Kapardika bhasma is an important Ayurvedic drug of marine origin. Even though it is composed of mainly of calcium carbonate it exhibits excellent medicinal properties which are not associated with standard calcium carbonate. In the present study four commercial samples are characterized using techniques like EDX, SEM, IR, UV,XRD and TG analysis to throw light on their chemical composition and chemical properties .Such comparative study may help to standardise and to interpret the biological and medicinal properties of such traditional drug.
This document discusses the solubility and growth of 4-aminobenzophenone (4-ABP) single crystals, which are a potential organic nonlinear optical material. The solubility of 4-ABP was studied in various solvents, and it was found to have the highest solubility in ethyl acetate and moderate solubility in ethanol. Single crystals of 4-ABP were grown by solution growth using ethanol as the solvent. The structural and optical properties of the grown crystals were characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystals had a monoclinic structure, and optical transmission studies showed the crystals had about 70% transparency in the visible and near-infrared regions.
Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Antioxidant Activities of Some New P...IJRES Journal
A series of substituted pyrazoline derivatives 5(a-c) have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted chalcones 4(a-c) with isatinhydrazide. The starting materials, chalcones were prepared by clasien schimidt condensation of appropriate 1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone with substituted aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide and in poly ethylene glycol (PEG-400). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR & Mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for Antioxidant Activity by DPPH method.
This document describes a new fluorimetric method for detecting and quantifying siderophores using Calcein Blue dye. Siderophores are iron-chelating compounds released by bacteria under iron-deficient conditions and can be used as markers for bacterial detection. The method exploits the property that Calcein Blue fluorescence is quenched by iron but regained when a stronger chelator like a siderophore removes the iron. Standard strains, clinical isolates, and media compositions were tested. A standard curve using the siderophore desferal allowed quantification of siderophores down to 50 nM. This sensitive, simple fluorescence-based method provides a new tool for bacterial detection within 7-8 hours.
A new analytical method development and validation for the simultaneus estima...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Ibuprofen and Tramadol in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 60 volumes of Triethylamine buffer, 40 volumes of acetonitrile with detection of 227 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50-150 µg/ml for Ibuprofen (r2 =0.983) and 50-150 µg /ml for Tramadol (r2 =0.985) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
The document investigates the effects of varying deposition parameters on the structure and corrosion resistance of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings electrodeposited onto Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the crystal structure and morphology of the coatings deposited under different conditions. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements in simulated body fluid evaluated the corrosion behavior. The optimal deposition parameters were found to be an applied voltage of 9 volts, pH value of 5.5, temperature of 25°C, and deposition time of 30 minutes, which yielded coatings with the best structural and corrosion-resistant properties.
This document summarizes the synthesis of new C-2, C-3 substituted heterocyclic derivatives of L-ascorbic acid and their characterization and evaluation of bacterial activity. Specifically, it describes the multi-step synthesis of Schiff bases and 1,3-oxazepine derivatives from L-ascorbic acid, including protection of hydroxyl groups, esterification, hydrazide formation, Schiff base formation with substituted benzaldehydes, and Diels-Alder reaction with phthalic anhydride to form 1,3-oxazepines. The synthesized compounds were characterized using melting point, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and tested for antibacterial activity against gram-positive and
1. A new Schiff base ligand was synthesized by condensing amoxicillin and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. Mixed ligand complexes were synthesized from reactions of the Schiff base ligand with metal salts such as Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) along with nicotinamide.
2. The complexes were characterized using various techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and evaluating their conductivities. The data indicated the complexes had octahedral geometries and were non-electrolytes.
3. The antimicrobial activities of the complexes were evaluated against various bacteria and found to have
This document discusses the solubility and growth of 4-aminobenzophenone (4-ABP) single crystals, which are a potential organic nonlinear optical material. The solubility of 4-ABP was studied in various solvents, and it was found to have the highest solubility in ethyl acetate and moderate solubility in ethanol. Single crystals of 4-ABP were grown by solution growth using ethanol as the solvent. The structural and optical properties of the grown crystals were characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystals had a monoclinic structure, and optical transmission studies showed the crystals had about 70% transparency in the visible and near-infrared regions.
Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Antioxidant Activities of Some New P...IJRES Journal
A series of substituted pyrazoline derivatives 5(a-c) have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted chalcones 4(a-c) with isatinhydrazide. The starting materials, chalcones were prepared by clasien schimidt condensation of appropriate 1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone with substituted aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide and in poly ethylene glycol (PEG-400). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR & Mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for Antioxidant Activity by DPPH method.
This document describes a new fluorimetric method for detecting and quantifying siderophores using Calcein Blue dye. Siderophores are iron-chelating compounds released by bacteria under iron-deficient conditions and can be used as markers for bacterial detection. The method exploits the property that Calcein Blue fluorescence is quenched by iron but regained when a stronger chelator like a siderophore removes the iron. Standard strains, clinical isolates, and media compositions were tested. A standard curve using the siderophore desferal allowed quantification of siderophores down to 50 nM. This sensitive, simple fluorescence-based method provides a new tool for bacterial detection within 7-8 hours.
A new analytical method development and validation for the simultaneus estima...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Ibuprofen and Tramadol in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 60 volumes of Triethylamine buffer, 40 volumes of acetonitrile with detection of 227 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50-150 µg/ml for Ibuprofen (r2 =0.983) and 50-150 µg /ml for Tramadol (r2 =0.985) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
The document investigates the effects of varying deposition parameters on the structure and corrosion resistance of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings electrodeposited onto Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the crystal structure and morphology of the coatings deposited under different conditions. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements in simulated body fluid evaluated the corrosion behavior. The optimal deposition parameters were found to be an applied voltage of 9 volts, pH value of 5.5, temperature of 25°C, and deposition time of 30 minutes, which yielded coatings with the best structural and corrosion-resistant properties.
This document summarizes the synthesis of new C-2, C-3 substituted heterocyclic derivatives of L-ascorbic acid and their characterization and evaluation of bacterial activity. Specifically, it describes the multi-step synthesis of Schiff bases and 1,3-oxazepine derivatives from L-ascorbic acid, including protection of hydroxyl groups, esterification, hydrazide formation, Schiff base formation with substituted benzaldehydes, and Diels-Alder reaction with phthalic anhydride to form 1,3-oxazepines. The synthesized compounds were characterized using melting point, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and tested for antibacterial activity against gram-positive and
1. A new Schiff base ligand was synthesized by condensing amoxicillin and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. Mixed ligand complexes were synthesized from reactions of the Schiff base ligand with metal salts such as Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) along with nicotinamide.
2. The complexes were characterized using various techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and evaluating their conductivities. The data indicated the complexes had octahedral geometries and were non-electrolytes.
3. The antimicrobial activities of the complexes were evaluated against various bacteria and found to have
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) for a dairy industry in India. Samples were collected from three points in the ETP - the collection tank, primary clarifier, and secondary clarifier. The ETP achieved removal efficiencies of 26.14% for pH, 33.30% for TDS, 93.85% for TSS, 94.19% for COD, and 98.19% for BOD. The treated effluent met standards for discharge set by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board. The ETP was effective at removing pollutants and bringing wastewater characteristics in line with regulatory requirements for reuse or discharge.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmacy.
