Oil and Gas are natural resources of enormous economic importance. Together they provide about 60% of all the energy used by society today. They provide fuel for transport and are vital for heating, lighting and cooking. In addition they are used in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics, plastics, fertilizers, detergent as well as for many other purposes. In short, it is hard to imagine how our society could function without oil and gas.
This is a survey on the history of oil presented as a timeline which includes major social, business and technological events related to the development of the oil industry.
What is petroleum? And it is refine in industry
Formation and composition of petroleum
Reservoir of petroleum
Fraction of petroleum
Cracking of petroleum
Green Petroleum
World consumption of petroleum
Consumption in Pakistan
Oil and Gas are natural resources of enormous economic importance. Together they provide about 60% of all the energy used by society today. They provide fuel for transport and are vital for heating, lighting and cooking. In addition they are used in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics, plastics, fertilizers, detergent as well as for many other purposes. In short, it is hard to imagine how our society could function without oil and gas.
This is a survey on the history of oil presented as a timeline which includes major social, business and technological events related to the development of the oil industry.
What is petroleum? And it is refine in industry
Formation and composition of petroleum
Reservoir of petroleum
Fraction of petroleum
Cracking of petroleum
Green Petroleum
World consumption of petroleum
Consumption in Pakistan
Case for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalD.docxcowinhelen
Case for critical thinking
Scenario
planning
at
Royal
Dutch
Shell
On 16 October 1973, a great oil crisis began when Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raised the price of oil by 70 per cent and reduced production. This was in response to the decision by the United States to re-supply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur war, lasting until March 1974. As a consequence, the market price of oil rose substantially — from $3 a barrel to $12. The trend of recessions and high inflation in the world financial systems until the 1980s meant that the price of oil continued to increase
198
until 1986.
24
This, according to Shell, meant that ‘An era of cheap energy had come to an end and oil was no longer a buyer’s market’.
25
However, when the oil shock came in October 1973 after the Yom Kippur war, Shell was the only oil major prepared for it. In the early 1970s, Pierre Wack was a planner in Royal Dutch Shell in London, and had calculated the impact of a possible rise in the oil price and a likely increase in the world’s appetite for oil. He and his colleagues had mapped out a scenario in which the OPEC demanded much higher prices for their oil following the 1967 Arab–Israel six-day war. In effect, Shell’s managers were able to plan for this eventuality and apply this planning to the crisis following the Yom Kippur war while other oil companies struggled.
26
In order to survive, Shell adopted a policy of diversification, branching out into the areas of coal, nuclear power and metals. Firstly, in 1970 Shell purchased Billiton, an established metals mining company (which it later sold). In 1973, the company moved into nuclear power by forming a partnership with Gulf Oil to manufacture gas-cooled reactors and their fuels. Shell’s success in coal was limited. In the 1970s, the company also continued its work in developing the oil fields in the North Sea. While a huge investment was required due to the adverse weather conditions and the instability of the sea bed, the cost was justified due to the sheer size of the oil fields in the North Sea, as well as the fact that supply from the Middle East was reduced at the time.
27
Royal
Dutch
Shell
became a leader in profitability, and continues to use
scenario
planning
as an aid to opportunity-framing and strategy formulation.
28
With the world making commendable efforts to limit its consumption of fossil fuels in the face of ‘peak oil’ (the time when demand exceeds supply) and increasing its reliance on wind and solar power, the long-established ‘legacy expectations’ of enduring access to easily accessible oil remain stubbornly fixed in the minds of both developed and developing nations.
Scenario
planning
is using careful research inputs to examine the prejudices of policy-makers and the demands of populations to arrive
at
sustainable solutions to energy needs, and to avoid the catastrophe of a war over oil. Is such a crisis likely, or even possible? Consider the following .
ase for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalDu.docxwildmandelorse
ase for critical thinking
Scenario
planning
at
Royal
Dutch
Shell
On 16 October 1973, a great oil crisis began when Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raised the price of oil by 70 per cent and reduced production. This was in response to the decision by the United States to re-supply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur war, lasting until March 1974. As a consequence, the market price of oil rose substantially — from $3 a barrel to $12. The trend of recessions and high inflation in the world financial systems until the 1980s meant that the price of oil continued to increase
198
until 1986.
