Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
Efficient Way to Improve Subgrade Property of Pavement by Chemical StabilizationIJERA Editor
There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil especially in road construction, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables subgrade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. This paper presents some results of the preliminary stages of research program carried out to explicate the mechanism and behavior between the liquid chemical and the engineering properties of three natural residual soils at laboratory scale. Liquid-formed chemical was selected in this research due to scarcity of such findings instead of the prevalent solid chemical additive such as lime, cement or fly ash. The focus on this research is on the improvement of engineering properties of two natural residual soils and mixed with different proportions of liquid chemical. Series of laboratory test on engineering properties, such as Modified Proctor Test, Consistency limits, moisture-density relationship (compaction) and California Bearing Ratio was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and performances of this chemical as soil stabilizing agent.
Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils,
are ones that swell in volume when subjected to
moisture. These swelling soils typically contain
clay minerals that attract and absorb water.
When water is introduced to expansive soils, the
water molecules are pulled into gaps between
the soil plates. As more water is absorbed, the
plates are forced further apart, leading to an
increase in soil pore pressure (Handy, 1995). If
this increased pressure exceeds surcharge
pressure (including the weight of the overlying
pavement) the soil will expand in volume to a
point where these pressures are once again in
balance. Swelling pressures can be on the order
of 100 – 200 kPa (14.5 – 29 psi) and have been
measured as high as 1000 kPa (145 psi). Table
1 gives a general idea of the types of expansion
that can be expected.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Efficient Way to Improve Subgrade Property of Pavement by Chemical StabilizationIJERA Editor
There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil especially in road construction, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables subgrade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. This paper presents some results of the preliminary stages of research program carried out to explicate the mechanism and behavior between the liquid chemical and the engineering properties of three natural residual soils at laboratory scale. Liquid-formed chemical was selected in this research due to scarcity of such findings instead of the prevalent solid chemical additive such as lime, cement or fly ash. The focus on this research is on the improvement of engineering properties of two natural residual soils and mixed with different proportions of liquid chemical. Series of laboratory test on engineering properties, such as Modified Proctor Test, Consistency limits, moisture-density relationship (compaction) and California Bearing Ratio was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and performances of this chemical as soil stabilizing agent.
Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils,
are ones that swell in volume when subjected to
moisture. These swelling soils typically contain
clay minerals that attract and absorb water.
When water is introduced to expansive soils, the
water molecules are pulled into gaps between
the soil plates. As more water is absorbed, the
plates are forced further apart, leading to an
increase in soil pore pressure (Handy, 1995). If
this increased pressure exceeds surcharge
pressure (including the weight of the overlying
pavement) the soil will expand in volume to a
point where these pressures are once again in
balance. Swelling pressures can be on the order
of 100 – 200 kPa (14.5 – 29 psi) and have been
measured as high as 1000 kPa (145 psi). Table
1 gives a general idea of the types of expansion
that can be expected.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Effect of Resin on the Strength Characteristics of Thonnakkal ClayIJERA Editor
Improving the properties of soil by stabilization is considered as a means of fulfilling design criteria.
Stabilization is usually performed to improve material properties of soil such as strength, stiffness, and
permeability. The use of new materials for soil strengthening is crucial for geotechnical engineering, especially
in foundation construction. Experiments were conducted using resins with different epoxy resin-to-water
(ER/W) ratios. . The results show that by increasing the resin in the soil, the maximum dry density increases,
and the optimum water content decreases in the compaction tests.The results indicate that the epoxy resins
improve the physical and mechanical properties of soil significantly, and if successfully grouted into a
formation, the resins could provide a suitable solution for the stabilization of foundation material.
