This document provides information about various minerals required by the human body. It discusses major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. It also covers trace minerals such as iron, iodine, fluoride, zinc, and copper. For each mineral, it describes its functions, sources, requirements, absorption, disorders related to deficiency and excess, and treatment where applicable. The document aims to educate about the essential minerals, their roles and maintaining adequate intake levels.
minerals (2).pptx Major Minerals Also known as Macro-minerals They are vital ...Shivangi sharma
As Constituents of bones and teeth: Ca, P, Mg
As Constituents of soft tissues (liver): P
As soluble salts that give to body fluid and cell content, their composition and Stability that are essential for life– Na, K, Cl, P
Specific functions:
Formation of Haemoglobin- Fe
Formation of thyroxine- Iodine
Constitution of enzymes and hormones: Zn in Carbonic Anhydrase and Insulin
Cobalt– constituent of Vit-B12
This document discusses minerals, including their classification, dietary sources, and roles in the body. It focuses on macrominerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. For calcium, it provides details on dietary reference intakes, biological roles, determinants of balance, dietary sources, deficiency, and the relationship between calcium and osteoporosis. It also discusses iron, iodine, and the public health significance of iron deficiency anemia.
This module describes the types of minerals present in food. in nature we have several minerals which are generally classified into two as Major and Minor minerals. it also describes the recommended dietary allowance by ICMR 2020. Here you will be able to find the functions, sources and deficiency of each minerals.
Minerals are inorganic substances that are required by the body in small amounts to perform various functions. They can be classified as major minerals, which are required in larger amounts of over 100 mg/day, minor minerals which are required in smaller amounts of less than 100 mg/day, and trace elements which are required in very small quantities of less than a few micrograms per day. Calcium and phosphorus are two major minerals that play important roles in bone formation and other physiological processes. Calcium is absorbed in the small intestine and around 20-30% is normally absorbed, with absorption influenced by factors like vitamin D, protein and fiber intake. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, eggs and green leafy vegetables. Ph
This document provides information on various minerals required by the body. It discusses the classification of minerals into major, minor and trace elements based on daily requirements. The key minerals described are calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, iodine, fluorine and zinc. For each mineral, the document outlines their functions, food sources, deficiency symptoms and other relevant information.
our body uses minerals for many different jobs, including keeping our bones, muscles, heart, and brain working properly. Minerals are also important for making enzymes and hormones. There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace minerals.
This document provides an overview of minerals and their importance for human health. It discusses major minerals like calcium, sodium, and potassium that are essential in large amounts. It also covers trace minerals like iron, zinc, and iodine that are needed in smaller quantities. Key points include the roles of minerals in bone health, energy production, fluid balance, and other bodily functions. Risk factors for osteoporosis and strategies to ensure adequate mineral intake through diet are also reviewed.
minerals (2).pptx Major Minerals Also known as Macro-minerals They are vital ...Shivangi sharma
As Constituents of bones and teeth: Ca, P, Mg
As Constituents of soft tissues (liver): P
As soluble salts that give to body fluid and cell content, their composition and Stability that are essential for life– Na, K, Cl, P
Specific functions:
Formation of Haemoglobin- Fe
Formation of thyroxine- Iodine
Constitution of enzymes and hormones: Zn in Carbonic Anhydrase and Insulin
Cobalt– constituent of Vit-B12
This document discusses minerals, including their classification, dietary sources, and roles in the body. It focuses on macrominerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. For calcium, it provides details on dietary reference intakes, biological roles, determinants of balance, dietary sources, deficiency, and the relationship between calcium and osteoporosis. It also discusses iron, iodine, and the public health significance of iron deficiency anemia.
This module describes the types of minerals present in food. in nature we have several minerals which are generally classified into two as Major and Minor minerals. it also describes the recommended dietary allowance by ICMR 2020. Here you will be able to find the functions, sources and deficiency of each minerals.