A new and efficient synthesis of 1 (4-subtitued phenyl)-3-(1-(6-(substitued-2...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new efficient method for the synthesis of 1-(4-Subtitued phenyl)-3-(1-(6-(Substitued-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl)ureas. Tert-butyl (1-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl)carbamate is coupled with various arylboronic acids using Suzuki coupling to yield intermediates. These intermediates are then deprotected and coupled with various aryl isocyanates using triethylamine to yield the final urea products in good yields. In total, twelve new 4,6-disubstituted
Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effect...ijtsrd
Hydrotrophy is a unique molecular phenomenon that posses the ability to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble and poorly soluble drugs in water. A hydrotrophic solution can be defined as adding a solute, that is Hydrotrope, eg urea to the primary one solvent and is used as mobile phase for HPLC. High solubility, easy availability, cost effectiveness, eco friendly are the major advantages which makes the solubilization technique superior. Here we use paracatamol and diclofenac sodium as example to review and conclude this topic. The current review takes the readers throughout a brief summary and features of hydrotropic agents and their different advances towards HPLC technique. It provides an insight of the future perspectives concerned with HPLC and Hydrotropism. Ahammed Unais V P | P K Sahoo "Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC; Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effective and Eco-Friendly Mobile Phase for Solubilization of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38222.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/38222/application-of-hydrotrophy-in-hplc-hydrotrophic-solution--a-novel-cost-effective-and-ecofriendly-mobile-phase-for-solubilization-of-poorly-water-soluble-drugs/ahammed-unais-v-p
Determination of cefadroxil antibiotic by an analytical methodAlexander Decker
This document describes an analytical method for determining the concentration of the antibiotic Cefadroxil (CFL) using spectrophotometry. Several spectrophotometric methods are discussed that use different reagents to produce colored products with CFL, including chloranillic acid, MBTH, and 4-aminophenazone, which can then be measured at specific wavelengths. The methods provide linear detection ranges between 1-415 μg/ml of CFL and have good accuracy with recoveries ranging from 94.8-100.8%. The spectrophotometric methods offer a simple, inexpensive way to analyze CFL concentrations in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction. This document discusses several studies that developed and validated analytical methods for quantifying vardenafil concentration. One study used thin layer chromatography with densitometric detection to simultaneously estimate vardenafil and dapoxetine in pharmaceutical formulations. Another used HPLC with amperometric detection employing a boron-doped diamond electrode to determine vardenafil and related metabolites in plasma. A third developed a HPLC-chemiluminescence method to quantify trace levels of vardenafil in dietary supplements.
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of mixed ligand metal complexes derived from ampicillin drug and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. A Schiff base ligand was prepared via the condensation of these compounds. Metal complexes were synthesized using Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with the ligand and nicotinamide. The complexes were characterized using various analytical techniques and showed octahedral geometry. The complexes and ligand were screened for antimicrobial activity against bacteria. The complexes demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
Co-crystallization offers opportunities to improve drug properties like solubility and bioavailability. This document presents a method using the Crystal16 system to systematically screen for co-crystals based on measuring the solubilities of pure components and their mixtures. Solubility data is used to design mixtures with compositions predicted to form stable co-crystals. An example screens carbamazepine with isonicotinamide co-crystals, finding mixtures have higher saturation temperatures, indicating co-crystal formation. This demonstrates screening based on solubility maximizes co-crystal discovery potential.
This document reviews the stir casting process for producing aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with ceramic particles. It discusses key parameters of the stir casting process that must be properly controlled, including stirrer design and speed, stirring temperature and time, reinforcement feed rate, and pouring temperature. The document summarizes research on using stir casting to fabricate aluminum composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles, where factors like reinforcement volume ratio and particle size were investigated. The summary concludes that stir casting is an effective and economical technique for producing aluminum metal matrix composites when process parameters are properly optimized.
This document proposes i2MapReduce, a novel incremental processing expansion to the MapReduce framework for data mining big data. i2MapReduce executes fine-grained incremental processing at the key-value pair level to refresh mining results, unlike existing approaches that use task-level recomputation. It incorporates techniques to reduce I/O for accessing computation states. Experimental results on Amazon EC2 show i2MapReduce significantly improves performance over iterative and plain MapReduce that perform full recomputation when data changes.
The document describes the design and analysis of a mechanism to dynamically characterize power transmission systems without consuming significant energy. It involves using an electro-mechanical clutch connected to a motor via pulleys of different sizes to measure the torque transmitting capability of a transmission system by gradually increasing the load torque until slip occurs. Structural analysis using FEA found the design to be safe with a factor of safety above the minimum required.
Field Programmable Gate Array for Data Processing in Medical SystemsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Two- dimensional &Three–dimensional (3-D) image segmentation is on of the most demanding tasks in image processing. It has been proven that only the 14-neighborship of a rhombic dodecahedron can satisfy the aforementioned requirements. The 3-D-GSC process is executed in the following three phases ,coding phases,linking phases,splitting phases. An FPGA-based digital signal processing board optimized for applications needing large memory with high bandwidth has been developed and successfully used for the parallelization of a modern image segmentation algorithm for medical and industrial real-time applications.The Use of this 128-bit coprocessor board is not limited to image segmentation.We propose the perfectly parallelizable 3-D Gray-Value Structure Code (3-D-GSC) for image segmentation on a new FPGA custom machine. This 128-Bit FPGA coprocessing board features an up-to-date Virtex-II Pro architecture, two large independent DDR-SDRAM channels, two fast independent ZBT-SRAM channels, and PCI-X bus and CameraLink interfaces. Key words: Field Programmable Gate Array, Segme-ntation, Vogel bruch, Gray-valve structure code ,Homogeneous, Linking phase, Coding phase, Splitting phase, SDRAM.
Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet...IOSR Journals
In this paper, the effect of load, Velocity of sliding and sliding distance on friction and wear of
materials made of Polytetrafluoroethylele (PTFE) and PTFE composites under wet condition with filler
materials such as 25% bronze, 25% glass fiber and 25 % carbon have studied. The experimental work has
performed on pin-on-disc friction and wear test rig and analyzed with the help of Design Expert software. The
results of experiments are presented in tables and graphs which shows that the addition of bronze, glass and
carbon filler to the virgin PTFE decreases wear rate significantly and there is marginal increase in coefficient
of friction. The highest wear resistance was found for 25% carbon filled PTFE followed by 25% glass filled
PTFE, 25% bronze filled PTFE and virgin PTFE. Through this study, we can develop the best bearing material
for the various industrial applications which is available easily at the minimum cost.
The Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Commercial Drivers in Uyo Local G...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption among commercial
drivers in Uyo metropolis. Five research questions and three null hypothesis design was adopted, and the
instrument for the study was mainly interview schedules.
Due to the transitory nature of drivers in Uyo motor parks, convenient sampling was used to draw 160 drivers
who use Uyo motor parks.
The descriptive statistics percentage was used to answer the research questions, while chi – square statistics
was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. All the drivers interviewed drink alcohol for several
reasons. The sale of alcohol in the park and its environs has significant (P< 0.05) influence on their use. There
is no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the perceived influence of the use of alcohol on health with
respect to years of experience and age of drivers. The study was concluded with appropriate recommendation to
help the situation.
Key words: alcohol, drivers, prevalence and Uyo
Comparative Assessment of Two Thermodynamic Cycles of an aero-derivative Mari...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper explores the gas turbine potentials that are fully enhanced by the use of intercooling and
thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine
applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative
engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design
point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is
represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft
configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power
may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design
performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of
ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of
marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the
advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost
through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas
turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.