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
Cohesive soils are well known for their low strength properties. Thus, they are inappropriate for geotechnical works. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability. Stabilization with cement is a common treatment technology. The present study examines the strength of cement stabilized soil. The laboratory tests were carried out in order to study the strength of california bearing ratio (CBR). Nine clayey soils with different properties were mixed with various amounts of cement content (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and compacted at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Soaked or unsoaked condition of soil affects the CBR value. The test results show that unsoaked CBR before stabilization ranges between 2.78% and 10.22% which that of its corresponding soaked samples range between 1.01% and 9.5%. After stabilization, the values of unsoaked CBR range between 3.08% and 47%. The maximum values of unsoaked CBR are within 10.8% to 47%. So it can be used as sub-base condition. The conventional CBR testing method is expensive and time consuming. The laboratory test results were used for the development of regression based model to predict unsoaked and soaked CBR values for natural and cement stabilized soil. Aye Aye Myat | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Htay Win"Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12819.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12819/prediction-models-for-estimation-of-california-bearing-ratio-for-cohesive-soil/aye-aye-myat
The Physical Properties of the Soil
Inckuding,
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Color
4. Soil Density
5. Soil Porosity
6. Soil Consistence
7. Soil Temperature
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Effect of Resin on the Strength Characteristics of Thonnakkal ClayIJERA Editor
Improving the properties of soil by stabilization is considered as a means of fulfilling design criteria.
Stabilization is usually performed to improve material properties of soil such as strength, stiffness, and
permeability. The use of new materials for soil strengthening is crucial for geotechnical engineering, especially
in foundation construction. Experiments were conducted using resins with different epoxy resin-to-water
(ER/W) ratios. . The results show that by increasing the resin in the soil, the maximum dry density increases,
and the optimum water content decreases in the compaction tests.The results indicate that the epoxy resins
improve the physical and mechanical properties of soil significantly, and if successfully grouted into a
formation, the resins could provide a suitable solution for the stabilization of foundation material.
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
Cohesive soils are well known for their low strength properties. Thus, they are inappropriate for geotechnical works. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability. Stabilization with cement is a common treatment technology. The present study examines the strength of cement stabilized soil. The laboratory tests were carried out in order to study the strength of california bearing ratio (CBR). Nine clayey soils with different properties were mixed with various amounts of cement content (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and compacted at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Soaked or unsoaked condition of soil affects the CBR value. The test results show that unsoaked CBR before stabilization ranges between 2.78% and 10.22% which that of its corresponding soaked samples range between 1.01% and 9.5%. After stabilization, the values of unsoaked CBR range between 3.08% and 47%. The maximum values of unsoaked CBR are within 10.8% to 47%. So it can be used as sub-base condition. The conventional CBR testing method is expensive and time consuming. The laboratory test results were used for the development of regression based model to predict unsoaked and soaked CBR values for natural and cement stabilized soil. Aye Aye Myat | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Htay Win"Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12819.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12819/prediction-models-for-estimation-of-california-bearing-ratio-for-cohesive-soil/aye-aye-myat
The Physical Properties of the Soil
Inckuding,
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Color
4. Soil Density
5. Soil Porosity
6. Soil Consistence
7. Soil Temperature
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
An Intelligent Human Computer Communication with Real Time Hand Gesture for M...IJERA Editor
This paper may be helpful in making the living of handicapped people easy which will be helpful for the handicapped people to drive their wheelchair through finger operation. It is an opportunity to be a handicapped as independent. System comprises of integration of finger operation using digital image processing and embedded technology .According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between the 7 and 10% of the population worldwide suffer from some physical disability. In Latin-America the physically disabled are estimated in 55 million people, which represent the 9% of its total population. This census indicates that the most common disability is motor, followed by blindness, deafness, intellectual and language. All alone, the motor-disabled achieve 20 million in Latin-America and there is an anticipated continued growth due to increasing aging, longevity and accident related injuries. Wheelchairs make up a significant portion of the mobility assistive devices in use for those. Since the 1930s, the design concept of a wheelchair has been the same: a main frame, two large rear wheels and two small front wheels called casters. This basic design has been used to develop many of today’ wheelchairs by applying slight design modifications to produce lighter, more durable and more comfortable wheelchairs for people who use them on a daily basis. Finally it means that is affordable and beneficial by the people.