Minerals are inorganic substances that are required by the body in small amounts to perform various functions. They can be classified as major minerals, which are required in larger amounts of over 100 mg/day, minor minerals which are required in smaller amounts of less than 100 mg/day, and trace elements which are required in very small quantities of less than a few micrograms per day. Calcium and phosphorus are two major minerals that play important roles in bone formation and other physiological processes. Calcium is absorbed in the small intestine and around 20-30% is normally absorbed, with absorption influenced by factors like vitamin D, protein and fiber intake. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, eggs and green leafy vegetables. Ph
This document provides information on various minerals required by the body. It discusses the classification of minerals into major, minor and trace elements based on daily requirements. The key minerals described are calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, iodine, fluorine and zinc. For each mineral, the document outlines their functions, food sources, deficiency symptoms and other relevant information.
our body uses minerals for many different jobs, including keeping our bones, muscles, heart, and brain working properly. Minerals are also important for making enzymes and hormones. There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace minerals.
This document provides an overview of minerals and their importance for human health. It discusses major minerals like calcium, sodium, and potassium that are essential in large amounts. It also covers trace minerals like iron, zinc, and iodine that are needed in smaller quantities. Key points include the roles of minerals in bone health, energy production, fluid balance, and other bodily functions. Risk factors for osteoporosis and strategies to ensure adequate mineral intake through diet are also reviewed.
Iron is an important mineral that is essential for forming hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. A deficiency in iron is the most common mineral deficiency in humans and can cause anemia. Iron is found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzyme systems throughout the body. Calcium is mostly stored in bones and is essential for bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, muscle contractions, and cell functions. A deficiency can cause rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. Water makes up about two-thirds of the human body and is essential for transporting nutrients, regulating temperature, and many other bodily functions. The recommended daily intake of water is between 2-3 liters.
Iron is an important mineral that is essential for forming hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. A deficiency in iron is the most common mineral deficiency in humans and can lead to anemia. Iron is obtained through foods like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and cereals. Calcium is mainly stored in bones and is essential for bone and teeth formation. A deficiency can cause rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. Dairy products, leafy greens, and canned fish are good sources of calcium. Water makes up about two-thirds of the human body and is essential for many functions like nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and digestion. The recommended daily intake of water is between 2
Trace minerals are needed in small amounts but are essential for many bodily functions. They include iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, and others. Trace mineral deficiencies can impair growth, development, immunity and cognitive function, while toxicities of some like iron, fluoride, and iodine can also negatively impact health. Food content of trace minerals depends on soil mineral content where the food was grown.
Minerals are essential nutrients required by the body in small amounts that serve important functions. They can be classified as major minerals, which are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg per day, or trace minerals, which are needed in smaller amounts. Minerals provide structure to bones and teeth, help regulate cell functions and metabolism, and maintain normal heart rhythm and muscle contractions. Common minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, iron, zinc and selenium. A balanced diet can provide the daily mineral requirements, though deficiencies or excesses can impact health.
This document provides information on various minerals, including macro-minerals and micro-minerals. It discusses the seven principal macro-minerals that make up 60-80% of the body's inorganic material, as well as important micro-minerals like iron, copper, and sodium. For each mineral, the document outlines their functions, dietary sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and supplementation recommendations.
This document discusses the physiologic and biochemical functions of various minerals in the human body. It covers major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. It describes their roles, absorption, transport in the blood, homeostasis, and impact on various diseases when levels are too high or too low. The minerals are essential for many metabolic processes and helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and more.
Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential for the human body to function properly. They help build strong bones and muscles and maintain bodily functions. The body requires macrominerals like calcium, sodium, and potassium in relatively large amounts as well as microminerals like iron, zinc and iodine in smaller trace amounts. Deficiencies in important minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium and potassium can develop due to poor diet or absorption issues and cause health problems. Mineral deficiencies are typically treated through dietary changes and supplements under a doctor's guidance.
Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for human nutrition and health. The 14 key minerals can be categorized as major minerals, which are needed in larger amounts, and trace minerals, which are needed in smaller amounts. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and potassium. These minerals are involved in many important functions like building bones and teeth, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, acting as electrolytes and cofactors for enzymes. Maintaining balanced levels of minerals is important for overall health and prevention of deficiencies and toxicities.
The document provides an overview of minerals, including their functions, dietary recommendations, food sources, and deficiency/toxicity symptoms. It discusses 15 essential minerals: sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chloride, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, iodine, and manganese. For each mineral, it details major functions, recommended intake amounts, common food sources, and the symptoms of excessive intake and deficiency. It focuses specifically on sodium, potassium, calcium, and their relationships to blood pressure and bone health.