24
This, according to Shell, meant that ‘An era of cheap energy had come to an end and oil was no longer a buyer’s market’.
25
However, when the oil shock came in October 1973 after the Yom Kippur war, Shell was the only oil major prepared for it. In the early 1970s, Pierre Wack was a planner in Royal Dutch Shell in London, and had calculated the impact of a possible rise in the oil price and a likely increase in the world’s appetite for oil. He and his colleagues had mapped out a scenario in which the OPEC demanded much higher prices for their oil following the 1967 Arab–Israel six-day war. In effect, Shell’s managers were able to plan for this eventuality and apply this planning to the crisis following the Yom Kippur war while other oil companies struggled.
26
In order to survive, Shell adopted a policy of diversification, branching out into the areas of coal, nuclear power and metals. Firstly, in 1970 Shell purchased Billiton, an established metals mining company (which it later sold). In 1973, the company moved into nuclear power by forming a partnership with Gulf Oil to manufacture gas-cooled reactors and their fuels. Shell’s success in coal was limited. In the 1970s, the company also continued its work in developing the oil fields in the North Sea. While a huge investment was required due to the adverse weather conditions and the instability of the sea bed, the cost was justified due to the sheer size of the oil fields in the North Sea, as well as the fact that supply from the Middle East was reduced at the time.
27
Royal
Dutch
Shell
became a leader in profitability, and continues to use
scenario
planning
as an aid to opportunity-framing and strategy formulation.
28
With the world making commendable efforts to limit its consumption of fossil fuels in the face of ‘peak oil’ (the time when demand exceeds supply) and increasing its reliance on wind and solar power, the long-established ‘legacy expectations’ of enduring access to easily accessible oil remain stubbornly fixed in the minds of both developed and developing nations.
Scenario
planning
is using careful research inputs to examine the prejudices of policy-makers and the demands of populations to arrive
at
sustainable solutions to energy needs, and to avoid the catastrophe of a war over oil. Is such a crisis likely, or even possible? Consider the following .
Oil Depletion & the Coming Global Energy Crisis, Seth Cook (June 2012)Beijing Energy Network
The 20th century was an era of cheap and abundant resources. Global energy supplies expanded dramatically. But in the early decades of the 21st century, we have already entered an era of scarce and expensive resources. In fact, in this century we may even see a contraction of global energy supplies, particularly of oil. We are perched on the verge of a global energy crisis, although very few people are aware of it, including energy experts.
Hydraulic Fracturing: Opportunities and Obstacles By Trigg Ruehle Trigg Ruehle
Brief overview of Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking) and how it can become a viable and sustainable way to extract oil in the future. With new technology it can become economical and environmentally feasible without the harmful effects associated with bad practices in the past.
Oil shale resource is called unconventional oil resources to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods (e.g., conventional oil resources). Most of the world's oil reserves are recorded as unconventional crude oil. Oil shale deposits represent staggering resource figures. Estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey suggest a global resource of 3 trillion (1012) barrels of oil, but reasonable estimates as high as 12 trillion barrels have been made. About half of the resource is located in the western United States. This articles aims to sight some light on the oil shale as the important types of unconventional oil deposits in the earth as well as how much can be economically recovered from oil shale.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Case for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalD.docxcowinhelen
Case for critical thinking
Scenario
planning
at
Royal
Dutch
Shell
On 16 October 1973, a great oil crisis began when Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raised the price of oil by 70 per cent and reduced production. This was in response to the decision by the United States to re-supply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur war, lasting until March 1974. As a consequence, the market price of oil rose substantially — from $3 a barrel to $12. The trend of recessions and high inflation in the world financial systems until the 1980s meant that the price of oil continued to increase
198
until 1986.
24
This, according to Shell, meant that ‘An era of cheap energy had come to an end and oil was no longer a buyer’s market’.
