observation method.pptx
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This document discusses the observation method in psychology. It defines observation as looking outside oneself to observe the mental processes of others through their overt behaviors. There are four types of observation: participant observation where the observer participates, non-participant observation where subjects are unaware, structured observation with predetermined behaviors, and unstructured observation in natural settings. The steps of observation include planning, execution while taking notes, interpretation of findings, and reporting results. Merits include its widespread use in child and social psychology while demerits include potential subjectivity and artificiality of behaviors.
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Observation method of psychology
Observation is a method of collecting research data by watching and recording participants' behaviors. It can be naturalistic, observing in natural environments, or controlled, in laboratory settings. There are different types of observation including participant, where the observer participates, and non-participant, where they do not. Observation provides valuable qualitative data but has limitations such as potential to influence behaviors and inability to observe all behaviors. It is an important method that works best as part of a mixed methods approach.
Introspection method
Introspection is a method of self observation
The word
Intro” means “within” and
“Spection” mean “looking”
Hence, it is a method where an individual is looking within one self
Stout considered that ‘to introspect’ is to attend to the working of one’s own mind in a systematic way
Wilhelm Wundt pioneered the use of a technique known as introspection
“The limitations of introspection can be overcome by practice and training, by remaining alert during introspection and by comparing results obtained by experts”
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Experimental method
The document discusses the experimental method in psychology. It notes that experimental psychology refers to work done using experimental methods to study psychological processes. Key aspects of the experimental method include: carefully controlling variables through experimental designs; conducting experiments on living organisms with an experimenter and subject; and using techniques like the control-test method, control-group method, and rotation method. The method allows for objective, precise study but can also be time-consuming and not capture all aspects of behavior. Overall, the experimental method is considered the most scientific way to study behavior in psychology.
Experimental method
The experimental method is considered the most scientific and objective way to study human behavior. It involves observing behavior under controlled conditions to determine cause-and-effect relationships through experimentation. There are three types of variables: the independent variable that is manipulated, the dependent variable that is measured, and controlled variables. Experimental methods allow for systematic and objective analysis but can be difficult, time-consuming, and may not account for all factors.
Nature & types of learning
Presented By: MD. Monsur Rahman
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This document discusses insightful learning, also known as insight learning. Insightful learning involves understanding relationships between parts of a problem rather than trial and error. Wolfgang Kohler conducted experiments observing insightful learning in animals. Insightful learning can result in an "aha moment" or "eureka" experience. It depends on factors like intelligence, learning situation, and initial efforts. Insightful learning involves higher mental processes and sudden understanding, while trial and error learning is gradual habit formation through chance. Kohler's experiment showed insightful learning results from perceiving relationships and restructuring perceptions to find solutions.
Observational method - Psychology
This document discusses observational methods in psychology. It describes the key features of observation, including selection, recording, analysis and interpretation. There are different types of observation such as naturalistic, controlled, structured and unstructured. Participant observation involves actively participating, while non-participant observation does not. Observational methods have advantages like directly observing behavior in natural settings, but disadvantages include not observing all behaviors and different interpretations among observers. The document concludes that observation is an important research method when combined with other approaches.
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Observation method of psychology
Observation is a method of collecting research data by watching and recording participants' behaviors. It can be naturalistic, observing in natural environments, or controlled, in laboratory settings. There are different types of observation including participant, where the observer participates, and non-participant, where they do not. Observation provides valuable qualitative data but has limitations such as potential to influence behaviors and inability to observe all behaviors. It is an important method that works best as part of a mixed methods approach.
Introspection method
Introspection is a method of self observation
The word
Intro” means “within” and
“Spection” mean “looking”
Hence, it is a method where an individual is looking within one self
Stout considered that ‘to introspect’ is to attend to the working of one’s own mind in a systematic way
Wilhelm Wundt pioneered the use of a technique known as introspection
“The limitations of introspection can be overcome by practice and training, by remaining alert during introspection and by comparing results obtained by experts”
TYPES OF LEARNING
This document discusses different styles of learning. It identifies seven main categories of learning styles: visual, physical, aural, verbal, logical, social, and solitary. Each style is associated with different areas of the brain. The visual style involves using pictures and images and is associated with the occipital lobes. The physical style involves learning by doing and is associated with the cerebellum and motor cortex. The aural style uses sound and music and is associated with the temporal lobes. People should understand their dominant learning style to best facilitate their learning.