Iron deficiency anemia in children 2021Imran Iqbal
Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies globally and in Pakistan. It occurs when the body does not have enough iron to produce hemoglobin for red blood cells. In children, the main causes are low iron intake, animal milk consumption instead of solid foods after 6 months, and parasitic infections. Symptoms include paleness, irritability, and pica. Diagnosis involves low hemoglobin and iron levels on blood tests. Treatment is oral or intravenous iron supplementation, with prevention through breastfeeding, iron-fortified foods, and supplements as needed.
Folate and iron are essential nutrients that play important roles in various metabolic processes. Folate deficiencies can lead to anemia and neural tube defects in infants if mothers are deficient during pregnancy. Iron deficiencies impair work performance and cognitive development in children. Both nutrients are obtained from plant and animal foods, though bioavailability depends on enhancing and inhibiting factors from other dietary components. Adequate intake levels are recommended to prevent deficiencies and adverse health outcomes.
Iron is an essential mineral that carries oxygen and forms part of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Sources of iron include liver, red meat, lentils, beans, green leafy vegetables, and raisins. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine and is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Factors that increase absorption include low body iron stores and conditions with increased red blood cell production.
Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for human growth, development and regulation of vital functions. They serve both structural and functional roles in the body. The human body contains 30 essential minerals that are classified as either macro minerals, which are needed in larger amounts, or trace minerals which are needed in small amounts. Calcium is the most abundant macro mineral found primarily in bones and teeth, making up 1.5 kg of the average adult body. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish with bones and fortified foods. Calcium absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine and is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.
This document provides information on anti-anemic drugs, focusing on iron and vitamins B12 and folate. It defines different types of anemia based on red blood cell size and describes the manifestations and causes of megaloblastic anemia from deficiencies in B12 or folate. It outlines the dietary sources, absorption, transport, storage and excretion of iron as well as indications, preparations, dosages and adverse effects of oral and parenteral iron therapy for iron deficiency anemia. The roles and therapeutic uses of vitamins B12, folate and erythropoietin in various clinical conditions are also summarized.
This document provides information on various minerals including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron. It discusses the classification of minerals as major or trace, introduces the minerals listed above, and covers their functions, dietary recommendations, food sources, regulation in the body, and disorders related to deficiencies or excesses.
Lecture 11 nutrients involved in bone healthwajihahwafa
This document summarizes key nutrients involved in bone health and osteoporosis. It describes how calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride support bone development and maintenance. It explains bone remodeling and how nutrients like calcium and vitamin D regulate this process. The document also discusses osteoporosis risk factors like age, gender and nutrition, and ways to reduce osteoporosis risk through diet and exercise.
This document discusses essential trace elements in nutrition. It begins by defining trace elements and classifying them as either essential, probably essential, or potentially toxic in low doses. The document then focuses on the essential trace elements iron, iodine, fluoride, zinc, and copper. For each element, it provides details on sources, absorption, functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, requirements, and role in oral health. The document emphasizes the critical roles these trace elements play in growth, metabolism, enzyme functions and more.
This document discusses haematinics, which are substances required for blood formation and used to treat anaemias. It focuses on iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Iron is essential for haemoglobin synthesis and is absorbed in the small intestine. Deficiencies can cause anaemia. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are also essential for red blood cell formation and preventing megaloblastic anaemia. The document provides details on the metabolism, deficiencies, and treatments of these important haematinics.
1 Unit one leadership and management.pptxAderawAlemie
This document provides an overview of nursing service administration and leadership. It defines management and administration, describing management as the operational part of achieving organizational goals through resource utilization. Administration involves guiding efforts towards goals through leadership and control. The document also outlines various managerial roles and functions, including planning, organizing, staffing, budgeting, and supervision. It describes the process of organizing resources to accomplish objectives in a coordinated manner.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system. It begins by listing the objectives and outline. It then describes the thoracic cavity and mediastinum before discussing the pericardium, heart chambers, valves, blood vessels of the heart, and great vessels. The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. The heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. It also discusses the coronary arteries and veins that supply the heart with blood and the major arteries and veins that connect to the heart.
