1. Enlarged adenoids are a major contributing factor to upper airway obstruction in children and can block nasal breathing, forcing mouth breathing.
2. Mouth breathing can lead to skeletal and dental abnormalities such as a narrow maxilla and mandible, increased overjet, and dental crowding.
3. Both adenoid growth and facial growth occur simultaneously during childhood, and adenoid obstruction of the airway can restrict normal facial development.
Obstructive sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Obstructive sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Surgical options for Obstructive sleep apnoea syndromeGirish S
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME- REVIEW AND VARIOUS SURGICAL OPTIONS IN DETAIL.. based on Cummings & Scott new edition.. MS OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY...
complete and detailed review of each operations like uvulopalatoplasty,epiglottoplasty, pillar implantation, tongue base reduction, laser and coblation techniques.. .
Obstructive sleep apnea or OSA is a potentially serious sleep disorder. It causes breathing to repeatedly stop and start during sleep.
There are several types of sleep apnea, but the most common is obstructive sleep apnea(OSA). This type of apnea occurs when your throat muscles intermittently relax and block your airway during sleep. A noticeable sign of obstructive sleep apnea is snoring.
Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea are available. One treatment involves using a device that uses positive pressure to keep your airway open while you sleep. Another option is a mouthpiece to thrust your lower jaw forward during sleep. In some cases, surgery may be an only option with Maxillilomandibular advancement(MMA) producing highest success rate of near 90%.
DR. PUNIT DUBEY
International Board Certified
Facial Plastic Surgeon
CranioMaxilloFacial and Cosmetic Surgeon
MDS(RGUHS,Bangalore), FIBCSOMS (USA)
New Delhi
+918123822284
www.thefacialplasticsurgery.com
Obstructive sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Obstructive sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Surgical options for Obstructive sleep apnoea syndromeGirish S
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME- REVIEW AND VARIOUS SURGICAL OPTIONS IN DETAIL.. based on Cummings & Scott new edition.. MS OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY...
complete and detailed review of each operations like uvulopalatoplasty,epiglottoplasty, pillar implantation, tongue base reduction, laser and coblation techniques.. .
Obstructive sleep apnea or OSA is a potentially serious sleep disorder. It causes breathing to repeatedly stop and start during sleep.
There are several types of sleep apnea, but the most common is obstructive sleep apnea(OSA). This type of apnea occurs when your throat muscles intermittently relax and block your airway during sleep. A noticeable sign of obstructive sleep apnea is snoring.
Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea are available. One treatment involves using a device that uses positive pressure to keep your airway open while you sleep. Another option is a mouthpiece to thrust your lower jaw forward during sleep. In some cases, surgery may be an only option with Maxillilomandibular advancement(MMA) producing highest success rate of near 90%.
DR. PUNIT DUBEY
International Board Certified
Facial Plastic Surgeon
CranioMaxilloFacial and Cosmetic Surgeon
MDS(RGUHS,Bangalore), FIBCSOMS (USA)
New Delhi
+918123822284
www.thefacialplasticsurgery.com
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent chronic disease characterized by pharyngeal collapse during sleep.
Sleep disorder that involves cessation or significant decrease in airflow through the upper airway in the presence of breathing effort.
Obstructive sleep apnea is the second most common sleep disorder, insomnia being the most common.
Associated with recurrent oxyhemoglobin desaturations and arousals from sleep
Apnea index- no. of apneas /hr of total sleep time.
AHI (APNEA-HYPOPNEA INDEX)- No of apneas and hypoapneas/hr of total sleep time.
RDI (Respiratory Disturbance Index) – no. of apneas, hypoapneas and respiratory effort related arousals(RERA)/hr of total sleep time.
Types of sleep apnea exist, and your physician diagnoses the specific type you have. The most common types are obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA). While not actually a separate category, mixed sleep apnea (MSA), which shows characteristics of both OSA and CSA at different times during sleep, is also diagnosed.
There are many tests used to provide a diagnosis for OSA, depending on whether you go to a pulmonologist or an otolaryngologist/head & neck surgeon. But all initial diagnostic procedures are designed to determine if your airway becomes blocked while you are asleep. If so, this will cause your brain to "wake up" several times throughout the night, generally resulting in loud snoring, pauses of breathing (apnea), and more frequent awakenings.
Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea:ManagementDr. Paulose
By Dr.K.O.Paulose FRCS DLO
Consultant ENT Surgeon, Jubilee Hospital, Trivandrum, South India.www.drpaulose.com
www.snorefreesleep.com
Presentation in Indian Medical Association meeting on 07102011, Trivandrum Chapter.
This presentation gives some basic information regarding the definition , etiology and pathophysiology of " obstructive sleep apnea" which is a serious sleep disorder .Treatment methods are briefly reviewed with special emphasis on the role of the oral surgeon and orthodontist in the management of this medical condition .
