so targeted actions are needed to ensure global food security.
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation tools for agricultural development projects in Egypt. It defines monitoring as tracking project information for progress updates, and evaluation as periodic assessments of effects. Successful M&E requires clear objectives, measurable indicators, and tools tailored to needs. Key steps include deciding why to conduct M&E, clarifying objectives, choosing indicators, and identifying data collection methods. Examples of tools provided are logical frameworks, rapid appraisal, participatory methods, and spatial mapping to visually monitor progress. The document advocates for building an M&E system and database in collaboration with Egyptian stakeholders.
The document summarizes the author's experience participating in a group project where they played the role of an interrogator. As the interrogator, the author gathered props like folders and photos. They had to memorize their lines but sometimes faced delays that made learning challenging. Overall, the group worked well together with no disagreements. The most difficult part for the author was learning lines and staying serious while acting. Going forward, the author wants to improve their time management, memorization skills, getting into character, and filming techniques.
Clinical pharmacist Managed Oncology Clinic In University Hospitalfathy alazhary
The document discusses the role and history of clinical pharmacists in managing oncology clinics. It describes how clinical pharmacists began in the 1960s and their role has expanded over the years. The main goals of clinical pharmacists are to assist physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy, assist medical staff, and maximize patient compliance. Oncology pharmacists play a vital role on the healthcare team by ensuring optimal medication regimens for cancer patients, educating patients, and monitoring patients for side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
The document discusses Sellafield's support for major projects in the Northern Powerhouse region. It outlines Sellafield's scope of work on nuclear projects totaling £3 billion. It also summarizes Sellafield's efforts to address challenges in delivering major projects by developing strategic supply chain partnerships, boosting skills through apprenticeships and educational programs, and establishing a Project Academy to train project managers. The document encourages sharing lessons learned to help resolve common challenges across organizations in delivering major projects on time and on budget.
The document provides an overview and key findings from the 2016 Global Nutrition Report. It begins with an introduction to the report and what's new in 2016, including a shift to focusing on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The main section outlines the key findings, which show that global targets for nutrition are not on track to be met and that more funding and better allocation of resources is needed. It calls for political commitment to end all forms of malnutrition, increased and better invested funding, tackling malnutrition in all its forms, and taking proven and new actions to support nutrition. The document concludes by providing three things readers can do to help advance progress on nutrition.
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Presented by Kimberley Hart
Monday 10th October 2016
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Alderley Park, Macclesfield
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Most software today is migrating to SaaS (Software as a Service), a vastly different business model. So how will you navigate its complexities? This presentation will give you a detailed look at key metrics for understanding and optimizing a SaaS business, and how these metrics can be used to drive SaaS success.
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Monday 10th October 2016
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Alderley Park, Macclesfield
Deanna Olney presented on evaluating nutrition-sensitive programs. She noted that while large-scale nutrition programs are called for, evidence on their effectiveness, impact pathways, and cost-effectiveness is limited due to weak program designs and evaluations. Rigorous, theory-based evaluations are needed to provide evidence on what works to improve nutrition, how programs achieve impacts, other impacts, and cost-effectiveness. Evaluating such complex, multi-sector programs poses challenges including long timeframes, differing stakeholder priorities and incentives, and implementation constraints versus evaluation rigor. Building strong evaluator-implementer partnerships and using comprehensive evaluation frameworks addressing these challenges can generate the evidence needed.
This document discusses program evaluation in public health. It begins by defining key terms like program, evaluation, and monitoring. It describes the need for evaluation to improve health programs and allocate resources. The types of evaluation include formative, process, outcome, and economic evaluations. Steps of evaluation involve engaging stakeholders, describing the program, focusing the design, gathering evidence, justifying conclusions, and ensuring use. Frameworks for public health evaluation include CDC's 30 standards across utility, feasibility, propriety and accuracy.