Iron is an important mineral that is essential for forming hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. A deficiency in iron is the most common mineral deficiency in humans and can cause anemia. Iron is found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzyme systems throughout the body. Calcium is mostly stored in bones and is essential for bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, muscle contractions, and cell functions. A deficiency can cause rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. Water makes up about two-thirds of the human body and is essential for transporting nutrients, regulating temperature, and many other bodily functions. The recommended daily intake of water is between 2-3 liters.
Iron is an important mineral that is essential for forming hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. A deficiency in iron is the most common mineral deficiency in humans and can lead to anemia. Iron is obtained through foods like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and cereals. Calcium is mainly stored in bones and is essential for bone and teeth formation. A deficiency can cause rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. Dairy products, leafy greens, and canned fish are good sources of calcium. Water makes up about two-thirds of the human body and is essential for many functions like nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and digestion. The recommended daily intake of water is between 2
Trace minerals are needed in small amounts but are essential for many bodily functions. They include iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, and others. Trace mineral deficiencies can impair growth, development, immunity and cognitive function, while toxicities of some like iron, fluoride, and iodine can also negatively impact health. Food content of trace minerals depends on soil mineral content where the food was grown.
Minerals are essential nutrients required by the body in small amounts that serve important functions. They can be classified as major minerals, which are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg per day, or trace minerals, which are needed in smaller amounts. Minerals provide structure to bones and teeth, help regulate cell functions and metabolism, and maintain normal heart rhythm and muscle contractions. Common minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, iron, zinc and selenium. A balanced diet can provide the daily mineral requirements, though deficiencies or excesses can impact health.
This document provides information on various minerals, including macro-minerals and micro-minerals. It discusses the seven principal macro-minerals that make up 60-80% of the body's inorganic material, as well as important micro-minerals like iron, copper, and sodium. For each mineral, the document outlines their functions, dietary sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and supplementation recommendations.
This document discusses the physiologic and biochemical functions of various minerals in the human body. It covers major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. It describes their roles, absorption, transport in the blood, homeostasis, and impact on various diseases when levels are too high or too low. The minerals are essential for many metabolic processes and helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and more.
Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential for the human body to function properly. They help build strong bones and muscles and maintain bodily functions. The body requires macrominerals like calcium, sodium, and potassium in relatively large amounts as well as microminerals like iron, zinc and iodine in smaller trace amounts. Deficiencies in important minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium and potassium can develop due to poor diet or absorption issues and cause health problems. Mineral deficiencies are typically treated through dietary changes and supplements under a doctor's guidance.
Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for human nutrition and health. The 14 key minerals can be categorized as major minerals, which are needed in larger amounts, and trace minerals, which are needed in smaller amounts. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and potassium. These minerals are involved in many important functions like building bones and teeth, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, acting as electrolytes and cofactors for enzymes. Maintaining balanced levels of minerals is important for overall health and prevention of deficiencies and toxicities.
The document provides an overview of minerals, including their functions, dietary recommendations, food sources, and deficiency/toxicity symptoms. It discusses 15 essential minerals: sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chloride, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, iodine, and manganese. For each mineral, it details major functions, recommended intake amounts, common food sources, and the symptoms of excessive intake and deficiency. It focuses specifically on sodium, potassium, calcium, and their relationships to blood pressure and bone health.
Iron deficiency anemia in children 2021Imran Iqbal
Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies globally and in Pakistan. It occurs when the body does not have enough iron to produce hemoglobin for red blood cells. In children, the main causes are low iron intake, animal milk consumption instead of solid foods after 6 months, and parasitic infections. Symptoms include paleness, irritability, and pica. Diagnosis involves low hemoglobin and iron levels on blood tests. Treatment is oral or intravenous iron supplementation, with prevention through breastfeeding, iron-fortified foods, and supplements as needed.
Folate and iron are essential nutrients that play important roles in various metabolic processes. Folate deficiencies can lead to anemia and neural tube defects in infants if mothers are deficient during pregnancy. Iron deficiencies impair work performance and cognitive development in children. Both nutrients are obtained from plant and animal foods, though bioavailability depends on enhancing and inhibiting factors from other dietary components. Adequate intake levels are recommended to prevent deficiencies and adverse health outcomes.
Iron is an essential mineral that carries oxygen and forms part of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Sources of iron include liver, red meat, lentils, beans, green leafy vegetables, and raisins. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine and is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Factors that increase absorption include low body iron stores and conditions with increased red blood cell production.
Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for human growth, development and regulation of vital functions. They serve both structural and functional roles in the body. The human body contains 30 essential minerals that are classified as either macro minerals, which are needed in larger amounts, or trace minerals which are needed in small amounts. Calcium is the most abundant macro mineral found primarily in bones and teeth, making up 1.5 kg of the average adult body. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish with bones and fortified foods. Calcium absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine and is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.
This document provides information on anti-anemic drugs, focusing on iron and vitamins B12 and folate. It defines different types of anemia based on red blood cell size and describes the manifestations and causes of megaloblastic anemia from deficiencies in B12 or folate. It outlines the dietary sources, absorption, transport, storage and excretion of iron as well as indications, preparations, dosages and adverse effects of oral and parenteral iron therapy for iron deficiency anemia. The roles and therapeutic uses of vitamins B12, folate and erythropoietin in various clinical conditions are also summarized.
This document provides information on various minerals including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron. It discusses the classification of minerals as major or trace, introduces the minerals listed above, and covers their functions, dietary recommendations, food sources, regulation in the body, and disorders related to deficiencies or excesses.
Lecture 11 nutrients involved in bone healthwajihahwafa
This document summarizes key nutrients involved in bone health and osteoporosis. It describes how calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride support bone development and maintenance. It explains bone remodeling and how nutrients like calcium and vitamin D regulate this process. The document also discusses osteoporosis risk factors like age, gender and nutrition, and ways to reduce osteoporosis risk through diet and exercise.
This document discusses essential trace elements in nutrition. It begins by defining trace elements and classifying them as either essential, probably essential, or potentially toxic in low doses. The document then focuses on the essential trace elements iron, iodine, fluoride, zinc, and copper. For each element, it provides details on sources, absorption, functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, requirements, and role in oral health. The document emphasizes the critical roles these trace elements play in growth, metabolism, enzyme functions and more.
This document discusses haematinics, which are substances required for blood formation and used to treat anaemias. It focuses on iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Iron is essential for haemoglobin synthesis and is absorbed in the small intestine. Deficiencies can cause anaemia. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are also essential for red blood cell formation and preventing megaloblastic anaemia. The document provides details on the metabolism, deficiencies, and treatments of these important haematinics.
1 Unit one leadership and management.pptxAderawAlemie
This document provides an overview of nursing service administration and leadership. It defines management and administration, describing management as the operational part of achieving organizational goals through resource utilization. Administration involves guiding efforts towards goals through leadership and control. The document also outlines various managerial roles and functions, including planning, organizing, staffing, budgeting, and supervision. It describes the process of organizing resources to accomplish objectives in a coordinated manner.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system. It begins by listing the objectives and outline. It then describes the thoracic cavity and mediastinum before discussing the pericardium, heart chambers, valves, blood vessels of the heart, and great vessels. The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. The heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. It also discusses the coronary arteries and veins that supply the heart with blood and the major arteries and veins that connect to the heart.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs. These include the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated structures like the liver and pancreas. The layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall and the histology of organs like the stomach are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It outlines the course objectives, which are to understand basic human body structure, location and function of tissues, and apply this knowledge professionally. Anatomy is defined as the study of the body's structural organization and relationships between organs. There are three main branches: gross anatomy examines visible structures, histology examines structures microscopically, and embryology examines developmental changes. Anatomy can be studied systemically by organ systems, regionally by body parts, through clinical application, or via imaging. Key body systems and their functions are described, as well as anatomical position, planes, and standard terminology used in anatomy.
1. Obstructed labor occurs when there is failure of progress of labor due to mechanical reasons despite adequate uterine contractions and can lead to maternal and neonatal mortality. (2) It is most common in low-resource settings with inadequate intrapartum care. (3) Cephalopelvic disproportion and malpresentations are the main etiologies of obstructed labor.
2. Prolonged labor in obstructed labor results in pathological changes including thinning of the lower uterine segment which can rupture, edema of bladder and vagina, and fetal distress. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cessation of contractions and bleeding. Management involves relieving obstruction through vaginal or abdominal delivery depending on the situation. (4)
Instructional media are devices that make the teaching and learning process more concrete and practical. They include traditional materials like chalkboards and textbooks as well as newer technologies like computers, DVDs, and interactive video. Instructional media are effective because they motivate students, encourage participation, and help achieve long-lasting memory through visual and hands-on learning. Some common instructional media are chalkboards, flip charts, overhead transparencies, photographs, wall charts, and computer presentations. The selection of instructional media should consider learner and teacher characteristics, the learning objectives, content, available resources, and principles of effective design.