This is an undergraduate presentation on Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in ENT.
It includes Overview, Types, Severity, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment options(Management), Differences between children and adults, Key points etc.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-2267
Pamudith Karunaratne
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent chronic disease characterized by pharyngeal collapse during sleep.
Sleep disorder that involves cessation or significant decrease in airflow through the upper airway in the presence of breathing effort.
Obstructive sleep apnea is the second most common sleep disorder, insomnia being the most common.
Associated with recurrent oxyhemoglobin desaturations and arousals from sleep
Apnea index- no. of apneas /hr of total sleep time.
AHI (APNEA-HYPOPNEA INDEX)- No of apneas and hypoapneas/hr of total sleep time.
RDI (Respiratory Disturbance Index) – no. of apneas, hypoapneas and respiratory effort related arousals(RERA)/hr of total sleep time.
Types of sleep apnea exist, and your physician diagnoses the specific type you have. The most common types are obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA). While not actually a separate category, mixed sleep apnea (MSA), which shows characteristics of both OSA and CSA at different times during sleep, is also diagnosed.
There are many tests used to provide a diagnosis for OSA, depending on whether you go to a pulmonologist or an otolaryngologist/head & neck surgeon. But all initial diagnostic procedures are designed to determine if your airway becomes blocked while you are asleep. If so, this will cause your brain to "wake up" several times throughout the night, generally resulting in loud snoring, pauses of breathing (apnea), and more frequent awakenings.
Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea:ManagementDr. Paulose
By Dr.K.O.Paulose FRCS DLO
Consultant ENT Surgeon, Jubilee Hospital, Trivandrum, South India.www.drpaulose.com
www.snorefreesleep.com
Presentation in Indian Medical Association meeting on 07102011, Trivandrum Chapter.
This presentation gives some basic information regarding the definition , etiology and pathophysiology of " obstructive sleep apnea" which is a serious sleep disorder .Treatment methods are briefly reviewed with special emphasis on the role of the oral surgeon and orthodontist in the management of this medical condition .
This is an undergraduate presentation on Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in ENT.
It includes Overview, Types, Severity, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment options(Management), Differences between children and adults, Key points etc.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-2267
Pamudith Karunaratne
OSA is an entity that is increasingly being managed by otolaryngologists...Hope this presentation helps to clear any doubts regarding its diagnosis and management!
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Homeopathic treatment
may alter the hypersensitivity of body’s immune system to the allergens, thus improves the allergic tendency of the person in a long way.
Homeopathic treatment boost the multiple immune defense system of the body that may eliminate the disease pathogens.
Airway analysis and its relevance in orthodonticsMiliya Parveen
Introduction
Anatomy
Naso – respiratory function and craniofacial growth
Methods of analysis
Clinical examination
Otorhinolaryngology tests for upper airway
Supplementary examinations
LC
CBCT
Airway and skeletal patterns
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Mouth breathing
Effect of orthodontics on airway
Extraction cases
Expansion
Mandibular advancement
Orthognathic surgery
Adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy
Role of orthodontist
Conclusion
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Human beings are normally nasal breathers. The nasal and oral cavities serve as pathways for respiratory airflow.
Ordinarily, the inspiratory and expiratory airstreams are channeled through the nose because the mouth is usually closed.
However, in some individuals, because of nasal airway inadequacy or habit, the oral cavity becomes the predominant route for the passage of respiratory airflow.
Children who mouth breathe develop cranio facial changes including narrowing of the face, crooked teeth, smaller chin, undeveloped jaws and more. Mouth breathing causes the face to sink downwards. The Buteyko Method as developed by the Late Dr Buteyko addresses mouth breathing and chronic overbreathing.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Nasal airway and malocclucion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Similar to Obstructive sleep apnea (osa)The relationship of airway obstruction and dentofacial structures (20)
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
5. In a healthy sleeping child, the mouth is
typically closed, the oral cavity is
collapsed, and the nasopharynx and
hypopharynx are patent with minimal
wall motion
10. UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
• Correct normal resistance is 2 to 3.5 cm H2O/L/Sec and
results in high tracheobronchial airflow which
enhances the oxygenation of the most peripheral
pulmonary alveoli.
• Mouth breathing causes a lower velocity of incoming
air and eliminates nasal resistance. Low pulmonary
compliance results .
• According to blood gas studies, mouth breathers have
20% higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and 20%
lower partial pressures of oxygen in the blood, linked
to their lower pulmonary compliance and reduced
velocity.
11. Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
• Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome or UARS is
a sleep disorder characterized by airway
resistance to breathing during sleep. The
primary symptoms include daytime sleepiness
and excessive fatigue.