Experimental method
The document discusses the experimental method in psychology. It notes that experimental psychology refers to work done using experimental methods to study psychological processes. Key aspects of the experimental method include: carefully controlling variables through experimental designs; conducting experiments on living organisms with an experimenter and subject; and using techniques like the control-test method, control-group method, and rotation method. The method allows for objective, precise study but can also be time-consuming and not capture all aspects of behavior. Overall, the experimental method is considered the most scientific way to study behavior in psychology.
Experimental method
The experimental method is considered the most scientific and objective way to study human behavior. It involves observing behavior under controlled conditions to determine cause-and-effect relationships through experimentation. There are three types of variables: the independent variable that is manipulated, the dependent variable that is measured, and controlled variables. Experimental methods allow for systematic and objective analysis but can be difficult, time-consuming, and may not account for all factors.
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This document discusses insightful learning, also known as insight learning. Insightful learning involves understanding relationships between parts of a problem rather than trial and error. Wolfgang Kohler conducted experiments observing insightful learning in animals. Insightful learning can result in an "aha moment" or "eureka" experience. It depends on factors like intelligence, learning situation, and initial efforts. Insightful learning involves higher mental processes and sudden understanding, while trial and error learning is gradual habit formation through chance. Kohler's experiment showed insightful learning results from perceiving relationships and restructuring perceptions to find solutions.
Observational method - Psychology
This document discusses observational methods in psychology. It describes the key features of observation, including selection, recording, analysis and interpretation. There are different types of observation such as naturalistic, controlled, structured and unstructured. Participant observation involves actively participating, while non-participant observation does not. Observational methods have advantages like directly observing behavior in natural settings, but disadvantages include not observing all behaviors and different interpretations among observers. The document concludes that observation is an important research method when combined with other approaches.
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After attending the workshop, participants will be able to:
Recognize the important role that observation and listening play in working with children. Learn to incorporate skills of listening and observing to record children's behavior in various settings. Use observation and listening processes in partnership with parents and caregivers to help children.
Module 2 perception and learning
perception , perceptual process ,factors affecting perception , learning , classical conditioning theory ,social learning theory, operant conditioning theory ,reinforcement schedules and types , attribution theory and errors of attribution
Unit1 Introduction of psychology
This document provides an introduction to psychology, including definitions of psychology, a brief history of the field, and descriptions of key branches and methods. It defines psychology as the study of the mind, behavior, and thought processes. Some of the main topics covered include the origins of modern psychology in the late 19th century laboratories of Wundt and Hall, the major branches of psychology such as clinical, social, and developmental psychology, and commonly used research methods like introspection, observation, experimentation, and case studies. The document also discusses several applications of psychology in areas like education, medicine, business, and counseling.
Subject Psychology introduction of psychology
SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGY
Unit 1st: Introduction of psychology
Outline
1. Introduction of psychology
2. Define psychology
3. Scope of psychology
4. Branches of psychology
5. Methods of psychology
6. Significance of psychology in nursing
7. Applied psychology to solve everyday issues.
8. Importance of psychology in nursing
INTRODUCTION
Psychology: The study of mind, behavior, emotions, and thought processes.
Psychology assists health professionals with understanding their patients and themselves. • The word of psychology made up of two Greek words – ‘Psychi’ and ‘logos’. ‘Psychi’ means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ means the ‘study of’ or ‘knowledge’—study of soul.
DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior; it includes the application of behavioral science to human problems.
2. Psychology is the science of human behavior. (Walter Bowers Pillsbury—1911)
3. Psychology is a science, which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behavior of the organism as a whole. (William Mc Doughall—1949)
4. Psychology is the investigation of human and animal behavior and of the mental and physiological processes associated with the behavior. (Jackson—1976)
HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF (DEVELOPMENT) PSYCHOLOGY
The successes of the experimental method in the physical sciences encouraged some philosophers to think that mind and behavior could be studied with scientific methods.
• In 1879, the first psychological laboratory was established at the University of Leipzig by the German philosopher and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920).
• Wundt was the first to measure human behavior accurately and is known as the ‘Father of Psychology’.
Modern Psychology
1. Wilhelm Wundt (1832- 1920) a. He was considered as the “Father of Modern Psychology. He noted that mental process could be investigated with objective technique similar to other scientific fields.