Studying the factors affecting solar power generation systems performance ( S...IJERA Editor
Solar energy is a huge, clean and renewable source of energy. It is also available everywhere on the earth. However, there are many technical and economic difficulties need to be solved so that solar energy becomes a strong competition against the traditional energy sources. Energy from the sun can be used successfully in electric power generation systems. Depending on the climate conditions and the use of a properly designed, installing and maintained system can meet a large demand in this request. Work plane for this research will include many steps, the first step will include an introduction to solar energy. The second step will be a short review of the solar energy availability, geometry, fields of applications and the largest commercial application of solar energy is the solar thermal power generation. In addition, the most common types of solar thermal power plants, the solar field, heat transfer fluid and the power conversion system types will be explained in detail. The third step, a simple analysis for the solar thermal power plant will be explained in order to predict the optimum conditions leading to maximum performance. Discussions of results will be the fourth step. The last step a conclusion and recommendation for future work will also be included.
Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Tangi...IJERA Editor
Leachate from municipalities’ landfills represents a potential health risk to ecosystems in generally and human populations in particularly. This study which was taken during year from 2010 to 2011was focused to study the physicochemical evaluation of the leachate from the landfill of the Tangier city (north of Morocco). The analyses of the sampled leachate revealed strong content of biodegradable organic matter (BOD =166.78 mg/l, COD=2397.25 mg/l and BOD/COD=0.069) and of SM (SM = 577.97 mg/l). Contents in nitrate (NO3=199.77 mg/l) were also revealed. The discharge of the Tangier city is characterized by an old leachate. The long-term monitoring of the evaluation of physicochemical parameters in polluted leachate, on how environmental conditions change over time, could then lead to models useful in the prediction of natural attenuation in aquifers. Therefore, an adaptable and efficient treatment process must be used to eliminate the wide range of pollutants present in leachate.
Exergy analysis of inlet water temperature of condenserIJERA Editor
The most of the power plant designed by energetic performance criteria based on first law of thermodynamics. According to First law of thermodynamics energy analysis cannot be justified the losses of energy.The method of exergy analysis is well suited to describe true magnitude of waste and loss to be determined. Such information can be used in the design of new energy efficient system and increasing the efficiency of existing systems.In the present study exergy analysis of the shell and tube condenser is carried out. As the condenser is one of the major components of the power plant, so it is necessary to operate the condenser efficiently under the various operating condition to increase the overall efficiency of the power plant. In the present study inlet temperature of the condenser is optimized using the exergy method. The main aim of paper is to be find out causes of energy destruction that can be helpful to redesign the system and to increase the efficiency
An Efficient Block Matching Algorithm Using Logical ImageIJERA Editor
Motion estimation, which has been widely used in various image sequence coding schemes, plays a key role in the transmission and storage of video signals at reduced bit rates. There are two classes of motion estimation methods, Block matching algorithms (BMA) and Pel-recursive algorithms (PRA). Due to its implementation simplicity, block matching algorithms have been widely adopted by various video coding standards such as CCITT H.261, ITU-T H.263, and MPEG. In BMA, the current image frame is partitioned into fixed-size rectangular blocks. The motion vector for each block is estimated by finding the best matching block of pixels within the search window in the previous frame according to matching criteria. The goal of this work is to find a fast method for motion estimation and motion segmentation using proposed model. Recent day Communication between ends is facilitated by the development in the area of wired and wireless networks. And it is a challenge to transmit large data file over limited bandwidth channel. Block matching algorithms are very useful in achieving the efficient and acceptable compression. Block matching algorithm defines the total computation cost and effective bit budget. To efficiently obtain motion estimation different approaches can be followed but above constraints should be kept in mind. This paper presents a novel method using three step and diamond algorithms with modified search pattern based on logical image for the block based motion estimation. It has been found that, the improved PSNR value obtained from proposed algorithm shows a better computation time (faster) as compared to original Three step Search (3SS/TSS ) method .The experimental results based on the number of video sequences were presented to demonstrate the advantages of proposed motion estimation technique.