12. Adenoids
• The adenoids are absent at birth and then rapidly
proliferate during infancy. The adenoids reach
their maximum size between 2 and 10 years of
age and then begin to progressively decrease in
size beginning in the teenage years.
• Adenoids larger in size than 12 mm and
associated with interim collapse of the posterior
nasopharynx on the cine MR images should be
considered enlarged.
13.
14. Adenoids
• The adenoids, along with the tonsils, help
prevent agents such as bacteria and viruses
from entering the body. The adenoids are
made up of a group of blood cells that create
antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that
neutralize foreign substances in the body.
When infection or inflammation occurs, the
adenoids can enlarge. Since they are seated at
the back of the nasal cavity, the swollen
adenoids can block airflow through the nose.
15. Enlarged Adenoids and Their
Symptoms
• Breathing through the mouth instead of the nose
most of the time
• Nose sounds "blocked" when the person speaks
• Noisy breathing during the day
• Recurrent ear infections
• Snoring at night
• Breathing stops for a few seconds at night during
snoring or loud breathing (sleep apnea)
16. facial growth
• The age of four (4), 60 percent of the
craniofacial skeleton has reached its adult size.
By the age of twelve, 90 percent of facial
growth has already occurred.
• By age seven (7) the majority of the growth
and development of the maxilla is complete
and by age nine (9) the majority of the growth
and development of the mandible is complete.
18. UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION AND
MOUTH BREATHING
• Upper airway obstruction and mouth breathers
demonstrated considerable backward and
downward rotation of the mandible, increased
overjet, increase in the mandible plane angle, a
higher palatal plane, and narrowing of both
upper and lower arches at the level of canines
and first molars compared to the nasal
breathers group.
19. Adenoidal hypertrophy
• The adenoids, along with the tonsils, help
prevent agents such as bacteria and viruses
from entering the body. The adenoids are
made up of a group of blood cells that create
antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that
neutralize foreign substances in the body.
When infection or inflammation occurs, the
adenoids can enlarge. Since they are seated at
the back of the nasal cavity, the swollen
adenoids can block airflow through the nose.
20. Obstruction of upper airways
Contributing factors
• Contributing factors in the obstruction of
upper airways include: anatomical airway
constriction, developmental anomalies,
macroglossia, enlarged tonsils and adenoids,
nasal polyps and allergic rhinitis.
• Enlarged adenoids as the major contributing
factor.
21. Adenoid hypertrophy and the
development of skeletal dental
abnormalities.
• Airway obstruction, resulting from nasal cavity
or pharynx blockage, results in postural
modifications such as open lips, lowered
tongue position, anterior and posteroinferior
rotation of the mandible, and a change in
head posture. These modifications take place
in an effort to stabilize the airway.
22. Enlarged adenoids
• Enlarged adenoids correlated with the open
mouth position.(AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002
Aug;179(2):503-8 )
• The nasopharynx and hypopharynx changes only
minimally with respiration any motion greater
than 5 mm should be considered abnormal.
• Adenoid enlargement most likely does play a role
in the development of obstruction in obstructive
sleep apnea.
23. Develop of the midface
• The relationship between the naso-maxillary
complex and the cranial base is significant for
aesthetic reasons and proper facial bone, muscle
and soft tissue support.
• An improper airway will affect the global
individual growth.
• Additionally, muscle adaptions affect
dentoskeletal development. The integration of
the musculoskeletal system affects respiration,
mastication, deglutition, and speech.
24. Facial growth
• This basic understanding of facial growth and
development is relevant as adenoidal tissue
enlargement coincides with major facial
growth, i.e. they occur simultaneously.
• Facial growth may be restricted by abnormal
development of adenoidal tissue resulting in
abnormal swallowing and breathing patterns.
25. Habitual mouth breathing may result
in muscular and postural anomalies
• Facial structures are modified by postural
alterations in soft tissue that produce changes
in the equilibrium of pressure exerted on
teeth and the facial bones . Additionally,
during mouth breathing, muscle alterations
affect mastication, deglutition and phonation
because other muscles are relied upon.
26. Dentofacial changes associated with
nasal airway blockage
• Mouth breathers, often exhibited narrow
V-shaped dental arches.
• This narrow jaw is a result of mouth
breathers keeping their lips apart and their
tongue position low. The imbalance
between the tongue pressure, and the
muscles in the cheek, result in cheek
muscles compressing the alveolar process
in the premolar region. Simultaneously,
the lower jaw postures back. These
simultaneous actions have been termed
the compressor theory
27. The relationship of airway
obstruction and dentofacial
structures
黃奇卿醫師
中華民國美容醫學專科醫師
口腔暨顏面美學重建醫學會理事長
台北醫學大學臨床講師
DDS ,Taipei Medical University
Chairman of the Facial Beauty & Dento-maxillofacial esthetics reconstruction
medical Society , Taiwan
Specialty in Chinese Society of Cosmetic surgery and anti-aging medicine
28. The relationship of airway obstruction
and dentofacial structures
• Airway obstruction, coupled with loss of
lingual and palatal pressure of the tongue,
produces alterations in the maxilla. The
positioning of the tongue also plays an
important role in mandibular development.