Sleep is a cyclical physiological process that occurs in stages and is controlled by the brain. It consists of non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in cycles of approximately 90 minutes. Non-REM sleep progresses through four stages from light to deep sleep while REM sleep involves rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming. Sleep serves the important functions of restoring physiological and psychological functions. Disturbances in normal sleep patterns can occur due to various lifestyle, environmental, medical and psychiatric factors.
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection of the subcutaneous tissue, commonly occurring in diabetic patients or those with poor immunity. It presents as a red, swollen, and painful nodule typically on the neck, back or shoulders. Risk factors include diabetes, poor hygiene, weak immune system, and activities that break the skin. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, improving health, and potentially surgery to drain pus if it forms pockets.
Trauma and stress related disorder.pptxAderawAlemie
The document discusses trauma and stressor related disorders, specifically post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It defines PTSD as a condition marked by the development of symptoms after exposure to a traumatic event. It then lists the learning objectives which are to define PTSD, identify its epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, diagnostic methods, and treatments. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD and acute stress disorder are also outlined.
This document provides information on mood disorders including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. It discusses the diagnostic criteria, symptoms, and treatment approaches for these conditions. The key points are:
- Major depressive disorder involves at least 2 weeks of depressed mood and/or loss of interest plus additional symptoms. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy, or their combination, with the goal of full symptom remission.
- Bipolar I disorder involves one or more manic or mixed episodes plus hypomanic or depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium or valproate are first-line treatments for manic episodes along with antipsychotics.
- Treatment aims to control symptoms acutely, then continue treatment to prevent
This document defines substance use disorder and provides information about commonly abused substances such as alcohol and tobacco. It defines key terms related to substance use disorder and describes factors that influence substance abuse. The document also outlines diagnostic criteria for alcohol and tobacco use disorders.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric conditions. They are characterized by excessive anxiety or worry that interferes with daily functioning. The document defines various types of anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias. It provides information on epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for these conditions.
Hypersomnia is a condition characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged transitions to full wakefulness upon waking that is not caused by insufficient sleep. It is usually associated with mental disorders in the absence of an organic factor. To be diagnosed, the sleep disturbance must occur nearly daily for at least a month and cause significant distress or impairment. It does not include symptoms of narcolepsy like cataplexy. An organic or medical cause must be ruled out.
Choanal atresia is a congenital disorder where the posterior nasal openings (choanae) that connect the nasal cavities to the nasopharynx are blocked, usually by abnormal bony or soft tissue. It occurs due to failed development of the nasal passages during fetal development. Bilateral choanal atresia causes immediate respiratory distress in newborns due to complete nasal obstruction, while unilateral choanal atresia may not cause issues until later in life. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and diagnostic procedures. Treatment involves surgically correcting the blockage, either through a transnasal or transpalatal approach, with stents sometimes needed after surgery to prevent restenosis.
Insomnia is defined as difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or early awakening despite opportunities for sleep, associated with impaired daytime functioning for at least 3 nights per week for over a month. It can be acute (under 3 months) or chronic. Assessment involves medical history, sleep history, and screening for sleep apnea, depression/anxiety, and other medical issues. Treatment goals are to improve sleep quality and quantity and daytime functioning. Non-pharmacological treatments like CBT, sleep hygiene, and sleep restriction are recommended initially. Hypnotics may be used short-term but have risks and should be avoided for chronic insomnia when possible.
The document discusses sleep regulation and the stages of sleep. It describes how the hypothalamus and reticular activating system regulate alertness and sleep cycles. There are four stages of non-REM sleep that gradually deepen, followed by REM sleep with vivid dreaming. Disruptions to the normal sleep-wake cycle can cause issues like poor sleep, anxiety and irritability. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome. Nurses can promote healthy sleep by preparing a restful environment and respecting patients' normal sleep patterns.