An advisory firm delivering services to the investors may help you in this sector. They use to provide such professionals who give such tips and hints which benefits the traders and help them to achieve the desired success.
Effect of Ambient Temperature and Composition on Liquid Droplet CombustionIJERA Editor
An unsteady, spherically symmetric, single component, diffusion controlled gas phase droplet combustion
model was developed assuming infinite kinetics and no radiation effects. Finite difference technique was used to
solve time dependent equations of energy and species. Adiabatic flame temperature which is important for
calculating thermodynamic properties was calculated by employing a detailed method. Effects of ambient
temperature and composition on important combustion parameters like adiabatic flame temperature, droplet
mass burning rate, burning constant and droplet lifetime were obtained. Results indicated that flame
temperature, burning constant and mass burning rate increased with an increase in ambient temperature while
the droplet life time decreased. The present gas phase code was used in conjunction with the Olikara and
Borman code for obtaining concentration of important species. Emission results showed that for a 100m nheptane
droplet burning in standard atmosphere, an increase in ambient temperature led to an increase in NO
and CO concentrations and a decrease in CO2 and H2O concentrations. Extinction diameter for a 3000m nheptane
droplet burning in oxygen-helium environment was determined. Also, effects of ambient temperature
and composition were obtained on droplet lifetime and mass burning rate as a function of initial droplet
diameter. The present gas phase model is simple but realistic and can be incorporated in spray combustion
codes.
Identification Of Ground Water Potential Zones In Tamil Nadu By Remote Sensin...IJERA Editor
A case study was conducted to find out the groundwater potential zones in Salem, Erode and Namakkal districts, Tamil Nadu, India with an aerial extent of 360.60 km2. The thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use / land cover and drainage map were prepared for the study area. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been generated from the 10 m interval contour lines (which is derived from SOI, Toposheet 1:25000 scale) and obtained the slope (%) of the study area. The groundwater potential zones were obtained by overlaying all the thematic maps in terms of weighted overlay methods using the spatial analysis tool in Arc GIS 9.3. During weighted overlay analysis, the ranking has been given for each individual parameter of each thematic map and weights were assigned according to the influence such as soil −25%, geomorphology − 25%, land use/land cover −25%, slope − 15%, lineament − 5% and drainage / streams − 5% and find out the potential zones in terms of good, moderate and poor zones with the area of 49.70 km2, 261.61 km2 and 46.04 km2 respectively. The potential zone wise study area was overlaid with village boundary map and the village wise groundwater potential zones with three categories such as good, moderate and poor zones were obtained. This GIS based output result was validated by conducting field survey by randomly selecting wells in different villages using GPS instruments. The coordinates of each well location were obtained by GPS and plotted in the GIS platform and it was clearly shown that the well coordinates were exactly seated with the classified zones.
Automatic Notch Indication and Identification of Compartment in EmergencyIJERA Editor
The main objective of our proposed system is to safe guard people’s life, government property and saves time of the passengers. This will focus on the system that will detect the notch that is employed, which helps to run the locomotive ,on the LCD screen and also detects the chain that is pulled in the compartment automatically on the LCD screen with the help of RF module. Position of notch that is displayed when the notch is applied. In general notch is applied to enhance or decrease the speed of the locomotive under the supervision of loco pilot. The increasing and decreasing of notch position should be done gradually in order to increase or decrease the speed. So, by displaying the present position of notch on the LCD screen become ease to identify the notch position. In addition to it, when passengers feel emergency in order to stop the train, they have the right to pull the chain. Once the chain is pulled in any compartment the locomotive tends to travel approximately one kilometer in response to the pulled chain. After once the train is stopped loco pilot has the responsibility to resolve the emergency facing by the passengers, finding where the chain is pulled by checking all the compartments sequentially. In order to save time by checking all the compartments and traveling one kilometer huge distance in emergency driver identifies the compartment where the chain is pulled with the help of RF module placed in the compartments and the same will be displayed on the LCD screen.
