The document discusses various methods of solid waste and sewage disposal. It describes different types of latrines used for human waste disposal in rural areas, including pit latrines, borehole latrines, and aqua privies. The document also discusses bucket latrines, overhung privies, and flush latrines. It explains sewage disposal systems involving transporting liquid waste via drains, sewers, and sewage treatment plants which screen, remove grit, use sedimentation and aeration to treat sewage before disposal. Improper waste and sewage disposal can spread diseases like typhoid, worms, and hepatitis, so the document emphasizes the importance of sanitation, hygiene and sewage treatment for disease prevention.
Scholarly notes for Environmental and Public Heath Learners in tertiary institutions.As recommended by Dr Tumwebaze Mathias PhD, Bishop Stuart University
Scholarly notes for Environmental and Public Heath Learners in tertiary institutions.As recommended by Dr Tumwebaze Mathias PhD, Bishop Stuart University
Hi ! These 29 slides will let you learn about, Management of waste water. This PPT is created by Dhruv,Anurag and Tanish.
We hope you like this presentation and Save our planet.
Thank You JAI HIND !
From this slides you can get the better knowledge about Liquid waste management
If their is any confusion on this contents you can mail me
abishekregmi432@gmail.com
After defecation, a few litres of water must be poured, or thrown, into the bowl in order to flush the excreta into the pit or sewerage system below. Pour-flush latrines may be constructed directly above a pit or may be offset, whereby the waste travels through a discharge pipe to a pit or septic tank
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
an ideal system for hygienic final disposal of excreta in the absence of a central sewerage system. – Excreta from many pour-flush latrines can be discharged into a septic tank. • Designed to collect and treat excreta and toilet wastewater.
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
Hey Guys.
This PPT will clear doubts about Wastewater Story. Please Go Through It. And Download and view this in slide shoe, with transitions and animations
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Over 50% of the population in India defecates directly in the environment....Bio-Toilets is the best way to improve sanitation and it is eco friendly...
Hi ! These 29 slides will let you learn about, Management of waste water. This PPT is created by Dhruv,Anurag and Tanish.
We hope you like this presentation and Save our planet.
Thank You JAI HIND !
From this slides you can get the better knowledge about Liquid waste management
If their is any confusion on this contents you can mail me
abishekregmi432@gmail.com
After defecation, a few litres of water must be poured, or thrown, into the bowl in order to flush the excreta into the pit or sewerage system below. Pour-flush latrines may be constructed directly above a pit or may be offset, whereby the waste travels through a discharge pipe to a pit or septic tank
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
an ideal system for hygienic final disposal of excreta in the absence of a central sewerage system. – Excreta from many pour-flush latrines can be discharged into a septic tank. • Designed to collect and treat excreta and toilet wastewater.
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
Hey Guys.
This PPT will clear doubts about Wastewater Story. Please Go Through It. And Download and view this in slide shoe, with transitions and animations
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Over 50% of the population in India defecates directly in the environment....Bio-Toilets is the best way to improve sanitation and it is eco friendly...
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdf
Waste Management...pdf
1. Waste Management
SHAHINA BANO
Objectives
By the end of the presentation students will be able to:
• Define solid waste and sewage
• Discuss methods of solid waste disposal and sewage disposal
• discuss Latrine types
• List fecal-borne diseases and it’s control.
• Summarization
b. Sanitary Latrines:
• The place used for defecation or urination is called ‘latrine’ or ‘privy’. The qualities of a good latrine are:
• Simple in construction and in use. For example, it should have a roof, a cemented platform, and a seat.
• Locally available, and should not involve manual handling of excreta.
• It should be hygienic and sanitary, and should not lead to environmental pollution. For example: (excreta
should not pollute the ground or surface water and the soil.
• Feaces should not be exposed to flies, rodents, and animals.
• Excreta should not create the irritation due to smell or its appearance.
Types of latrines
A global field survey project under taken by the World Bank in 39 countries around the world identified the
following types of sanitary latrines.
Pit hole latrine
Bore hole latrine
Aqua Privy
Bucket latrine
Over hung privy
Flush latrines
2. Pit hole latrine
It is the simplest form of rural latrine. Consists of a hand dug hole in the ground covered with either a squatting or
plate. The super structure that gives privacy and protection from the elements can be made of any material
but should be strong enough to with stand the weather. It is simple in design and can be used for 5 years for 6
family members.
It doesn’t require handling of fresh feces. It can be built during short periods like camps.