This document provides an overview of sleep, its functions, stages and disorders. It defines sleep as a state of unconsciousness where the brain is more responsive to internal stimuli. Sleep has restorative and homeostatic functions. There are two main stages - NREM and REM sleep. Dyssomnias are disorders of sleep quantity/timing and include insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Parasomnias involve abnormal behaviors during sleep transitions and include nightmares, sleepwalking and REM sleep behavior disorder. Many common sleep disorders are described along with their symptoms, causes and treatment options.
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including:
- The stages of sleep including NREM (stages 1-4) and REM sleep.
- The neurobiology and physiology of sleep regulation involving brain structures like the hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and brainstem nuclei.
- Key factors that influence sleep-wake cycles like the circadian rhythm, neurotransmitters, hormones, and the two-process model of sleep regulation involving homeostatic and circadian processes.
The document discusses sleep disorders and how sleep is measured. It describes the stages of sleep including non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages characterized by different brain wave patterns. The cycles between NREM and REM sleep are important for rest. Common sleep disorders include primary insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Insomnia involves difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep while hypersomnia involves excessive daytime sleepiness. Breathing-related disorders disrupt sleep through interrupted breathing.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains the neuronal centers and neurotransmitters involved in inducing each type of sleep. The sleep cycle is described as the result of three systems - the arousal system, slow wave sleep center, and REM sleep center - interacting cyclically. The document also outlines the different brain waves seen in EEGs - alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves - and their characteristics and associations with different brain states.
Delta International is an ISO Certified top recruiting agency in Pakistan, recognized for its highly experienced recruiters. With a diverse range of international jobs for Pakistani workers, Delta International maintains extensive connections with overseas employers, making it one of the top 10 recruitment agencies in Pakistan. It stands out in the list of recruitment agencies in Pakistan for its exceptional services.
https://www.ditrc.com/
Known for its expertise in the Gulf region, Delta International is among the top 10 international recruitment agencies, specializing in expert headhunting and candidate sourcing. This prominence places it in the list of top 10 overseas recruitment agencies in Pakistan. As one of the best overseas recruitment agencies in Pakistan, Delta International is a trusted name for manpower recruitment, particularly from Pakistan.
The agency is not just a leading name in Karachi but also recognized as one of the best recruitment agencies in Islamabad. Delta International consistently ranks as the top recruitment agency in Pakistan, earning its reputation among the top recruiting agencies in Pakistan. It is also regarded as one of the top overseas employment agencies in Pakistan.
For those seeking foreign jobs, Delta International is listed among the top overseas employment companies in Pakistan. Their extensive network and expertise make them a go-to for anyone looking at the list of overseas employment agencies in Pakistan. As a leading foreign jobs recruitment agency in Pakistan, they offer opportunities across various sectors.
Delta International is consistently listed among the top recruitment companies in Pakistan, known for providing the best recruitment services. It’s considered one of the best recruitment agencies in Pakistan and a prominent recruitment agency in Pakistan. The company excels in international recruitment, making it a key player among international recruitment agencies in Pakistan.
Their inclusion in the list of international recruitment agencies further attests to their excellence. As a top manpower agency in Pakistan, Delta International specializes in recruiting skilled professionals and labor for various industries, including construction, healthcare, IT, engineering, and hospitality.
Delta International is a leader among recruitment agencies in Pakistan, with a particular focus on overseas employment. They are one of the foremost overseas employment agencies in Pakistan, catering to technical jobs and other employment opportunities. Their role as overseas employment promoters highlights their commitment to connecting Pakistani talent with global opportunities.
In summary, Delta International is not only one of the best recruitment agencies in Pakistan but also a distinguished name among overseas employment agencies. Their extensive network and experienced recruiters make them a top choice for anyone seeking employment both locally and internationally.
Khushi Saini, An Intern from The Sparks Foundationkhushisaini0924
This is my first task as an Talent Acquisition(Human resources) Intern in The Sparks Foundation on Recruitment, article and posts.
I invitr everyone to look into my work and provide me a quick feedback.
We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.
Parabolic antenna alignment system with Real-Time Angle Position FeedbackStevenPatrick17
Introduction
Parabolic antennas are a crucial component in many communication systems, including satellite communications, radio telescopes, and television broadcasting. Ensuring these antennas are properly aligned is vital for optimal performance and signal strength. A parabolic antenna alignment system, equipped with real-time angle position feedback and fault tracking, is designed to address this need. This document delves into the components, design, and implementation of such a system, highlighting its significance and applications.