Unified V- Model Approach of Re-Engineering to reinforce Web Application Deve...IOSR Journals
The document discusses approaches for reengineering web applications. It proposes using a unified V-model approach to reinforce web application development through reengineering. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Using reverse engineering to analyze existing web applications and recover designs, followed by forward engineering to restructure the applications based on new requirements.
2) Applying the V-model at each phase of the web development process during reengineering to incorporate methodology.
3) The reengineering process involves reverse engineering, transformations to adapt to new technologies/requirements, and forward engineering to implement the new design.
Study on Coupling Model of Methanol Steam Reforming and Simultaneous Hydrogen...IOSR Journals
1) A simplified mechanistic model was developed for coupling methanol steam reforming and hydrogen combustion in microchannels of a parallel plate reactor. The reforming reaction is endothermic and requires heat, which is provided by the exothermic hydrogen combustion reaction in an adjacent channel.
2) Kinetic expressions were used to model the reforming and combustion reactions. MATLAB simulations were performed to analyze parameters like temperature, velocity and conversion. Operative diagrams showed the temperature and velocities required for complete methanol conversion.
3) Efficiency curves were generated based on hydrogen produced versus consumed. With a molar ratio of 0.9664, the maximum efficiency was 86.8%, indicating over 80% efficiency is achievable via coupling of
Analysis of Ketoconazole and Piribedil Using Ion Selective ElectrodesIOSR Journals
This document describes an analysis of two compounds, Ketoconazole and Piribedil, using ion selective electrodes. Four electrodes were prepared based on incorporating the ion-exchangers Ketoconazole and Piribedil into a PVC matrix using either DOP or DBP as a plasticizer. The electrodes showed wide usable concentration ranges, good selectivity, and were not significantly affected by pH or temperature changes within certain ranges. The compounds were successfully determined in solutions using potentiometric and conductiometric titrations as well as standard additions. The electrodes could potentially be used to analyze these compounds in pharmaceutical formulations.
This document describes a proposed fuzzy logic-based weather advisory system. It begins with background on how agricultural productivity depends on weather and how weather forecasts can help farmers plan. It then discusses using a fuzzy approach to develop the system given the uncertain nature of weather. The rest of the document reviews related work applying fuzzy logic to weather-related problems and provides details on fuzzy logic and how it can model imprecise systems through membership functions and if-then rules. The overall goal is to develop a weather advisory system to help farmers minimize losses from adverse conditions.
This document discusses analyzing human personality characteristics from social media profiles using machine learning techniques. It collects over 3,000 profile summaries from LinkedIn using web scraping. It then uses the WordNet lexical database to form word clusters for extroversion and introversion characteristics. The k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used to classify profiles as extrovert, introvert, or ambivert based on the words in their summaries. The goal is to analyze users' profiles and provide guidance to write profiles that include a balance of introvert and extrovert traits classified as ambivert, which tends to be viewed more positively. Accuracy results from the classification approach are promising but not discussed in detail.
This document reviews the use of ant colony optimization algorithms for wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on wireless sensor networks and important concepts like sensor nodes, clusters, cluster heads, and base stations. It then discusses routing protocols for wireless sensor networks including location-based, data-centric, mobility-based, and multipath-based protocols. The document provides an overview of ant colony optimization algorithms and reviews several related works that have applied these algorithms to problems in wireless sensor networks, such as sensor wakeup control and increasing network lifetime. It concludes by discussing techniques like data mining and ant colony optimization that could be used to improve wireless sensor network performance.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) for a dairy industry in India. Samples were collected from three points in the ETP - the collection tank, primary clarifier, and secondary clarifier. The ETP achieved removal efficiencies of 26.14% for pH, 33.30% for TDS, 93.85% for TSS, 94.19% for COD, and 98.19% for BOD. The treated effluent met standards for discharge set by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board. The ETP was effective at removing pollutants and bringing wastewater characteristics in line with regulatory requirements for reuse or discharge.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmacy.
A new and efficient synthesis of 1 (4-subtitued phenyl)-3-(1-(6-(substitued-2...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new efficient method for the synthesis of 1-(4-Subtitued phenyl)-3-(1-(6-(Substitued-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl)ureas. Tert-butyl (1-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl)carbamate is coupled with various arylboronic acids using Suzuki coupling to yield intermediates. These intermediates are then deprotected and coupled with various aryl isocyanates using triethylamine to yield the final urea products in good yields. In total, twelve new 4,6-disubstituted
Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effect...ijtsrd
Hydrotrophy is a unique molecular phenomenon that posses the ability to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble and poorly soluble drugs in water. A hydrotrophic solution can be defined as adding a solute, that is Hydrotrope, eg urea to the primary one solvent and is used as mobile phase for HPLC. High solubility, easy availability, cost effectiveness, eco friendly are the major advantages which makes the solubilization technique superior. Here we use paracatamol and diclofenac sodium as example to review and conclude this topic. The current review takes the readers throughout a brief summary and features of hydrotropic agents and their different advances towards HPLC technique. It provides an insight of the future perspectives concerned with HPLC and Hydrotropism. Ahammed Unais V P | P K Sahoo "Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC; Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effective and Eco-Friendly Mobile Phase for Solubilization of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38222.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/38222/application-of-hydrotrophy-in-hplc-hydrotrophic-solution--a-novel-cost-effective-and-ecofriendly-mobile-phase-for-solubilization-of-poorly-water-soluble-drugs/ahammed-unais-v-p
Determination of cefadroxil antibiotic by an analytical methodAlexander Decker
This document describes an analytical method for determining the concentration of the antibiotic Cefadroxil (CFL) using spectrophotometry. Several spectrophotometric methods are discussed that use different reagents to produce colored products with CFL, including chloranillic acid, MBTH, and 4-aminophenazone, which can then be measured at specific wavelengths. The methods provide linear detection ranges between 1-415 μg/ml of CFL and have good accuracy with recoveries ranging from 94.8-100.8%. The spectrophotometric methods offer a simple, inexpensive way to analyze CFL concentrations in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction. This document discusses several studies that developed and validated analytical methods for quantifying vardenafil concentration. One study used thin layer chromatography with densitometric detection to simultaneously estimate vardenafil and dapoxetine in pharmaceutical formulations. Another used HPLC with amperometric detection employing a boron-doped diamond electrode to determine vardenafil and related metabolites in plasma. A third developed a HPLC-chemiluminescence method to quantify trace levels of vardenafil in dietary supplements.
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of mixed ligand metal complexes derived from ampicillin drug and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. A Schiff base ligand was prepared via the condensation of these compounds. Metal complexes were synthesized using Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with the ligand and nicotinamide. The complexes were characterized using various analytical techniques and showed octahedral geometry. The complexes and ligand were screened for antimicrobial activity against bacteria. The complexes demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
Co-crystallization offers opportunities to improve drug properties like solubility and bioavailability. This document presents a method using the Crystal16 system to systematically screen for co-crystals based on measuring the solubilities of pure components and their mixtures. Solubility data is used to design mixtures with compositions predicted to form stable co-crystals. An example screens carbamazepine with isonicotinamide co-crystals, finding mixtures have higher saturation temperatures, indicating co-crystal formation. This demonstrates screening based on solubility maximizes co-crystal discovery potential.