Capacitor Placement Using Bat Algorithm for Maximum Annual Savings in Radial ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a two stage approach that determines the optimal location and size of capacitors on radial distribution systems to improve voltage profile and to reduce the active power loss. In first stage, the capacitor locations can be found by using loss sensitivity method. Bat algorithm is used for finding the optimal capacitor sizes in radial distribution systems. The sizes of the capacitors corresponding to maximum annual savings are determined by considering the cost of the capacitors. The proposed method is tested on 15-bus, 33 bus, 34-bus, 69-bus and 85-bus test systems and the results are presented.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Limeijtsrd
The soils that are highly susceptible to erosion and containing high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions are called Dispersive Soils. In appearance, dispersive clays are like normal clays that are stable and somewhat resistant to erosion, but in reality they can be highly erosive and subject to severe damage or failure. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway, embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not stabilized and used appropriately. This problem is worldwide, and structural failures attributed to dispersive soils have occurred in many countries. This paper presents the stabilization of dispersive soil with lime. The soil sample is taken from Mandalay. Grain size distribution, Atterberg's limit test, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength UCS test and triaxial test are carried out to obtain the properties of soil. Type of studied soil classified by unified classification system is lean clay with sand. Crumb test is performed to know the dispersion degree of study soil. According to crumb test, the study soil is highly dispersive clay soil. Lime is used as stabilizing agent. The amount of lime used is 2 , 3 and 4 by dry weight of soil. The studied soil is mixed various contents of lime, and then crumb test is performed. At dispersive soil mixed with 4 of lime, there is no dispersion characteristic in soil. For stabilization of studied soil, 4 of lime is selected to investigate the improvement of strength in treated soil. The treated soil is performed compaction test, unconfined compression strength UCS test and triaxial test. Unconfined compression strength of treated soil at 4 lime is increased as 1.12 times that of natural soil. The shear strength of treated soil increases about 2 times than that of natural soil. The cohesion value of treated soil increases about 1.12 times and the angle of internal friction increases about 1.23 times than that of natural soil. Finally, it is concluded from this study that the lime treated soil is more resistant to erosion and the treated soil is more resistant to shear stress and lateral pressure. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Lime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26658.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26658/experiential-investigation-on-the-stabilization-of-dispersive-soil-with-lime/soe-soe-war
Performance evaluation of locally available soil mixed with Fly ash and rando...IOSR Journals
In India, transportation is mainly by roads. Very small villages, remote areas and hilly areas can be accessed only by roads. Hence considerable attention is required towards the widening of roads, their stability and periodic repair works. Most state highways in the central part of India have problems of foundation due to presence of highly compressible clayey soils like black cotton soil. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil, which swells or shrinks excessively due to change in moisture content. When black cotton soil is associated with an engineering structure, it experiences either settlement or heave depending on the stress level and the soil swelling pressure. Design and construction of civil engineering structures on and with expansive soils is a challenging task for engineers. The present work is aimed to assess the improvement in the strength and stability characteristics in soft Subgrade soil by using the fly ash for the stabilization and then Nylon fibre as reinforcing material. Randomly distributed fibre reinforced soil (RDFRS) technique is used to prepare the reinforced soil samples. In RDFRS technique the mixing of reinforcement in the soil is very easy and no special skill is required. The reinforcement is added by percentage of the weight of the soil sample and by following certain aspect ratio i.e., length/diameter (L/D) ratio. Attempt is made to determine optimum combination of fly ash and fiber content for maximum gain in strength.
Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty SandIJERA Editor
It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty SandIJERA Editor
It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Soil is a peculiar material. Some waste materials such Fly Ash, rice husk ash, pond ash may use to
make the soil to be stable. Addition of such materials will increase the physical as well as chemical properties of
the soil. Some expecting properties to be improved are CBR value, shear strength, liquidity index, plasticity
index, unconfined compressive strength and bearing capacity etc. The objective of this study was to evaluate the
effect of Fly Ash derived from combustion of sub-bituminous coal at electric power plants in stabilization of soft
fine-grained red soils. California bearing ratio (CBR) and other strength property tests were conducted on soil.