Planning the Evaluation
Impact models
Types of inference and choice of design
Defining the indicators and obtaining the data
Carrying out the evaluation
Disseminating evaluation findings
Working in large-scale evaluations
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of nutrition programs during emergency situations. It covers the purpose and components of M&E, including monitoring, evaluation, inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and indicators. Key points include:
- Monitoring is the ongoing collection and review of program implementation data to track progress and identify needed changes, while evaluation assesses program effectiveness and impact.
- Components of M&E include inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes at both intermediate and long-term levels.
- Indicators are variables that measure different aspects of a program and should be selected based on criteria like validity, sensitivity, and practicality of data collection.
- An M&E plan outlines the
Validating the Nicaragua Dual Purpose Cattle Value chain Impact Pathway(s) CIAT
The document summarizes efforts to validate impact pathways for the Nicaragua Dual Purpose Cattle value chain program. It describes developing impact pathways to clarify how the program's interventions will benefit actors and lead to impacts. Impact pathways are developed through workshops to communicate the program's logic and roles of actors. They also identify key assumptions and risks to guide monitoring, evaluation, and learning to validate the program's theory of change over time.
In this presentation, Ilf Bencheikh will detail the importance of rigorous impact evaluation methods to assess the true effect of nutrition programs.
Once presented the methodological challenges, he will share the results of studies run by J-PAL researchers in the nutrition field, mostly in India and China. The learnings that will be drawn will be about the positive impact of well-conceived nutrition programs, but also about the right incentives to reach behavioral change. Scientific impact evaluation is a powerful tool to understand how people really behave and which are the best ways to help them improve their lives.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a three days Training Workshop on ‘Monitoring and Evaluation Methods’ on 10-12 March 2014 in New Delhi, India. The workshop is part of an IFAD grant to IFPRI to partner in the Monitoring and Evaluation component of the ongoing projects in the region. The three day workshop is intended to be a collaborative affair between project directors, M & E leaders and M & E experts. As part of the workshop, detailed interaction will take place on the evaluation routines involving sampling, questionnaire development, data collection and management techniques and production of an evaluation report. The workshop is designed to better understand the M & E needs of various projects that are at different stages of implementation. Both the generic issues involved in M & E programs as well as project specific needs will be addressed in the workshop. The objective of the workshop is to come up with a work plan for M & E domains in the IFAD projects and determine the possibilities of collaboration between IFPRI and project leaders.
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Details benefits of monitoring and evaluation, and how institutional knowledge is built overtime, thus can used in the design, running and effectively delivering development goals.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities in evaluating the impact of innovation platforms. It defines impact as the difference an innovation platform makes, both expected and unexpected, positive and negative. Evaluating impact is challenging due to uncertainties around participation, the fluid nature of interventions, isolating the effect of the platform, and issues finding appropriate controls or comparisons. The document recommends using a theory of change approach combined with before-after snapshots and bringing in researchers to test innovations through planned comparisons. An integrated approach considers snapshots, theory of change, developmental evaluation, and assessing uptake and scaling of evidenced innovations.
Presented by Pascale Schnitzer and Carlo Azzarri, IFPRI at the Africa RISING–CSISA Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-13 November 2013
Similar to Olivier Ecker & Jef Leroy • 2016 IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series: What is the Role of Agriculture & How do we Document Impact? (20)
These set of slides were presented at the BEP Seminar "Targeting in Development Projects: Approaches, challenges, and lessons learned" held last Oct. 2, 2023 in Cairo, Egypt
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Bofana, Jose. 2023. Mapping cropland extent over a complex landscape: An assessment of the best approaches across the Zambezi River basin. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Mananze, Sosdito. 2023. Examples of remote sensing application in agriculture monitoring. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
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International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Kickoff Meeting (virtual), January 12, 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 1. Stakeholder engagement for impacts. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Centro de Estudos de Políticas e Programas Agroalimentares (CEPPAG). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 3. Digital collection of groundtruthing data. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
ITC/University of Twente. 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 2. Enhanced area sampling frames. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
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- Rice exports from Myanmar have exceeded 2 million tons per year since 2019-2020, except for 2020-2021 during the peak of the pandemic. Exports through seaports now account for around 80% of total exports.