This document reviews the stir casting process for producing aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with ceramic particles. It discusses key parameters of the stir casting process that must be properly controlled, including stirrer design and speed, stirring temperature and time, reinforcement feed rate, and pouring temperature. The document summarizes research on using stir casting to fabricate aluminum composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles, where factors like reinforcement volume ratio and particle size were investigated. The summary concludes that stir casting is an effective and economical technique for producing aluminum metal matrix composites when process parameters are properly optimized.
This document proposes i2MapReduce, a novel incremental processing expansion to the MapReduce framework for data mining big data. i2MapReduce executes fine-grained incremental processing at the key-value pair level to refresh mining results, unlike existing approaches that use task-level recomputation. It incorporates techniques to reduce I/O for accessing computation states. Experimental results on Amazon EC2 show i2MapReduce significantly improves performance over iterative and plain MapReduce that perform full recomputation when data changes.
The document describes the design and analysis of a mechanism to dynamically characterize power transmission systems without consuming significant energy. It involves using an electro-mechanical clutch connected to a motor via pulleys of different sizes to measure the torque transmitting capability of a transmission system by gradually increasing the load torque until slip occurs. Structural analysis using FEA found the design to be safe with a factor of safety above the minimum required.
Field Programmable Gate Array for Data Processing in Medical SystemsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Two- dimensional &Three–dimensional (3-D) image segmentation is on of the most demanding tasks in image processing. It has been proven that only the 14-neighborship of a rhombic dodecahedron can satisfy the aforementioned requirements. The 3-D-GSC process is executed in the following three phases ,coding phases,linking phases,splitting phases. An FPGA-based digital signal processing board optimized for applications needing large memory with high bandwidth has been developed and successfully used for the parallelization of a modern image segmentation algorithm for medical and industrial real-time applications.The Use of this 128-bit coprocessor board is not limited to image segmentation.We propose the perfectly parallelizable 3-D Gray-Value Structure Code (3-D-GSC) for image segmentation on a new FPGA custom machine. This 128-Bit FPGA coprocessing board features an up-to-date Virtex-II Pro architecture, two large independent DDR-SDRAM channels, two fast independent ZBT-SRAM channels, and PCI-X bus and CameraLink interfaces. Key words: Field Programmable Gate Array, Segme-ntation, Vogel bruch, Gray-valve structure code ,Homogeneous, Linking phase, Coding phase, Splitting phase, SDRAM.
Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet...IOSR Journals
In this paper, the effect of load, Velocity of sliding and sliding distance on friction and wear of
materials made of Polytetrafluoroethylele (PTFE) and PTFE composites under wet condition with filler
materials such as 25% bronze, 25% glass fiber and 25 % carbon have studied. The experimental work has
performed on pin-on-disc friction and wear test rig and analyzed with the help of Design Expert software. The
results of experiments are presented in tables and graphs which shows that the addition of bronze, glass and
carbon filler to the virgin PTFE decreases wear rate significantly and there is marginal increase in coefficient
of friction. The highest wear resistance was found for 25% carbon filled PTFE followed by 25% glass filled
PTFE, 25% bronze filled PTFE and virgin PTFE. Through this study, we can develop the best bearing material
for the various industrial applications which is available easily at the minimum cost.
The Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Commercial Drivers in Uyo Local G...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption among commercial
drivers in Uyo metropolis. Five research questions and three null hypothesis design was adopted, and the
instrument for the study was mainly interview schedules.
Due to the transitory nature of drivers in Uyo motor parks, convenient sampling was used to draw 160 drivers
who use Uyo motor parks.
The descriptive statistics percentage was used to answer the research questions, while chi – square statistics
was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. All the drivers interviewed drink alcohol for several
reasons. The sale of alcohol in the park and its environs has significant (P< 0.05) influence on their use. There
is no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the perceived influence of the use of alcohol on health with
respect to years of experience and age of drivers. The study was concluded with appropriate recommendation to
help the situation.
Key words: alcohol, drivers, prevalence and Uyo
Comparative Assessment of Two Thermodynamic Cycles of an aero-derivative Mari...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper explores the gas turbine potentials that are fully enhanced by the use of intercooling and
thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine
applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative
engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design
point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is
represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft
configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power
may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design
performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of
ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of
marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the
advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost
through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas
turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.
Unified V- Model Approach of Re-Engineering to reinforce Web Application Deve...IOSR Journals
The document discusses approaches for reengineering web applications. It proposes using a unified V-model approach to reinforce web application development through reengineering. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Using reverse engineering to analyze existing web applications and recover designs, followed by forward engineering to restructure the applications based on new requirements.
2) Applying the V-model at each phase of the web development process during reengineering to incorporate methodology.
3) The reengineering process involves reverse engineering, transformations to adapt to new technologies/requirements, and forward engineering to implement the new design.
Study on Coupling Model of Methanol Steam Reforming and Simultaneous Hydrogen...IOSR Journals
1) A simplified mechanistic model was developed for coupling methanol steam reforming and hydrogen combustion in microchannels of a parallel plate reactor. The reforming reaction is endothermic and requires heat, which is provided by the exothermic hydrogen combustion reaction in an adjacent channel.
2) Kinetic expressions were used to model the reforming and combustion reactions. MATLAB simulations were performed to analyze parameters like temperature, velocity and conversion. Operative diagrams showed the temperature and velocities required for complete methanol conversion.
3) Efficiency curves were generated based on hydrogen produced versus consumed. With a molar ratio of 0.9664, the maximum efficiency was 86.8%, indicating over 80% efficiency is achievable via coupling of
Analysis of Ketoconazole and Piribedil Using Ion Selective ElectrodesIOSR Journals
This document describes an analysis of two compounds, Ketoconazole and Piribedil, using ion selective electrodes. Four electrodes were prepared based on incorporating the ion-exchangers Ketoconazole and Piribedil into a PVC matrix using either DOP or DBP as a plasticizer. The electrodes showed wide usable concentration ranges, good selectivity, and were not significantly affected by pH or temperature changes within certain ranges. The compounds were successfully determined in solutions using potentiometric and conductiometric titrations as well as standard additions. The electrodes could potentially be used to analyze these compounds in pharmaceutical formulations.
This document describes a proposed fuzzy logic-based weather advisory system. It begins with background on how agricultural productivity depends on weather and how weather forecasts can help farmers plan. It then discusses using a fuzzy approach to develop the system given the uncertain nature of weather. The rest of the document reviews related work applying fuzzy logic to weather-related problems and provides details on fuzzy logic and how it can model imprecise systems through membership functions and if-then rules. The overall goal is to develop a weather advisory system to help farmers minimize losses from adverse conditions.
This document discusses analyzing human personality characteristics from social media profiles using machine learning techniques. It collects over 3,000 profile summaries from LinkedIn using web scraping. It then uses the WordNet lexical database to form word clusters for extroversion and introversion characteristics. The k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used to classify profiles as extrovert, introvert, or ambivert based on the words in their summaries. The goal is to analyze users' profiles and provide guidance to write profiles that include a balance of introvert and extrovert traits classified as ambivert, which tends to be viewed more positively. Accuracy results from the classification approach are promising but not discussed in detail.
This document reviews the use of ant colony optimization algorithms for wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on wireless sensor networks and important concepts like sensor nodes, clusters, cluster heads, and base stations. It then discusses routing protocols for wireless sensor networks including location-based, data-centric, mobility-based, and multipath-based protocols. The document provides an overview of ant colony optimization algorithms and reviews several related works that have applied these algorithms to problems in wireless sensor networks, such as sensor wakeup control and increasing network lifetime. It concludes by discussing techniques like data mining and ant colony optimization that could be used to improve wireless sensor network performance.