2. G. Stanley Hall (student of Wundt) - He established the first American psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in 1883.
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
• The scope of a subject can usually be discussed under the following two headings:
1. The limits of its operations and applications.
2. The branches, topics and subject matter with which it deals. The field of operation and applications of the subject psychology is too vast.
• It studies, describes and explains the behavior of living organisms.
• It describes all types of life activities and experiences — whether conative (intentional), cognitive or affective, implicit or explicit, conscious, unconscious and subconscious of a living organism.
Branches of psychology
1. Pure psychology 2.Applied psychology
i. General psychology
ii. Abnormal psychology
iii. Social psychology
iv. Physiological psychology
v. Parapsychology
vi. Geo psychology
vii. Developmental psychology
viii. Experimental psychology i. Educational psychology
ii. Clinical psychology
iii. Industrial psychology
Unit – i introduction to psychological basis of
This document discusses several methods used in psychological research: introspection, observation, and experimentation. Introspection involves self-examination but has limitations such as the inability to be replicated. Observation allows one to see behavior naturally but subjects can hide feelings and establishing cause and effect is difficult. Experimentation allows controlling variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships, but not all phenomena can be experimentally studied and it is costly. Overall, the document outlines strengths and weaknesses of different research methods in psychology.
Tools and Techniques for Classroom Assessment - Observation
Keenly watching or viewing the external behaviour of persons in appropriate situation, controlled or uncontrolled.
Young defined, it’s a careful technique and viewing of selected situation and recording then and there, what is perceived.
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observation method.pptx
- 1. OBSERVATION METHOD → It literally means looking outside oneself where we observe the mental process of others. → Overt behaviour is the manifestation of the covert on internal conditions within the individual → The overt behaviour observed may be reflected in a form of bodily changes, gestures, facial appearances, speech and other actions.
- 2. Types of observation 1. Participant observation: Here the observer actually becomes an active participant establishing rapport with the individual, whose behaviour is to be observed. 2. Non-participant observation: The observer observe's specific behavioural characteristics of the children in their natural conditions where the person being observed is not aware of the observer's presence.
- 3. 3. Structured observation: The observer observer's a particular structure of behaviour which is fixed before the actual process of observation in context to the time, place and behavioural characteristics. 4. Unstructured observation: The time, place and behaviour to be observed are not fixed in advance. Children's behaviour, feelings, actions and reactions are observed in free, natural and real life situations. Eg, Home, playground etc.
- 6. Steps of observation method 1. Planning for observation → selection of target group → aspects and behaviour to be observed → length, time-intervals and place of observation → Tools and techniques to be used for observation → methods of interpretation 2. Execution of the observation → Making adequate arrangements for the target group → Making sound and physical conditions → Observing meticulously the specific behaviour → Taking notes of facts revealed instantly → Using tape recorders, video camera's → Making sure that the target group is ignorant and unaware of the fact that their behavior is being observed
- 7. 3. Interpretation of the Observation: → Here inferences are made by the observer on the basis of the facts and information about the causes and consequences. It should be done very carefully wing expertise and intuition of the observer 4. Reporting or generalisation of the observation: → A comprehensive and complete report about the observation process is prepared in all respects for the purpose of supplying information to the target group and to the larger audience for research and evaluation purpose
- 9. Merits of Observation method ●It is widely used in child psychology, abnormal psychology and social psychology. ●It is widely used in getting significant results on developmental characteristics of children. ●It is the sole means of acquiring knowledge of other’s mental processes for they cannot be directly introspected. ●It is a natural and normal way of knowing not only the external world but also the mind (i.e., both overt and covert) ●The teacher has ample opportunity to observe the behavior of the children in a number of natural situations such as classroom, playground etc.
- 10. Demerits of Observation method ● It is subjective and the observer may reveal biased information which could affect the accuracy of the observation process. ● Artificiality could be maintained by the person whose behavior is being observed i.e. hiding his original internal feelings, emotions etc. ● It requires highly trained and competent observers, which is generally not available. ● The overt behavior does not provide reliable information regarding the covert or internal behavior. ● It is subjected to two kinds of errors (1) sampling error occurs because of inadequacies of selecting suitable situation to be observed. (2) observers error may be due to knowledge and background of the situation to be observed.