25
However, when the oil shock came in October 1973 after the Yom Kippur war, Shell was the only oil major prepared for it. In the early 1970s, Pierre Wack was a planner in Royal Dutch Shell in London, and had calculated the impact of a possible rise in the oil price and a likely increase in the world’s appetite for oil. He and his colleagues had mapped out a scenario in which the OPEC demanded much higher prices for their oil following the 1967 Arab–Israel six-day war. In effect, Shell’s managers were able to plan for this eventuality and apply this planning to the crisis following the Yom Kippur war while other oil companies struggled.
26
In order to survive, Shell adopted a policy of diversification, branching out into the areas of coal, nuclear power and metals. Firstly, in 1970 Shell purchased Billiton, an established metals mining company (which it later sold). In 1973, the company moved into nuclear power by forming a partnership with Gulf Oil to manufacture gas-cooled reactors and their fuels. Shell’s success in coal was limited. In the 1970s, the company also continued its work in developing the oil fields in the North Sea. While a huge investment was required due to the adverse weather conditions and the instability of the sea bed, the cost was justified due to the sheer size of the oil fields in the North Sea, as well as the fact that supply from the Middle East was reduced at the time.
27
Royal
Dutch
Shell
became a leader in profitability, and continues to use
scenario
planning
as an aid to opportunity-framing and strategy formulation.
28
With the world making commendable efforts to limit its consumption of fossil fuels in the face of ‘peak oil’ (the time when demand exceeds supply) and increasing its reliance on wind and solar power, the long-established ‘legacy expectations’ of enduring access to easily accessible oil remain stubbornly fixed in the minds of both developed and developing nations.
Scenario
planning
is using careful research inputs to examine the prejudices of policy-makers and the demands of populations to arrive
at
sustainable solutions to energy needs, and to avoid the catastrophe of a war over oil. Is such a crisis likely, or even possible? Consider the following .
ase for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalDu.docxwildmandelorse
ase for critical thinking
Scenario
planning
at
Royal
Dutch
Shell
On 16 October 1973, a great oil crisis began when Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raised the price of oil by 70 per cent and reduced production. This was in response to the decision by the United States to re-supply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur war, lasting until March 1974. As a consequence, the market price of oil rose substantially — from $3 a barrel to $12. The trend of recessions and high inflation in the world financial systems until the 1980s meant that the price of oil continued to increase
198
until 1986.
24
This, according to Shell, meant that ‘An era of cheap energy had come to an end and oil was no longer a buyer’s market’.
25
However, when the oil shock came in October 1973 after the Yom Kippur war, Shell was the only oil major prepared for it. In the early 1970s, Pierre Wack was a planner in Royal Dutch Shell in London, and had calculated the impact of a possible rise in the oil price and a likely increase in the world’s appetite for oil. He and his colleagues had mapped out a scenario in which the OPEC demanded much higher prices for their oil following the 1967 Arab–Israel six-day war. In effect, Shell’s managers were able to plan for this eventuality and apply this planning to the crisis following the Yom Kippur war while other oil companies struggled.
26
In order to survive, Shell adopted a policy of diversification, branching out into the areas of coal, nuclear power and metals. Firstly, in 1970 Shell purchased Billiton, an established metals mining company (which it later sold). In 1973, the company moved into nuclear power by forming a partnership with Gulf Oil to manufacture gas-cooled reactors and their fuels. Shell’s success in coal was limited. In the 1970s, the company also continued its work in developing the oil fields in the North Sea. While a huge investment was required due to the adverse weather conditions and the instability of the sea bed, the cost was justified due to the sheer size of the oil fields in the North Sea, as well as the fact that supply from the Middle East was reduced at the time.
27
Royal
Dutch
Shell
became a leader in profitability, and continues to use
scenario
planning
as an aid to opportunity-framing and strategy formulation.
28
With the world making commendable efforts to limit its consumption of fossil fuels in the face of ‘peak oil’ (the time when demand exceeds supply) and increasing its reliance on wind and solar power, the long-established ‘legacy expectations’ of enduring access to easily accessible oil remain stubbornly fixed in the minds of both developed and developing nations.
Scenario
planning
is using careful research inputs to examine the prejudices of policy-makers and the demands of populations to arrive
at
sustainable solutions to energy needs, and to avoid the catastrophe of a war over oil. Is such a crisis likely, or even possible? Consider the following .