The document summarizes a 1-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) image watermarking algorithm for embedding watermarks into RGB cover images. The algorithm applies 1-level DWT to decompose the RGB cover image and watermark into frequency subbands. It then inserts the watermark into the low-frequency approximation subband of the cover image using alpha blending. The watermarked image achieves good quality with high peak signal-to-noise ratio. The extracted watermark matches the original with a normalized correlation value close to 1, showing the algorithm efficiently detects the watermark. The algorithm is imperceptible and robust against various attacks like noise and filtering.
This document describes the design and implementation of a hybrid cryptosystem using the AES and SHA-2 algorithms. The system integrates AES, a symmetric encryption algorithm, with SHA-2, a cryptographic hash function, to improve data security. AES encrypts data using a 128-bit key generated by hashing the input message with SHA-2. The combined system was synthesized using Xilinx ISE software and implemented on a Virtex-5 FPGA, utilizing under 2% of slice registers and 5% of slice LUTs. This provides higher security than AES alone through increased algorithm complexity.
This document describes the design and analysis of a two half-ring and half circular patch microstrip antenna for dual-band applications in the C-band frequencies. The antenna is designed to operate at 4.1 GHz and 6.5 GHz with moderate return loss and gain. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a peak gain of 3.08 dB at 4.1 GHz and 4.14 dB at 6.5 GHz when fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 3 mm. Current distribution and radiation patterns are also analyzed to understand the antenna performance at the resonant frequencies.
This document investigates the use of saw dust ash (SDA) as a stabilizing agent for an A-7-6 lateritic soil. Tests were conducted on mixtures of the soil with 2%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% SDA by weight. Results showed the liquid limit and plasticity index decreased with increasing SDA content up to 12%, while maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased. Unconfined compressive strength initially decreased then increased up to a maximum of 164.2 kPa at 16% SDA, around 4 times the strength of the untreated soil. The 12% SDA mixture produced strengths of 118.5 kPa, a plasticity index of 11.6
This document presents the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for triple band applications in digital communication systems. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.5 GHz bands. It consists of a rectangular patch fed by a microstrip line with two additional arms of different lengths acting as resonators. Simulation results show the antenna achieves impedance matching across bandwidths of 700 MHz, 800 MHz, and 1 GHz at the three frequencies. It has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and gain between 5-6 dBi. The compact triple band design reduces the antenna size by 67% compared to a conventional patch antenna.
This document provides a comparative study of existing intrusion detection systems for smartphones. It discusses 5 different intrusion detection approaches: 1) a cloud-based anomaly detection system, 2) a signature-based host-based IDS, 3) a rule-based host-based IDS called AMOXID, 4) an anomaly-based behavioral detection framework called Andromaly, and 5) an anomaly-based cloud-based detection system. It provides an overview of each approach and compares them based on parameters like detection method, positioning, type of analysis, alerts, scalability, pros, and cons. The conclusion is that combining anomaly and signature-based detection could improve attack detection performance for smartphones.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document analyzes trace metal levels in various alcoholic beverages commonly consumed in Agra, India using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations were found to vary between beverage types. The highest copper and iron levels were detected in brandy and whisky, likely due to the use of copper stills in production. All metal levels measured were below regulatory limits. The study aims to provide data on essential mineral intake from alcoholic beverages and ensure metal levels do not pose health risks.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans N-13 was explored for bioleaching copper from low-grade covellite ore. Shake flask experiments showed 82% copper extraction after 10 days at 37°C, pH 4.5, 200 rpm agitation, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 40% ore concentration. Bioreactor experiments extracted 88% copper in 8 days under the same conditions. T. ferroxidans N-13, isolated from saline soil, is a promising candidate for bioleaching copper from covellite using this pollution-free process.
Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane SteroidRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
This document reports on a study that analyzed aflatoxin contamination in three chili varieties (Longi, Wonder hot, and Skyline 1) grown in Pakistan. Aflatoxins were detected in 60%, 67%, and 54% of samples from the three varieties, respectively. Concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 34.6 μg/kg in Longi, 1.0 to 14.3 μg/kg in Wonder hot, and 7.8 to 15.6 μg/kg in Skyline 1. Over half of the samples exceeded the European Union limit for AFB1 and total aflatoxins. Mean contamination was significantly lower in Wonder hot (5.8 μg/kg) than in Longi
The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidiz...ijtsrd
Epoxidized vegetable oil have drawn much attention in recent yearrs, especially in the polymer industry as they are economical, available, environmentally friendly, non noxious and renewable. Cashew nut shell liquid CNSL , an agricultural by product abundantly available in tropical countries such as Vietnam, India, is one of the major and economical resources of naturally occurring phenols. Cardanol a byproduct of CNSL could be epoxidized by reacting carbon carbon double bonds of long unsaturated chain with peracids via the Prileshajev epoxidation process or the conventional process. This paper deals with the epoxidized reaction of cardanol take place in formic acid and hydrogen peroxyde. The results shown that the conversion efficiency of the epoxidized reaction reacheres 80 at 600C, stirring rates 1800 rpm, 2 p toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and rate of double bonds DB HCOOH AF H2O2 = 1.0 0.5 1.5. The product of epoxidized cardanol is also characterized by FT IR, 1H NMR and13C NMR. Bach Trong Phuc | Nguyen Thanh Liem "The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidized Reaction of Cardanol Extracted from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid of Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/49624/the-effect-of-formic-acid-hydrogen-peroxyde-and-other-conditions-on-epoxidized-reaction-of-cardanol-extracted-from-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-of-vietnam/bach-trong-phuc
Synthesis, Characterization and Electro analytical Applications of Nitrogen D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) for use as a modified electrode in electrochemical analysis. CMK-3 was synthesized using honey as a natural carbon source and SBA-15 mesoporous silica as a template. Characterization with XRD, BET, SEM and TEM showed the carbon replicated the hexagonal structure of SBA-15 and had a surface area of 587.8 m2/g. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated the CMK-3 modified electrode could selectively determine dopamine, L-cysteine, ascorbic acid and paracetamol through well-defined oxidative/reductive peaks
Experimental and theoretical solubility advantage screening of bi-component s...Maciej Przybyłek
This document describes an experimental and theoretical study to screen potential solubilizers for curcumin. In the experimental phase, the solubility of curcumin was measured in binary mixtures with 24 excipients. The highest solubility enhancement was found with pyrogallol, caffeine, theophylline, and nicotinamide. A theoretical QSPR model was then developed using molecular descriptors to predict solubility. This model was applied to screen over 230,000 compounds and predict solubility for curcumin analogs and naturally occurring turmerones to identify new excipients.
Alkaline Extraction of Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) Proteins: Physicochemical ...IJERA Editor
Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) is an important emerging species in Brazilian mariculture. The aim of the study was to obtain and characterize a protein isolate from cobia muscle using chemical extraction process by alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation of proteins. The extraction yield was 98.17g/100g protein on a dry basis. The highest solubility and water holding capacity (WHC) of cobiaprotein isolate (CPI) was obtained at pH 11and 21.9mL of water per gram of protein. The electrophoretic profiles revealed masses characteristic of myofibrillar proteins (myosin and actin). The main peaks identified by qualitative spectroscopy analysis of the infrared spectrawere characteristic of peptide bonds such as amide I and amide II. The highest fusion and degradation points of CPI were 259.1°C and 378°C, respectively. The results showed that the CPI has great biotechnological value in various industrial areas that require a product of high protein value.