- Domestic rice prices in Myanmar have closely tracked Thai export prices, suggesting strong linkages between domestic and international markets.
- Simulations of a 10% decrease in rice productivity and a 0.4 million ton increase in exports in 2022-2023 resulted in a 33% increase in domestic prices, a 5% fall in production, and a 10% drop in consumption, with poor households suffering the largest declines in rice consumption of 12-13%.
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Olivier Ecker & Jef Leroy • 2016 IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series: What is the Role of Agriculture & How do we Document Impact?
1. Improving Nutrition in Egypt
What is the Role of Agriculture and
How do we Document Impact?
Jef Leroy & Olivier Ecker
IFPRI, Washington, DC
IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series
Cairo, 16 Nov 2016
2. Overview
• Part 1: Nutrition-sensitive agriculture (Ecker)
• Part 2: Key challenges and solutions in
evaluating the impact of nutrition-sensitive
agricultural programs (Leroy)
3. Overview
• Part 1: Nutrition-sensitive agriculture (Ecker)
• Part 2: Key challenges and solutions in
evaluating the impact of nutrition-sensitive
agricultural programs (Leroy)
4. Agriculture-nutrition linkages: Theory and
evidence
Key message: Agricultural interventions can improve nutrition,
but they do not automatically lead to improved nutrition.
Agricultural programs and projects can improve diets and
nutritional outcomes of farmers and their families through many
different pathways:
1. Increasing farm incomes ( productivity gain)
2. Improving food consumption from own production ( food
quantity and diet diversity)
3. Employment and control over household resources ( e.g.
women empowerment)
5. Agriculture-nutrition linkages: Theory and
evidence
• Growing evidence—from rigorous impact evaluations—
suggest that agricultural interventions can improve (child)
nutrition, if they …
1. Have specific nutrition goals and actions, and
2. Focus on women.
• Many factors influence individual nutritional status (incl. diets,
health, care). Agriculture interventions are part of the
solution, but more is needed.
– E.g., in addition to increasing incomes and improving food
availability and access, behavioral change to promote adequate
nutrition and health practices is needed.
6. Pathways linking agriculture to nutrition
Adapted from:
Gillespie et al.. 2012. The Agriculture-Nutrition Disconnect in India: What Do We Know? IFPRI Discussion Paper 1187. IFPRI, Washington DC.
7. Agriculture-nutrition linkages: Knowledge
gaps and research needs
• Evidence on the impact of agricultural interventions on
nutritional outcomes is still scarce.
• Existing evidence is largely based on small-scale programs in
fairly controlled environments (e.g. home gardens).
• Evidence from large-scale, complex agricultural
interventions—especially for promotion of agricultural
commercialization (“agribusiness”)—is missing so far.
8. Agriculture and nutrition
In summary (Lancet, 2013):
• Agriculture has enormous potential to improve nutrition, but
this potential is yet to be unleashed.
• Lack of critical evidence of impact of agriculture on nutrition is
likely due to:
– Weaknesses in program design, targeting, implementation,
and lack of nutrition goals and interventions, or
– Poor evaluations – design, methods, indicators.
9. Overview
• Part 1: Nutrition-sensitive agriculture (Ecker)
• Part 2: Key challenges and solutions in
evaluating the impact of nutrition-sensitive
agricultural programs (Leroy)
10. Part 2: Key challenges and solutions
1. Challenges in evaluating the impact of
nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs
2. Rigorous evaluation approach to evaluate:
a) Impact
b) Impact pathways, and
c) Cost
3. Recommendations on how to address key
challenges of carrying out sound evaluations
implemented under real life conditions.
11. Part 2: Key challenges and solutions
1. Challenges in evaluating the impact of
nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs
2. Rigorous evaluation approach to evaluate:
a) Impact
b) Impact pathways, and
c) Cost
3. Recommendations on how to address key
challenges of carrying out sound evaluations
implemented under real life conditions.