(2m deep/1m diameter)
Bore hole latrine
Is a type of pit privy is dug with a special machine (hand earth augar). A bore is 16 inches in diameter and 18 feet
deep from supra structure. Because of the depth of the hole, the excreta do not attract flies or liable to the
bacterial action
Aqua privy
It is also called as ‘septic toilet’. The aqua privy consists of a tank filled with water into which a drop pipe hanging
from the latrine floor. The excreta and the urine fall through the drop pipe into the tank where they under go
anaerobic decomposition as in septic tank. The digested sludge, which reduced to about a quarter of the volume of
the deposited excreta, accumulates in the tank and has to be removed at intervals.
(Similar in airoplanes)
Bucket latrine
• In bucket latrine the feaces are passed into a container in which there is some soil. There is supply of soil,
to sprinkle over the feces. It is not satisfactory method as it is a great source of infection and infestation.
If properly disposed in a pit then can be used as fertilizer.
Over hung privy
May be found in areas where there is plenty of water (sea, river, lake) .However, it is not considered to be
a satisfactory method. Here there is no container, but the waste is dropped directly in the water, so that the feaces
and the urine falls into it and gets disposed of by the action of tide or water flow.
Flush latrines
• It is found in many urban areas. They are expensive.
• Urine and feces are passed into the pan and it is cleaned by flushing water from a tank into the pan.
• This pan is connected to the sewage disposal system and to prevent the odors and germs coming back
into the pan from the sewage
Summarization
3. Water carriage system/ Wet method/ sewerage system:
Sewerage system involves carriage of sewage, (liquid wastes and human excreta) through a system of drains and
sewers from the point of origin (houses, institutions, and factories) to the point of disposal with the help of water.
(for example sewerage treatment Plan)
Elements of sewage treatments
❑ Water closet: Here human waste is collected and by flush system removed to the house drain.
❑ Soil pipe: It is through the pipe that the sewage is carried from water closet till the house drain.
❑ House drain: It is the pipe that runs from soil pipe to the sewer. it is underground and receives also waste
water from bath and kitchen.
❑ Inspection chamber and trap: Is underground airtight cement vault protecting home from getting sewage
again. After passing through the chamber, a trap disconnects the house drain from public sewers. It also
prevents the entry of gases into the house drain.
❑ Sewer: A public pipe which collects the sewage from the house drain and becomes the part of city’s
sewerage system.
❑ Disposal plant sewage purification: A large quantity of sewage from a total community is offensive in
smell and contains millions of bacteria. It has to be purified to protect the health of the community by a to
sewage plant for treatment.
Aims of sewage treatment plant
• Separate inorganic form of organic material.
• To dispose of sewage in healthy manner
Harmful hazards of excreta sewage
• Human excreta is a source of infection. It contains pathogenic organism (bacteria, viruses, protozoa,
helminthic parasites. Therefore, it should be disposed off in a hygienic way. The health hazards include
soil pollution, water pollution, food contamination, and breeding of flies.
Disease caused by improper disposal of waste
• Typhoid, intestinal worms, paratyphoid fever, diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, viral hepatitis, poliomyelitis
4. Prevention
Diseases can be prevented by:
• Proper sanitary latrines
• Proper hand washing
• Sewage treatment
Screening
• Floating solid is removed by a Iron bars to prevent blocking of pumps.
Removal of grit
• Inorganic solid such as sand and gravel is taken and after that it is used for road filling.
Primary sedimentation tank
5. • Sewage flows in this tank for 6-8 hours and other sewage settle down and form a black mud called sludge.
Sludge is taken in to another tank and effluent pass on further in septic tank for purification.
Secondary treatment
1.Biological treatment
Sludge carried to digestion tank where oxidation makes it dry. This last product is used as fertilizer.
2.Water in sedimentation tank is moved in aeration tank here chlorine is mixed to remove odor and reduce
bacteria and then send in to river or sea.
Community education for refuse and sewage disposal
Educate people about dangers to health and diseases spread by following:
– Dry refuse left on ground, or thrown into water
– Waste collection near houses and wells
– Defecation on the ground (need to dig hole and cover it after defecation)
– Fly breeding from excreta to food so cover food properly
– Spread of hook warm (Do not walk bare footed on soil)
– Improve environmental sanitation (clean streets, get off from refuses and flies).
– Ensure proper drainage for sullage water, and proper use of sanitary latrines
References
• Iliyas, M., & Shah, K. S. (2000). Disposal of Waste. In Iliyas, M., Malik, G.Q., Ansari, M.A., Mubasher, M.,
& Khan, I. A. (Editors). Community Medicine and Public Health. (5th
ed). pp. 601–631.