This document summarizes a study that characterized banana peduncle biochar and evaluated its ability to adsorb hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution. Banana peduncle was pyrolyzed at 300°C and 500°C to produce biochar. The biochar was characterized using various analytical techniques and used in batch experiments to study the effect of pH, biochar dose, and initial Cr(VI) concentration on adsorption capacity. The results showed that banana peduncle biochar could effectively remove Cr(VI) from water through adsorption coupled reduction and complexation mechanisms. The biochar produced at 300°C exhibited higher maximum adsorption capacity (114 mg/g) compared to bio
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Poly Vinyl Pyrroli...IJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 ), the main mineral component of bone and teeth, is native to the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. In this study, nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP was synthesized at room temperature condition. The synthetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) prepared by wet chemical precipitation method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite is biocompatible with the human organism and is capable of integrating biologically into bone tissue. The synthesized sample were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays techniques (EDAX) and Micro hardness test.
In the present work, green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles has wide interest due to its inherent features such as eco-friendly and low costs. Here we propose a cost effective and eco-friendly green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aloe barbadensis and copper acetate. Aloe barbadensis has antioxidant property that helps in the formation of nanoparticles. Aloe barbadensis extract was obtained by heating it in distilled water and mixed to copper acetate to form copper oxide nanoparticles. The synthesised nanoparticles were analysed using UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
This document summarizes a study that determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in spice samples from eastern Ethiopia using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spice samples of fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger were collected and digested using microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were then measured. The study found detectable levels of all three metals in the samples tested, with the highest lead level found in ginger and the only detectable cadmium found in fenugreek. Microwave digestion was determined to be the optimal sample preparation method compared to dry and wet digestion based on shorter time and smaller deviations in results.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal content in dietary supplements in Kathmandu, Nepal. 10 samples each of herbal products and nutraceuticals were collected from markets and analyzed for levels of lead, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrometry. Previous studies on heavy metals in herbal medicines, lipsticks, and supplements found some products exceeded allowable limits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate metal contamination in supplements available in Kathmandu and increase consumer awareness of safety. Samples were prepared in a lab and sent for analysis, with results to be compared among brands. The research aims to determine if selected supplements contain heavy metals and help regulators set limits.
Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Evaluation of Some Heterocyclic Oxaze...JapaneseJournalofGas
The new serious of pentyloxy and aryloxy benzaldehyde (3ae) were synthesized from the substitution reaction of 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde with different aryl bromide and alkyl bromide, on the basis of Williamson ether synthesis in the presence of Potassium carbonate using absolute ethanol as a solvent. The second step was the synthesis of 2-amino-5-(p-tolyl)1,3,4-thiadiazole.
Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Evaluation of Some Heterocyclic Oxaze...JohnJulie1
The new serious of pentyloxy and aryloxy benzaldehyde (3ae) were synthesized from the substitution reaction of 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde with different aryl bromide and alkyl bromide, on the basis of Williamson ether synthesis in the presence of Potassium carbonate using absolute ethanol as a solvent. The second step was the synthesis of 2-amino-5-(p-tolyl)1,3,4-thiadiazole.
Acrylamide forms in foods when reducing sugars and asparagine are heated above 120°C through the Maillard reaction. It is found in various foods worldwide, especially those derived from carbohydrates like potatoes and cereals. While most epidemiological studies show no increased cancer risk from dietary acrylamide exposure, some cancer types warrant further study. Efforts to reduce acrylamide formation have met with some success for certain foods but complete elimination is likely not possible. A major toxicology study on acrylamide is ongoing but results have not yet been released. Current knowledge gaps remain around human health effects at low levels of dietary exposure.
This study compared the use of calcium alginate and barium alginate to immobilize Torulaspora delbrueckii cells for the bioconversion of benzaldehyde to L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC). Cells immobilized in calcium alginate beads could be reused for up to six cycles, while cells immobilized in barium alginate beads were reusable for up to nine cycles. Barium alginate immobilization produced a total of 2.17 g of L-PAC over nine cycles, more than the 1.17 g produced with calcium alginate over six cycles. The higher reusability and productivity of barium alginate suggests it may be a better
Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Similar to Chemical Investigations of Some Commercial Samples of Calcium Based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine Origin: Kapardika Bhasma (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Chemical Investigations of Some Commercial Samples of Calcium Based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine Origin: Kapardika Bhasma
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 4 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 05-12
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Chemical Investigations of Some Commercial Samples of Calcium
Based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine Origin: Kapardika Bhasma
Sonali Dhamal, M.P.Wadekar*, B.A.Kulkarni, V.V.Dhapte
Department of Chemistry, Yashwantrao Mohite College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University,
Pune-411038, Maharashtra, India.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Kapardika bhasma is an important Ayurvedic drug of marine origin. Even though it is composed of
mainly of calcium carbonate it exhibits excellent medicinal properties which are not associated with standard
calcium carbonate. In the present study four commercial samples are characterized using techniques like EDX,
SEM, IR, UV,XRD and TG analysis to throw light on their chemical composition and chemical properties .Such
comparative study may help to standardise and to interpret the biological and medicinal properties of such
traditional drug.
Keywords: Calcium carbonate, Kapardika bhasma, TG, SEM, IR, XRD.
I Introduction
Ocean is the biggest natural repository providing a huge number of materials many of which are
pharmaceutically important. Among these, there is a specific group of marine products of animal origin whose
pharmaceutical utility and medicinal importance was recognized long ago by traditional pharmacists. This group
includes five calcium based materials namely Counch [ terbinella rapa ], Counch shell [xan thus pyrum],
Kapardika [ cypraea moneta ], Praval [ coralliun rubrum ] and Pearl [ pinctada margarifiera ].
In Indian systems of medicine a huge number of pharmaceutical preparations are established according to
procedures reported in ancient ayurvedic texts. Kapardika bhasma is one of these drugs which is the subject of
present investigation.
Kapardika Bhasma is a valuable Ayurvedic drug which is used as powerful antacid and many stomach
problems. It is prepare from Kapardika powder. Various methods are reported in Ancient Ayurvedic literature
such as Rasatarangani, Charak Sanhita. These procedures are followed by Ayurvedic pharmacy still today.
Therefore, most of these formulations are considered as traditional medicines and they are not acceptable as
approved drugs on international level. Actually due to their natural and biological origin they possess several
merits as compared to their equivalent drugs in current use. Economically also, they are much cheaper due to
easily available raw material in huge quantity at a lower cost. Hence if their pharmaceutical and biomedical
chemistry is reinvestigated by standardizing synthetic procedures and methods of characterization on the basis
of modern analytical techniques, all these formulations will receive international appreciation and acceptance on
wider scale.
Literature survey reveals that studies on chemical investigations of some Ayurvedic bhasmas of
mineral origin are reported [1-4]
but relatively less work is reported on bhasmas of marine origin. A review on
Kapardika bhasma is reported by Krishna etal [5].
Some structural characterization on Varatika bhasma (i.e.
Kapardika bhasma) is also reported by Devanathan etal [6]
. Some calcium based Ayurvedic bhasmas are
analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis for major and minor constituent elements by Kumar etal [7]
.
An attempt has been made by them to correlate metallic contents with their medicinal importance. Antacid
activity of some Ayurvedic calcium preparations is studied by Baxi [8].