The soil is in range of plasticity, with plasticity indices ranging between 25 and 30. Tests were conducted on
soils and soil–Fly Ash mixtures prepared at optimum water content of 9% .Addition of Fly Ash resulted in
appreciable increases in the CBR of the soil. For water contents 9% wet of optimum, CBRs of the soils are
found in varying percentage such that 3,5,6and 9.We will found optimum CBR value of the soil is 6%.Increment
of CBR value is used to reduce the thickness of the pavement. And increasing the bearing capacity of soil.
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Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities of Pakistan
1. Aashan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.49-53
www.ijera.com 49 | P a g e
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of
Different Cities of Pakistan
Aashan Ijaz*, Syed Abbas Ali**, Shah Room*, Muhammad Ahmad Rana*,
Muhammad Aleem*
*(Department of Civil Engineering, University of South Asia, Lahore, Pakistan)
** (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan)
ABSTRACT
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to
classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested
by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their
properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be
permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time
constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying
method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However,
in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to
determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity.
Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test,
hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace
the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
Keywords - Plasticity, Atterberg Limits, Clay
I. INTRODUCTION
Almost all civil engineering structures are in
contact with soil mass or rock. Either soil in this
case in the undisturbed natural state (in-situ or in-
place condition) or artificially placed, for example
under the foundation of structures of the soil, in
general, is in-situ state whereas, the backfill behind
the retaining wall is artificially placed. Similarly,
soil used in the construction structures such as in
dams, levees, embankments, for roads and
railways, airfield is artificially placed Irrespective
of the fact whether soil is used as a supporting
material (under foundations) or as constructional
material (in earth structures) in either situations,
there is an interaction between the structures and the
adjacent soil; and as a result stresses develop in both
causing some changes in shape and size of the
structure and of adjacent soil mass.
To design stable and durable structures, an engineer
must therefore, be able to visualize these changes
and forecast their behavior any time. Soil being the
natural product is a very complex engineering
material and to understand its behavior, study of soil
properties is essential. More specifically it is
required for Design of foundations, Stability of
slopes and cuts, Design of earth structures (earth
dams, retaining walls, sheet piles etc.), Design of
roads and airfields At present times, civil engineers
usually depend upon Atterberg limits for the
indication of soil characteristics, which is Plasticity.
The Atterberg limits are liquid limit, plastic limit
and shrinkage limit, and the tests to determine those
limits are explained in ASTM standards. Method of
drying the soil samples before the tests are carried
out have been clearly stated in ASTM standards, it is
because drying the soils in different degree will alter
their properties significantly. Some of the physical
properties of soil will undergo changes that appear to
be permanent. Soil can dried in two different ways,
by air or by oven drying techniques.
This study is to determine the effect of two drying
methods, air drying method and oven drying method
on the soil plasticity.
II. SAMPLE SELECTION
In this work, our target was to test the clayey
soil. So we could get the definite soil plasticity and
compare the oven dried and air dried sample.
Initially we obtained ten samples from ten different
cities. Sites were selected keeping in mind the clay
content of soil. Field test were performed on these
samples in search of the clayey soil. Out of ten, six
samples from cities, i.e. Lahore, Sialkot, Murree,
Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Nandipur were selected.
Samples varied in clay content from high to low
plastic clay. Several tests were carried out to find the
clay content later. Once the site was selected, sample
was obtained at the depth of 1m from the surface.
Samples were immediately put in zip-lock bags. So
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Aashan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.49-53
www.ijera.com 50 | P a g e
that they retained their moisture until ready for the
laboratory testing.
III. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL
1. Soil Mineralogy
The properties of a soil are determined by the
mineralogical composition, shape and size
distribution of its component particles, the
interaction of these particles with each other and
with water and dissolved salts, and the effect of
cementing. This paper considers the influence of
clay mineral composition on the plasticity of soils,
and considers cases in which particle size
distribution, particle shape, and cementing have an
effect. Plasticity is the most outstanding
characteristic of clay soils. It is measured by routine
tests on nearly all soils before they are used in an
engineering structure, and gives a good general
indication of their other engineering properties.