Oil Depletion & the Coming Global Energy Crisis, Seth Cook (June 2012)Beijing Energy Network
The 20th century was an era of cheap and abundant resources. Global energy supplies expanded dramatically. But in the early decades of the 21st century, we have already entered an era of scarce and expensive resources. In fact, in this century we may even see a contraction of global energy supplies, particularly of oil. We are perched on the verge of a global energy crisis, although very few people are aware of it, including energy experts.
Hydraulic Fracturing: Opportunities and Obstacles By Trigg Ruehle Trigg Ruehle
Brief overview of Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking) and how it can become a viable and sustainable way to extract oil in the future. With new technology it can become economical and environmentally feasible without the harmful effects associated with bad practices in the past.
Oil shale resource is called unconventional oil resources to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods (e.g., conventional oil resources). Most of the world's oil reserves are recorded as unconventional crude oil. Oil shale deposits represent staggering resource figures. Estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey suggest a global resource of 3 trillion (1012) barrels of oil, but reasonable estimates as high as 12 trillion barrels have been made. About half of the resource is located in the western United States. This articles aims to sight some light on the oil shale as the important types of unconventional oil deposits in the earth as well as how much can be economically recovered from oil shale.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. Oil and Gas – Black Gold!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moscow_traffic_congestion.JPG
NASA
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg
2. Talk outline
Part 1: Origin – How do oil and gas form?
Practical: Non-Renewable Energy
Part 2: Exploration and Production –
How do we find oil and gas and how is it produced?
Practical: Prospector Game
Part 3: Politics – Why are oil and gas important?
3. Origin (1): Chemistry
Crude Oil
Hydrocarbon
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Octane_molecule_3D_model.png
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG
• Oil and gas are made of a mixture of
different hydrocarbons.
• As the name suggests these are large
molecules made up of hydrogen atoms
attached to a backbone of carbon.
6. Origin (4): On the sea bed
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg
When the plankton dies it rains
down on sea bed to form an
organic mush
Sea bed
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nerr0328.jpg
If there are any animals on the
sea bed these will feed on the
organic particles
8. Origin (6): Cooking
www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg
As Black Shale is buried, it is heated.
Kerogen
Gas
Oil
Organic matter is first changed by the
increase in temperature into kerogen,
which is a solid form of hydrocarbon
Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid
state, which we call oil
Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas
A rock that has produced oil and gas in
this way is known as a Source Rock
9. Origin (7): Migration
www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg
• Hot oil and gas is less dense than
the source rock in which it occurs
• Oil and gas migrate upwards up
through the rock in much the same
way that the air bubbles of an
underwater diver rise to the surface
• The rising oil and gas eventually gets
trapped in pockets in the rock called
reservoirs
Rising oil
12. Practical Exercise 1
Renewable versus Non-Renewable Energy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Windpark_Galicia.jpg
13. Exploration and Production (1):
Oil Traps
• Some rocks are permeable
and allow oil and gas to freely
pass through them
• Other rocks are impermeable
and block the upward passage
of oil and gas
• Where oil and gas rises up
into a dome (or anticline)
capped by impermeable rocks
it can’t escape. This is one
type of an Oil Trap.
Impermeable
Permeable
Dome Trap
14. Exploration and Production (2):
Reservoir Rocks
Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5innl
• The permeable strata in an oil trap
is known as the Reservoir Rock
• Reservoir rocks have lots of
interconnected holes called pores.
These absorb the oil and gas like a
sponge
This is a highly magnified picture of
a sandy reservoir rock (water-filled
pores are shown in blue)
As oil migrates it fills up the pores
(oil-filled pores shown in black)
15. Exploration and Production (3):
Seismic Surveys
Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inpj
Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inor
• Seismic surveys are used to locate likely rock structures
underground in which oil and gas might be found
• Shock waves are fired into the ground. These bounce off layers
of rock and reveal any structural domes that might contain oil
Drill here!
16. Exploration and Production (4):
Drilling the well
• Once an oil or gas prospect has
been identified, a hole is drilled to
assess the potential
• The cost of drilling is very great.