In the present study Chemical investigations of some commercial samples of Kapardika bhasma are done using
modern techniques such as EDX, SEM, Solid state UV, Solid state IR, TGA and XRD. Such study may throw
light on chemical composition as well as structural properties of Kapardika bhasma and hence the origin of its
medicinal properties. Four samples from reputed pharmacies (K-1, K-2, K-3 and K-4) from different parts of
India are selected for current study in order to understand the current status of these bhasmas.
II Materials and Methods
Kapardika bhasma ( K1, K2, K3, K4) from four reputed pharmacies are collected for the present study.
Standard CaCO3 was purchased from Alderich for comparative purpose. Powder of Kapardika (K) was also
purchased from Ayurvedic pharmacy.
2. Chemical Investigations of some commercial samples of calcium based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
Instrumental Techniques
Calcium carbonate, Kapardika powder and samples of Kapardika bhasma were analysed using EDX
machine (JEOL JSM – 6360A Analytical SEM) for obtaining the relative percentage of constituent elements.
The solid state infrared spectra were recorded in KBr (discs) in the region 4000-450 cm-1 on Perkin Elmer
model 1600 and solid state UV-Visible spectra were recorded in the region (220 – 800 nm) against pure KBr
disc as the reference. The KBr disc was prepared by mixing 1 mg of each sample with 100mg of KBr. Thickness
of the disc was maintained 0.1 mm for each of the sample. The XRD patterns were recorded on a Rigaku
(Geigerflex RB RU 200) X-ray diffractometer using Cu K alpha radiation filtered by a nickel foil over the range
of diffraction angle 3-500
, the wavelength used being 1.542 Aº. Thermograms of the sample are recorded on
Perkin Elmer TG analyser up to 10000
C at a heating rate 100
C per minute in air atmosphere. SEM photographs
of the samples were recorded on machine JEOL JSM – 6360A Analytical SEM.
III Results and Discussion
3.1 EDX-Analysis
The EDX analysis is mainly used to identify the constituent elements and for knowing the relative
percentages of these elements. These results are expressed in terms of bar diagram shown in the Fig-1.
Fig-1 Bar Diagram showing relative percentage of constituent elements of Kapardika bhasmas
Pure and stoichiomertically correct CaCO3 is composed of ~40% Ca and ~60%CO3 but the
commercial sample of CaCO3 of AR grade under study is associated with MgO (0.4%) as the impurity.
Naturally occurring Kapardika powder also contains predominantly calcium, carbon and oxygen. But it is
associated with sodium as a minor constituent. The four samples of Kapardika bhasma are also more
predominantly composed of the mixture of calcium, carbon and oxygen. This important observation is further
supported by IR studies.
3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared spectra of Kapardika powder and samples of Kapardika bhasma are compared with standard
CaCO3 because all these samples are mainly composed of CaCO3 as observed from EDX. IR spectra of all the
samples are presented in Fig-2 and important frequencies are summarized in Table-2.
Conclusions from IR Study:
1. The IR spectrum of Kapardika powder shows characteristic peaks in the region 600-750 cm-1
confirming
presence of calcium carbonate [9].
Most of the samples of Kapardika bhasma also show two peaks in the
same region.
2. In Synthetic CaCO3 and in K-1, K-2, K-4 broad bands in region around 3445-3642 cm-1
are observed. They
are either due to O-H from H2O present in the lattice [10]
or from Ca(OH)2 associated with CaCO3
[11]
of
respective samples except that of K-3 sample.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
K K1 K2 K3 K4
Ca
O
C
3. Chemical Investigations of some commercial samples of calcium based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Fig -2 Infrared spectra of Kapardika powder and bhasmas.
Table-2 Infrared Frequencies of Kapardika Powder and Kapardika Bhasmas
Sr.
No
Compound Peak-1 Peak-2 Peak-3 Peak4 Peak-5 Peak-
6
Peak-
7
Peak-
8
Peak-
9
Assignmen
t
O-H
(H2O)/
Ca(OH)2
Organi
c mater
Organic
mater
H-O-H CO3
2-
CO3
2-
CO3
2-
1. CaCO3 3445 2887
2872
2512 2360 1795 1403
1422
872 712 668
2 K 3446 2872 2512 2370 1799 1418 875 740
750
----
3 K-1 3642 ---- 2512 2360 1809 1435 910 712
750
----
4 K-2 3447 2875 2512 2344 1799 1436 875 712
750
600
620
5 K-3 ---- ---- 2513 2330 1843 1436 874 712 668
6 K-4 3444
3673
2898 2509 2362 1791 1446 874 726
750
----
3. In case of the Kapardika powder the broad peak around 3446 cm-1
is assignable to lattice water and
associated organic matter [12]
which is further supported by thermal studies. In K-3 sample there is no
indication of water molecule in its structure. In the spectrum of K-1 the peak around 3642cm-1
is sharp which
is rather surprising. The bands around 1795-1809 cm-1
could be assignable to H-O-H of water molecule
from CaCO3
[9]
.
4. The broad peaks around 1422 cm-1
as well as sharp peaks around 872 and 772 cm-1
are due to carbonate ions
(CO3
-2
) from CaCO3
[9]
in all five samples. The possible reasons for the presence of such peaks could be as
follows. The preparation of Kapardika bhasma involves repeated treatment of Kapardika powder with
medicinally important plants like Aloe Vera and repeated calcinations cycles in traditional furnace in an
earthen pots where temperature in the furnace is between 600-9000
C [ 13,14 ].
It is expected that the high
temperature inside the furnace should result the conversion of CaCO3 present in the Kapardika powder into
CaO [15]
involving the reaction- (1) as follows.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ---------- ( 1)
But the Kapardika bhasma mainly shows the presence of CaCO3 in the form of calcite along with Ca(OH)2
in some bhasma samples. This observation is consistent with the observations reported by Ketakar etal and
Dubey etal who have done rigorous investigation of Mukta Shouktik bhasma. [13,14]
which is also a calcium
carbonate based Ayurvedic bhasma. The repeated treatment of Aloe vera gel containing enough amount of
water may prevent the decarboation of intermediate product of Kapardika bhasma [16].
Possibility of
decarbonation of Kapardika powder in the form of aragonite and reformation of calcium carbonate in form
of calcite via calcium hydroxide is also reported by Mishra etal and Krishna etal.[5]
Calcium oxide formed
due to calcinations in Reaction (1) has a great affinity for water to give Ca(OH)2 through the reaction (2)
CaO + H2O - Ca(OH)2 -------- (2)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 ------- (3)
This Ca(OH)2 again reacts with CO2 present in the sealed earthen pot to give again CaCO3 by reaction(3).
The reactions (1), ( 2) and (3) take place simultaneously. But since the reaction is taking place in closed
4. Chemical Investigations of some commercial samples of calcium based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
system reaction (3) could be dominant due to presence of accumulated CO2 in the earthen pot. This
observation is also consistent with the detailed studies done by wadekar etal [2]
on effect of calcinations
cycles on preparation of vanga bhasma where the bhasma contains CaCO3 along with tin oxide.
5. The peaks around 2870-2890 cm-1
are assignable to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of
sp3
hybridized C-H bands and the peaks around 2509-2513 cm-1
are attributed to organic matters which
contained hydroxyl matter. [10]
3.3 Electronic Spectroscopy
Solid state UV-Visible spectra of Kapardika powder and samples of Kapardika bhasmas are compared
with standard CaCO3 and Spectra of all the samples are presented in Fig-3 and important wavelengths along
with their tentative assignments are shown in Table-3
.