12. What are some key challenges?
• Complexity of nutrition-sensitive agricultural
programs
• Long impact pathways and time frames
• Trade-off between implementation constraints
and evaluation rigor
13. What are some key challenges?
• Complexity of nutrition-sensitive agricultural
programs
• Long impact pathways and time frames
• Trade-off between implementation constraints
and evaluation rigor
15. Complexity nutrition-sensitive
agricultural programs
• Complex in design and implementation:
– Multiple goals, multiple inputs, multiple pathways of
impact, multiple outcomes and impacts;
– Address both the underlying and direct causes of
undernutrition;
– Span across different sectors (e.g. health, agriculture,
education), requiring coordination and integration.
• Within each program intervention potential
variability in:
– Delivery (quantity and quality);
– Utilization;
– Adherence to the program protocol.
16. What are some key challenges?
• Complexity of agricultural programs aimed at
improving nutrition
• Long impact pathways and time frames
• Trade-off between implementation constraints
and evaluation rigor
17. Long impact pathways and time frames
• Long time frames for implementation and evaluation:
– Program development and implementation at desired quality
– Long pathways from program inputs to effects:
E.g.: installing garden beds, preparing the soil, sowing, planting and
harvesting; setting up and implementing the BCC strategy, improving
maternal knowledge through repeated BCC sessions, and achieving
changes in practices;
– Meaningful effect on biological outcomes such as child
anthropometry may require as long as 1,000 days of program
exposure.
– Time to design a rigorous impact evaluation:
Building the program theory framework, developing the evaluation and
sampling design, designing and pre-testing the data collection
instruments, training and standardizing enumerators, planning the
logistics of the field work, enroll the necessary number of study
participants, and seasonality.
• … vs often short time frames imposed by donors
18. What are some key challenges?
• Complexity of agricultural programs aimed at
improving nutrition
• Long impact pathways and time frames
• Trade-off between implementation constraints
and evaluation rigor
19. Implementation constraints vs.
evaluation rigor
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
Treatment 3
Control
Regular program
Cluster randomized controlled design
T24
T18
TNFP
Control
Regular program
20. Part 2: Key challenges and solutions
1. Challenges in evaluating the impact of
nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs
2. Rigorous evaluation approach to evaluate:
a) Impact
b) Impact pathways, and
c) Cost
3. Recommendations on how to address key
challenges of carrying out sound evaluations
implemented under real life conditions.
21. Part 2: Comprehensive evaluation
approach
PROGRAM
Maternal
& child
health &
nutrition
What is the impact
of the program?
22. Impact
evaluation
Part 2: Comprehensive evaluation
approach: embrace complexity
What is the
impact of
the
program?
Process + impact
evaluation
How and why
does the
program (not)
have an
impact?Cost
study
Cost of
the
program?
23. What is the impact of the program?
• impact=(N|with program) - (N|without program)
• Problem: (N|with program) and (N|without
program) never both “observable”
• The key challenge to impact evaluation:
what would have happened in the absence of the
program = counterfactual
25. Experimental designs
• Experimental (or randomized) designs considered
gold standard for impact evaluations.
• Randomization: individual or group (cluster) level.
• *If* done well, one can assume:
– that both groups are comparable;
– that the only difference between the groups is the
program;
– that the control group provides a valid counterfactual
for the intervention group exposed to the program.
differences found in the outcomes of interest
attributable to the program.
26. Experimental designs
• Not always feasible
• Often require creative thinking (oversubscription,
public lottery, delayed intervention, stepped
wedge design, etc.)
• Alternatively: quasi-experimental designs
– use statistical techniques to create a valid comparison
group
– E.g.: propensity score matching (PSM), double
difference (or difference-in-difference) approach,
regression discontinuity, instrumental variable
regressions, etc.
• Stay away from before-and-after or with-and-
without designs!
28. Impact
evaluation
Part 2: Comprehensive evaluation
approach: embrace complexity
What is the
impact of
the
program?
Process + impact
evaluation
How and why
does the
program (not)
have an
impact?Cost
study
Cost of
the
program?
29. How and why does the program (not)
have an impact?