On an offshore rig, it may cost
$10,000 for each metre drilled.
• A company incurs vast losses
for every “dry hole” drilled
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg
18. Exploration and Production (6):
Transport
United States Geological Survey
• Once extracted oil and
gas must be sent to a
refinery for processing
• Pipelines transport
most of the world’s oil
from well to refinery
• Massive Oil Tankers
also play an important
role in distribution
Trans-Alaskan Pipeline
19. Exploration and Production (7):
At the Refinery
• Before it can be used crude oil must be refined.
• Hydrocarbons can be separated using distillation, which
produces different fractions (or types) of oil and gas
Oil refinery Distillation
Plant
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png
Jet fuel
Car fuel
Road tar
20. Exploration and Production (8):
Early History
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abraham_Gesner.gif
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oilfields_California.jpg
Abraham Gesner
(1797-1864)
Californian oil gusher
• The modern era of oil
usage began in 1846 when
Gesner perfected the art
of paraffin distillation.
• This triggered a massive
worldwide boom in oil
production.
• California was centre of
activity in the early 1900s,
famous for its gushers.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lucas_gusher.jpg
21. Exploration and Production (9):
The Situation Today
USGS
Global oil and gas occurrences are now well understood (provinces
shown in green). Only Antarctica and the Arctic remain unexplored.
23. Politics (1): Fuel source
• 84% of crude oil is refined
into fuel, principally for cars
and planes
• Demand is ever increasing,
especially due to growth of
Chinese economy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shellgasstationlosthills.jpg
blogs.sun.com/richb/resource/NBC_at_the_Pump.jpg
24. Politics (2): Other uses
• The remaining 16% of crude oil is used for a range of purposes
shown above as well as synthetic fibres, dyes and detergents
Fertilizers and
Pesticides
Food additives
Plastic
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CD-R.jpg
CDs and DVDs
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lilit.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Konservering.jpg
25. Politics (3): Main Producers - OPEC
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Opec_Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_countries.PNG
• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a
group of 13 countries that produce 36% of the world’s oil, or
32 million barrels of oil per day.
• The biggest producer is Saudi Arabia, but Iran, United Arab
Emirates, Kuwait and Venezuela are also major suppliers
26. Politics (4): Other Producers
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) produces 24% of all oil, or 21 million barrels per day.
• The USA is the biggest single producer in OECD but Mexico,
Canada and the UK are also major suppliers
• Outside OECD, the states of the former Soviet Union are also
major producers supplying a further 15% of global output
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:OECD-memberstates.png
27. Politics (5): Supply and Demand
• In 2007, global consumption grew by 1.2 million barrels per day.
• OPEC and OECD nations can only raise production by a further
2.5 million barrels per day so a squeeze is on the cards
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:OilConsumptionpercapita.png
USA uses 24% of global
supply but China shows
the biggest year-to-year
increase in usage
Oil consumption per person
(darker reds indicate higher usage)
28. Politics (6): Peak Oil
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert.jpg
Hubbert (1903-1989)
Era of
energy
crisis
• In 1956, Hubbert predicted that global oil production would peak
around the Year 2000 and trigger an Energy Crisis with power
blackouts and rising costs of energy and fuel
29. Politics (7): Rising Oil Prices
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_Prices_Medium_Term.png
$139 by June 2008
• Oil prices have been steadily rising for
several years and in June 2008 stand
at a record high of $139 per barrel.
• Is the rise due to a squeeze in availability
(peak oil) or are other political or
economic factors to blame?
30. Politics (8): Canada’s Tar Sands
• Higher oil prices and new technology mean unconventional
oil deposits are now economically viable (e.g. tar sands)
• The Athabasca Deposit in Alberta contains 1.75 trillion barrels,
or about half of the world’s proven oil reserves!
i.treehugger.com/files/canada-tar-sands-01.jpg
NASA
31. Politics (9): Global Warming
• Oil and Gas emit 15-30% less CO2 than coal per watt of energy
produced. Renewable energy is clean but not yet viable as fuel.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Coal_anthracite.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Windpark_Galicia.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bluebbl.gif
OIL