Table-3 Solid State Electronic Spectra (λ max in nm) of Kapardika powder and Kapardika bhasmas.
Compound Peak-1 Peak-2 Peak-3 Peak-4 Peak-5
Assignments σ-π* σ-π* π-π* π-π* n-π*
CaCO3 --- 239 270 302 , 344 ---
K --- --- 266 340 402
K-1 222 239 270 344 418
K-2 222 239 270 344 399
K-3 --- 239 270 344 538
K-4 224 239 270 344 407
3.4 X- ray powder Diffraction
The XRD patterns of CaCO3, Kapardika powder and four samples of Kapardika bhasma , are
illustrated in Fig- 4. These XRD patterns show that all the samples include CaCO3 as their major component.
These patterns are composed of sharp lines with different intensities. From the nature of these lines it reveals
that all these samples are crystalline in nature. The diffraction peak at (2theta=30.340
A) Kapardika powder and
the diffraction peaks (2 theta=29.78-28.990
A) in all samples of bhasma indicate possibility of calcite phase of
calcium carbonate [10,14].
The Particle size calculated from these XRD patterns using Scherrer Equation are
shown in Table-4 which falls in the range 28 nm to 40 nm indicating their nanometric nature. This size is lower
than the standard CaCO3.
Fig -3 Electronic spectra of Kapardika powder and Kapardika bhasma.
5. Chemical Investigations of some commercial samples of calcium based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine
www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Fig-4 XRD patterns of Kapardika powder and Kapardika bhasmas.
Table- 4 Particle Size of Kapardika and Kapardika bhasmas
Sr. No Name of the
Compound
FWHM Angel 2θ Particle Size
(nm)
1 CaCO3 0.1897 29.5421 43.32
2 K 0.2544 30.3427 32.36
3 K-1 0.2096 29.7876 39.23
4 K-2 0.2929 29.5594 28.06
5 K-3 0.2307 29.7450 35.64
6 K-4 0.2582 28.9998 31.79
3.5 Thermo-gravimetric Analysis
Thermo-gravimetric analysis patterns of Kapardika powder and respective bhasmas are presented in
Fig-5 and the important conclusions are summarized in Table-5 which supports CaCO3 as major component in
them along with small amount of organic matter and water or calcium hydroxide. Weight losses for CO2 and
weight of residues remaining at the end as CaO are matching well with the calculated weights. These results
indicate that Kapardika powder contains 83% CaCO3 and the bhasma samples contain 98-99% CaCO3.
Fig-5 Thermo-gravimetric patterns of Kapardika powder and Kapardika bhasmas
3.6 SEM Studies
The SEM photographs of pure CaCO3, Kapardika powder and samples of Kapardika bhasma at three
magnifications are shown in Fig-6. A comparison of the SEM photographs of Kapardika powder with the SEM
photographs of Kapardika bhasma shows that samples of Kapardika bhasma exhibits remarkable difference in
their morphology. They seems to be composed of lumps or agglomeration which are heterogeneous in nature
consisting of different sizes of crystallites .The conclusions from SEM studies may be summarized as follows:
(i) The Kapardika powder is a mixture of square shaped and rod shaped particles and the particle size ranges in
between 0.5 to 1micron. The reason of such mix particles could be, naturally occurring Kapardika is the hardest
material among all the marine products and it is more difficult to transform it into finely divided powder form .
6. Chemical Investigations of some commercial samples of calcium based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Due to this reason, special methods for the ayurvedic purification of Kapardika itself and its crude powder are
recommended to transform it into finely divided powder form.
Table-5 Thermal decomposition Steps of Kapardika powder and Kapardika bhasmas.
Compound
with initial
wt
Decomposition
Steps
Temperature
range 0
C
Wt loss
(mg)
Assignments
K
43mg
I 50-140 7.00 Loss due to organic matter and lattice water.
II 700-925 15.10
(15.84)
Loss due to CO2 from CaCO3
Residue as CaO = 21.00 (20.16)mg
K-1
10mg
I 50-460 0.10 Loss due to organic matter
II 460-501 0.40 Loss due to organic matter
III 650-850 3.50
(4.18)
Loss due to CO2 from CaCO3 and from small
amount of Ca(OH)2
Residue as CaO=6.00 (5.32) mg
K-2
40mg
I 50-375 0.30 Loss due to organic matter
II 800-925 17.20
(17.60)
Loss due to CO2 from CaCO3
Residue as CaO=22.5 (22.4) mg
K-3
19.50 mg
I 50-375 0.1 Loss due to organic matter
II 720-900 8.60
(8.53)
Loss due to CO2 from CaCO3
Residue as CaO=12.80 (12.86) mg
K-4
13.00 mg
I 50-540 0.4 Loss due to organic matter
II 725-875 5.60
(5.72)
Loss due to CO2 from CaCO3
Residue as CaO=7.00 (7.20) mg
The values in the parentheses indicate calculated values.
(ii) The K-1 sample of bhasma shows high degree of agglomeration and the particle size ranges between 0.5 to
0.7 micron. These agglomerates appear to be square shaped and porous.
(iii) K-2 sample is composed of porous agglomerates and particle size is ranging from 0.7 to 0.1 micron. The
shape of the particles is circular granules.
(iv) In K-3 also agglomeration is observed and the big particles are covered by small dusty particles as that of
for K-2.The particle size ranges from 0.5 to 1micron.
(v) The K-4 sample shows particles of 0.5 to 0.7 micron with loss of their grain boundaries. Higher degree of
agglomeration is a consequence of repeated calcinations cycles during the preparation of these bhasmas [2].
IV Conclusions
A comparative study of Kapardika powder and four commercial samples of Kapardika bhasma are
carried out using modern instrumental techniques. These samples are mainly composed of calcium carbonate as
indicated by EDX, IR and TGA. TGA is found to be the most useful technique for compositional studies of
these bhasmas. Four samples of Kapardika bhasma resembles with each other with minor differences due to
presence of small quantity of water, calcium hydroxide and organic matter. XRD of the four samples match with
calcite phase of calcium carbonate and indicate nanometric nature of the bhasmas. Such nanometric Size could
be responsible for the excellent therapeutic properties of the bhasmas.Further presence of organic matter as
shown by IR and TG is likely to influence the bioassemibility of the bhasma. SEM analysis reveals
agglomeration of the particles as consequences of repeated calcination cycles subjected during preparation of
these bhasmas. Morphology of these samples is remarkably different from each other as seen from SEM
photographs.
KO – 1 KO – 2 KO – 3
7. Chemical Investigations of some commercial samples of calcium based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine
www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
K1 – 1 K1 – 2 K1 – 3
K2 – 1 K2 – 2 K2 – 3
K3 – 1 K3 – 2 K3-3
Fig-6 SEM photographs of Kapardika powder and Kapardika bhasmas K-1,K-2, K-3.
K4 – 1 K4 – 2 K4 – 3
Fig-6 SEM photographs of Kapardika bhasma sample K-4
These findings may help the preparation of standard and reproducible formulation of kapardika bhasma.
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Dr. S.S. Kadam, Vice Chancellor, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University,
Pune, Prof. K.D. Jadhav, Principal, Y.M. College, Pune, for providing necessary facilities and constant
encouragement. Authors are also thankful to Dr. P.S. Khandagale and Dr. P.K. Khanna for their valuable
suggestions.
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