The factors which affect the plasticity of soils for the
most part act simultaneously, and it is therefore
difficult to isolate the effect due to the individual
factors. For instance, in addition to natural soils
containing variable amounts of clay size material,
clay generally comprises more than one type of clay
mineral. Furthermore, samples of clay minerals of
the same mineralogical type, but of different origins,
may show considerable variation in physical
properties
2. Soil Texture
Soil texture is one of the most important single
properties of soil. It influences water movement and
retention. It determines the amount of surface area,
affecting chemical reactivity and nutrient-holding
capacity. And texture is a factor in the erosion
potential of the soil. There are twelve soil textural
classes comprised of various proportions of sand,
silt and clay—the three soil separates.
Organic matter is not included as a soil separate and
therefore cannot change the texture of a soil. If the
percentages of sand and clay, with or without silt,
are known, the Textural Triangle can be used to find
the textural class name, for example loam, or sandy
clay. There are two main classes of clay minerals,
described by the ratio of primary building blocks of
tetrahedrons and octahedrons. Each type of clay has
different properties and behaviors. First are the 1:1
clay minerals like kaolinite. A relatively large-sized
clay mineral, kaolinite is a non-expanding clay well
suited to construction activities, septic leach fields,
or ceramics (whether industrial or hobby). The
second type is the 2:1 clay minerals. Many of these
are expanding clays, which shrink when dry, and
swell when wet. These types of clay have very large
surface to volume ratios and have the capacity to
hold large quantities of water and cations.
3. Soil Aggregates
Generally, only the very small particles form
aggregates, which includes silicate clays, volcanic
ash minerals, organic matter, and oxides. There are
various mechanisms of soil aggregation.
3.1. Mechanisms of soil aggregation:
a) Soil microorganisms excrete substances that act as
cementing agents and bind soil particles together. b)
Fungi have filaments, called hyphae, which extend
into the soil and tie soil particles together. c) Root
also execute sugars into the soil that help bind
minerals. d) Oxides also act a glue and join particles
together. This aggregation process is very common
to many highly weathered tropical soils and is
especially prevalent in Hawaii. e) Finally, soil
particles may naturally be attracted one another
through electrostatic forces, much like the attraction
between hair and a balloon.
Figure 1. Soil Texture
3.2. Aggregate Stability
Stable soil aggregation is a very valuable property of
productive soils. Yet, the stability of soil aggregation
is very reliant on the type of minerals present in the
soil. Certain clay minerals form very stable
aggregates, while other clay minerals form weak
aggregates that fall apart very easily.
Highly weathered silicate clays, oxides, and
amorphous volcanic materials tend to form the most
stable aggregates. The presence of organic matter
with these materials improves stable aggregate
formation. In nutrient management, the aggregate
stability is important because well-aggregated
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minerals are well drained and quite workable.
In contrast, less weathered silicate clays, such as
montmorillonite, form weak aggregates. Some
silicate clays are said to have a shrink-swell
potential. This means that the soil minerals expand,
or swell, when wet, causing the soil to become
sticky and drain poorly. When dry, these soils shrink
and form cracks. The make-up of the lattice structure
of silicate clays determines the shrink-swell
potential.
4. Organic Matter
Most soil organic matter accumulates within the
surface layer of the soil. This organic matter may be
divided into two groups: non-humic matter and
humic matter. Non-humic matter includes all
undecomposed organic material within the soil.