The tongue displaced downward can lead to a
retrognathic mandible; and an interposed
tongue can lead to anterior occlusal anomalies.
29. The relationship of airway obstruction
and dentofacial structures
• maxillary changes can be viewed in the transverse
direction, producing a narrow face and palate often
linked with cross bite; in the anteroposterior direction,
producing maxillary retrusion; and in the vertical
direction causing an increase in palatal inclination as
related to the cranial base and excessive increases of
the lower anterior face height.
• The most commonly found occlusal alterations are
cross bite (posterior and/or anterior), open bite,
increased over jet, and retroclination of the maxillary
and mandibular incisors.
30. • Correct nasal breathing facilitates normal
growth and development of the craniofacial
complex .
• Important motor functions such as chewing
and swallowing depend largely on normal
craniofacial development.
• Any restriction to the upper airway passages
can cause nasal obstruction possibly resulting
in various dentofacial and skeletal alterations.
31. • 1. The cranial base must develop properly;
• 2. The naso-maxillary complex must grow
down and forward from the cranial base;
• 3. The maxilla must develop in a linear and
lateral fashion;
• 4. A patent airway must develop properly.
32. UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION AND
MOUTH BREATHING
• Upper airway obstruction and mouth breathers
demonstrated considerable backward and
downward rotation of the mandible, increased
overjet, increase in the mandible plane angle, a
higher palatal plane, and narrowing of both
upper and lower arches at the level of canines
and first molars compared to the nasal
breathers group.
33. Adenoidal hypertrophy
• The adenoids, along with the tonsils, help
prevent agents such as bacteria and viruses
from entering the body. The adenoids are
made up of a group of blood cells that create
antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that
neutralize foreign substances in the body.
When infection or inflammation occurs, the
adenoids can enlarge. Since they are seated at
the back of the nasal cavity, the swollen
adenoids can block airflow through the nose.
34. obstruction of upper airways
Contributing factors
• Contributing factors in the obstruction of
upper airways include: anatomical airway
constriction, developmental anomalies,
macroglossia, enlarged tonsils and adenoids,
nasal polyps and allergic rhinitis.
• Enlarged adenoids as the major contributing
factor.
35. Teeth grinding in children
• We always said “a lot of kids grind their teeth but
they will grow out of it, do not to worry about it”.
• The consequences of teeth grinding in children
are often manifested in behavioural problems
due to the constant nocturnal arousals. Research
has found that children with bruxism have a
tendency towards anxiety, stress and
hyperactivity. It is also strongly associated with
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
36. Children and Bruxism
• Teeth grinding causes nocturnal arousals and is
classified as a sleep disorder, however it is also a
response to nocturnal arousals that are
associated with other sleep disorders. It is a very
common complaint of children with mouth
breathing, adenotonsillar hypertrophy,
obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), dental occlusion
and psycholgical problems. It is also linked to
craniomandibular disorders including headaches
and temporomandibular joint discomfort.
37. The incidence of bruxism in allergic
children
• There is a correlation between bruxism and
upper airway obstruction.
• The cause is obstruction of the eustacian tube
(ear tube) by enlarged adenoidal tissue. Bruxing,
or movement of the jaw from side to side while in
contact with the teeth, relieves pressure by
activation of a muscle near the opening of the ear
tube (the medial pterygoid).
• As the child moves their jaw from side to side,
the little muscle pulls on the ear tube opening,
allowing pressure release .
38. RME
• Maxillary constriction in particular has been
postulated to play a role in the pathophysiology
of OSA because of its association with low tongue
posture that may contribute to the orophayrnx
airway narrowing (Subtelny 1954).
• Pirelli et al. grouped 31 children with OSA and
followed them up to 4 months after RME
treatment. All of these children had their apnea-
hypoapnea index decreased while their mean
maxillary cross sectional width expanded to
about 4.5mm.
39.
40. Habitual mouth breathing may result
in muscular and postural anomalies
• Facial structures are modified by
postural alterations in soft tissue
that produce changes in the
equilibrium of pressure exerted
on teeth and the facial bones .
Additionally, during mouth
breathing, muscle alterations
affect mastication, deglutition
and phonation because other
muscles are relied upon.
41. Mouth breathing - adenoid face
Long and narrow head
Dental Malocclusion
Droopy lower lip
Upper lip that is shorter then
normal
Gummy smile
Flattened cheek
Dark Circles Under Eyes