Slides show the difference between obesity and overweight, and causes of obesity, overweight & underweight.

1. Komal Soni
M.sc.(Deptt. Of Nutrition Biology)
3rd Semester
Central University of Haryana
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2. Introduction
Causes/ etiology of obesity
Markers of obesity
 Pathophysiology
Complications
Treatment
Underweight – causes
-signs & symptoms
-complications
- treatment
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3. Obesity: condition in which excess fat is
accumulated in the body to an extent that it may have a
negative effect on health.
Overweight: simply means excess body weight.
Body is having more fat than in optimally healthy body.
Underweight: Body fat is too low than normal.
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5. Causes
of
Obesity
Genetic
factors
Eating
habits
Stress
eating
Endocrine
factors
Sedentary
lifestyle
Medications
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6.  Genetic factors (Congenital leptin deficiency)
 Eating habits
• Nibbling
• Leftover foods
• Junk food (high carbs & fats)
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Endocrine factors
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypogonadism (low testosterone favors adipogenesis)
 Medications
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7. BMI
Waist Circumference
Waist-to-height ratio
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8. BMI = weight (in kg)
height2 (in meters)
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Waist
circumference
Weight-to-
height ratio
Male >40 inches > 1.0
Female > 35 inches > 0.85

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11. Anorexins Orexins
 Leptin
 Insulin
 Glucagon
 Oxytoxin
 Cholecystokinin
 Bombesin
 Ghrelin
 Galanin
 Nor adrenaline
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12. Leptin hormone :
 Also known as “satiety hormone”.
 Produced by adipocytes.
 Function is to send signals to brain to stop eating.
 Its main role is to regulate fat storage and how many
calories you eat & burn.
 Leptin secretion is directly proportional to fat
stores.
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13. • When we eat
normally
• Body calories/ fat
goes up
• Resulting rise in
Leptin level
• Leptin sends signal
to brain that no
further need of
calories.
• Resulting we eat less and
burn more.
• When we eat less
• Body calories/ fat
goes down
• Resulting fall in
Leptin level
• Leptin sends signal
to brain about more
need of calories.
• Resulting we eat
more and burn less
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14. More fat stores means more
Leptin………..
That means obese people have high
Leptin level which should be resulting
in less hunger or less food
intake…………
? ? ? 14

15.  Brain is unable to sense leptin.
 Then brain encourages- eating more
- reduced energy expenditure
Causes :
 Inflammation
High levels of FFAs
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16.  CVDs
 Diabetes
 Hypertension
 Sleep Apnea
 Psychological problems (inferior)
 Fatty Liver disease
 Infertility (leptin interferes sex hormone production)
 Osteoarthritis
 Acanthosis nigricans
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Treatment
Diet
therapy
Physical
exercise
Stress
management
Pharmaco
therapy
Bariatric
surgery

19.  Energy= 500- 800 kcal should be decreased from diet.
 Protein= moderate
 Carbohydrates=
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Low GI (<55) Moderate GI (55-69) High GI (>70)
Whole grains, brown
rice
White rice Mango
Nuts & seeds Sweet potatoes Banana
Veggies Pineapple Pumpkin
Skimmed milk White bread Watermelon
Animal sources food Raisins Potato
Sugary drinks

20.  Fats= low fat products should be given.
 Vitamins= prolonged fat restriction leads to low
absorption of fat soluble vitamins i.e. A & D………so they
are supplemented.
 Minerals = avoid excess sodium and calcium rich diet
should be included.
 Fluid= moderate to high
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21.  Fibre= diet should be high in fibre.
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Low calories
Give feeling
of fullness
Reduce
blood
cholesterol
Helps in
digestion

22. sweets
junk food
excess salt
alcohol
fried foods
soft drinks
packaged fruit juices
refined products
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23.  condition when body weight is 10-20% less than the
average expected for one’s height, age & sex (IBW).
Causes/ Etiology
Poverty, starvation
GI disturbances or prolonged use of laxatives
Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism
Anorexia nervosa (refuse to eat)
Poor selection of foods or improper cooking habits 23

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Lean body or
edema
Short stature Dry skin
Brittle nails
&amp;
thinning of hair
Tired Laziness
Shaky hands

25. Weak immune system (infection prone)
Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
Growth retardation
Nutritional deficiency diseases- anemia, goitre etc.
Irregular heart function
Infertility
Improper brain functioning
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26. Diet therapy
Energy= addition of 500kcal
Proteins= 1.2g- 1.4 g per kg body weight
Carbs= high GI foods should be given…..restrict leafy vegetables
& recommend high carbs food.
Fats= high fat & easily digestible fats are recommended.
Vitamins & minerals= no supplements required if diet is liberal.
Fluids= avoid fluid just before & after foods.
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