Examples of non-humic matter are twigs, roots, and
living organisms. Humic matter includes humic
acids, fulvic acids, and humin. (Humin is the dark
material in soil that is highly resistant to
decomposition.) Due to its tremendous surface area,
soil organic matter:
Acts like a sponge to store water. Retains and
provides nutrients (CEC). Glues and binds soil
particles into stable aggregates. Reduces the
occurrence of aluminum toxicities. Like low activity
clays, organic matter may have either CEC or AEC,
depending upon soil ph. However, it will rarely have
AEC. In fact, the pH must fall to approximately 2.0
before it will have AEC. Soil organic matter may
have both AEC and CEC. However, the charges on
organic matter are dependent upon soil ph. For soil
organic matter to generate an AEC, the soil pH must
be 2.0.Without additions of organic matter, tillage
practices will greatly reduce organic matter content
in the soil. Therefore, no-till and minimum tillage
systems with the return of organic matter to the soil
are gaining favor by farmers to improve and
conserve soil quality.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
As mentioned earlier, six different samples were
obtained from six different cities. Approximately,
each sample weighed 5 kgs. These samples were
split in two halves for oven and air-drying
respectively. Oven drying procedure in ASTM
D2216-71 was adopted for oven drying of the
sample. Sample was put in the oven at 105° C and
left overnight. For Air Drying, Soil was exposed to
sunlight for whole day and moisture content was
determined. This process was repeated until soil start
giving constant moisture content and soil had no
more moisture to be eliminated.
The main concern of this work was to find the
Atterberg limits. However, other tests like Specific
Gravity, Sieve Analysis, and Hydrometer Analysis
were also carried out. Specific Gravity test helped in
the confirmation of soil type whether it was clay or
not. As Clay was our required material. Further, it
helped later on in better analysis of the results.
Sieve and Hydrometer Analysis were carried out
letter to find out the composition of the soil sample.
Which further elaborated the plastic behavior of
these soils as they contained clay content. In last,
Atterberg limits were determined, which gave the
ultimate idea of plastic behavior. Above tests were
performed on both air and oven dried samples.
Results of the laboratory testing are displayed with
the help of Graphs and are compared.
V. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF
RESULTS
Results are displayed in tabular form a well-
represented with the help of graphs. Oven dried
samples are compared with air dried samples.
Results of each sample are made in tabular form and
corresponding graphs are also presented.
Comparison graphs of air dried and oven dried
samples of each sample are presented. Results of
various samples are presented in the sequence of
tests performed. For the better understanding and
comparison of results, same graph of different
samples are accumulated in one graph. Further, an
effort is put to make the oven and air dried sample
results are shown in tables.
5. Aashan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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www.ijera.com 53 | P a g e
Figure 4. Plasticity Index
VI. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND
CONCLUSION
In addition to the other tastings, soil samples
were also classified using unified soil classification
system. Soil classification is shown in Figure 3. All
the sample fell into CL category except Nandipur
sample which came out to be CH. The plastic limit
and liquid limit tests value obtained from two drying
method are different, the liquid limit of oven dried
soil samples are lower than the liquid limit of air
dried samples. Due to the different value of the
plastic limit and liquid limit, the plasticity indexes of
samples determined are different, and thus results in
different subgroups in classification. Plasticity index
as shown in Figure 4 is more for air dried samples as
compared to the oven dried sample. Figure 4 show
that in Lahore, Faisalabad, Murree and Sialkot the
result of soil plasticity obtained using air dry and
oven dry method differ by small amount, so here it
might be the possibility that we can use any of
method. But for Rawalpindi and Nandipur their lies
appreciable difference in results of air dry and oven dry
methods. So here it is proved that the oven drying
method could not be used to replace the air drying
method in preparation work of Atterberg limit tests.
Oven dried sample showed decreased plasticity. The
reason for that is organic matter were burnt during
the overnight drying process in the oven. Moreover,
minerals present in soil were largely affected by the
oven burning.
References
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Mechanics
[2] Whitlow, R, ―Basic Soil Mechanics‖ 1990.
[3] Scott, CR, ―An Introduction to Soil
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[4] Donald Steila, Thomas E. Pond, • “The
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[5] Joe Boris Dixon, Sterling Barg Weed,
Richard C. Dinauer, Minerals in Soil
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[6] D.L. Shah, A.V. Shrof, Soil Mechanics and
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[8] Wai-Fah Chen, Limit Analysis and Soil
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[10] ASTM D421 - 85(2007), Standard Practice
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