• Two ways to assess how impact is achieved :
1. Measurement of intermediary measures (outcomes) in impact study
2. Process evaluation study
• Solid understanding of program theory and program impact
pathways is key:
– Key program components,
– Factors that affect optimal delivery or utilization of each component,
– Assumptions associated with each of the components, and
– How the components are expected to be linked (pathways of impact)
• Understanding the pathways to impact:
– Critical to improving program delivery and effectiveness
– Identify what is needed to scale up and to adapt the program in other
settings
– Help interpret (lack of) impact
30. Designing the process evaluation
• Examines the primary inputs, processes, outputs and
outcomes along each of the primary program impact
pathways
• Addresses five key questions:
– Are program services being implemented and provided
according to the program design (inputs and processes)?
– Are program services being utilized as intended (outputs)?
– What is the quality of the program inputs and services (inputs,
processes and outputs)?
– What are the barriers and facilitators to optimal service delivery
and utilization (inputs and processes)?
– Is the program on track to have the desired effect on improving
intermediary outputs and outcomes, such as improvements in
knowledge?
31. Impact
evaluation
Part 2: Comprehensive evaluation
approach: embrace complexity
What is the
impact of
the
program?
Process + impact
evaluation
How and why
does the
program (not)
have an
impact?Cost
study
Cost of
the
program?
32. What is the cost of the program?
• Objectives:
– Estimate the overall cost of the program, the cost of the main program
components, and the program’s cost-effectiveness.
– Estimate savings or cost associated with adding, changing or dropping
program components, adding beneficiaries or scaling up the program.
• Method : Activity Based Costing Ingredients (ABC-I) approach.
• Steps:
– Using the program impact pathways: detailed description of all
program activities.
– Identify the program’s main activities and “ingredients” needed for
each.
– Identify the different types, quantities and costs of the “ingredients”
necessary for each activity.
– Calculate cost of each program activity and of full program.
33. Part 2: Key challenges and solutions
1. Challenges in evaluating the impact of
nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs
2. Rigorous evaluation approach to evaluate:
a) Impact
b) Impact pathways, and
c) Cost
3. Recommendations on how to address key
challenges of carrying out sound evaluations
implemented under real life conditions.
34. Two keys to success
• Solid evaluation framework:
In-depth understanding of the program, program
theory, program impact pathways, rigorous
comprehensive evaluation design
• Strong partnership and collaboration between
implementers and evaluators
35. Strong partnership between implementer
and evaluator
• Establish collaboration at the program design
phase and maintain throughout.
• Align potentially differing priorities, expectations,
incentives and time frames.
• Program implementers:
Share updates and challenges on program roll out and
service delivery
• Evaluators:
Provide regular updates on goals, methods and findings
from their evaluation activities.
36. In summary
• Evidence of what works, how and at what cost is extremely
limited.
• Guidance for future investments requires strong evidence
from rigorous, theory-based comprehensive evaluations of
different nutrition-sensitive program models that bring
together interventions from a variety of sectors (e.g.
health, education, agriculture, social protection, women’s
empowerment, water and sanitation, etc.)
• This presentation focused on:
– How to design and carry out rigorous impact, process, and cost
evaluations.
– How to address some of the perceived insurmountable
challenges that have prevented investments in rigorous
evaluations of such programs in the past.
37. Exciting recent and ongoing studies
• Completed:
– Homestead food production:
• Burkina Faso
• Improved women’s and child’s health, nutrition
• Improved women’s empowerment
– HarvestPlus biofortified orange-fleshed sweet
potato (OSP):
• OSP vines were given to 24,000 households in Uganda
and Mozambique from 2006 to 2009
• project included agriculture component and nutrition
behavior change
• Project increased vitamin A intake of young children
38. Exciting recent and ongoing studies
• Ongoing:
– Improve chicken value chains (Burkina Faso)
– Improve quality of milk sold by informal vendors
(Nairobi, Kenya)
– Reduce aflatoxin in maize (Kenya)
– Improve milk contracts for nomadic farmers
(Senegal)
– USAID-funded, large-scale agribusiness program in
horticulture and a basic health care program
(Upper Egypt)