Importance of Parabolic Antenna Alignment
The alignment of a parabolic antenna directly affects its performance. Even minor misalignments can lead to significant signal loss, which can degrade the quality of the received signal or cause communication failures. Proper alignment ensures that the antenna's focal point is accurately directed toward the signal source, maximizing the antenna's gain and efficiency. This precision is especially crucial in applications like satellite communications, where the antenna must track geostationary satellites with high accuracy.
Components of a Parabolic Antenna Alignment System
A parabolic antenna alignment system typically includes the following components:
Parabolic Dish: The primary reflector that collects and focuses incoming signals.
Feedhorn and Low Noise Block (LNB): Positioned at the dish's focal point to receive signals.
Stepper or Servo Motors: Adjust the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) angles of the antenna.
Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi): Processes sensor data and controls the motors.
Potentiometers: Provide feedback on the antenna's current angle positions.
Fault Detection Sensors: Monitor for potential faults such as cable discontinuities or LNB failures.
Control Software: Runs on the microcontroller, handling real-time processing and decision-making.
Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Real-time feedback on the antenna's angle position is essential for maintaining precise alignment. This feedback is typically provided by potentiometers or rotary encoders, which continuously monitor the azimuth and elevation angles. The microcontroller reads this data and adjusts the motors accordingly to keep the antenna aligned with the signal source.
Fault Tracking in Antenna Alignment Systems
Fault tracking is vital for the reliability and performance of the antenna system. Common faults include cable discontinuities, LNB malfunctions, and motor failures. Sensors integrated into the system can detect these faults and either notify the user or initiate corrective actions automatically.
Design and Implementation
1. Parabolic Dish and Feedhorn
The parabolic dish is designed to reflect incoming signals to a focal point where the feedhorn and LNB are located. The dish's size and shape depend on the specific application and frequency range.
2. Motors and Position Control
Stepper motors or servo motors are used to control the azimuth and elevation of
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
LinkedIn is a powerful tool for networking, researching, and marketing yourself to clients and employers. This session teaches strategic practices for building your LinkedIn internet presence and marketing yourself. The use of # and @ symbols is covered as well as going mobile with the LinkedIn app.
2. Introduction
• More than 50 chemical elements are found in the human body, which
are required for growth, repair and regulation of vital body functions.
• Minerals can be categorized into 3 groups:
• Major minerals
• Trace minerals
• Trace contaminants without known function: Lead, mercury, barium,
boron, and aluminum
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3. Introduction
• Major Minerals
• Also known as Macro-minerals
• They are vital to health
• Required in the diet by more than 100mg per day
• Trace Minerals
• Also Known as Micro-minerals
• They are Vital to health
• Required less than 20mg per day
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calcium, phosphorus, sodium,
potassium, magnesium
Iron, Iodine, Fluorine, Zinc,
Copper Cobalt, Chromium,
Manganese, Molybdenum,
Selenium, Nickel, Tin, Silicon and
Vanadium
4. Function of Minerals
• As Constituents of bones and teeth: Ca, P, Mg
• As Constituents of soft tissues (liver): P
• As soluble salts that give to body fluid and cell content, their
composition and Stability that are essential for life– Na, K, Cl, P
• Specific functions:
• Formation of Haemoglobin- Fe
• Formation of thyroxine- Iodine
• Constitution of enzymes and hormones: Zn in Carbonic Anhydrase and Insulin
• Cobalt– constituent of Vit-B12
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6. Calcium
• Macro-mineral
• Constitutes 1.5-2% of the body weight of an adult human.
• An average adult body contains about 1200 gm of calcium of which
>98% present in bones.
• Calcium in blood: 10 mg/dl (60%-ionized, 40%-protein bound)
• The developing fetus requires about 30 g of calcium.
• Severe Sweating– loss of 42-121mg/day
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7. Calcium- Absorption
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• 20-30% normally absorbed
• Retention:10-20% but depends
on diet and age
• Enhance absorption:
• Vitamin-D
• High protein in diet
• Reduce absorption
• Oxalates
• Phytates
• Fatty acids
• Fibers in diet
• Phosphates
8. Calcium-Sources
• Milk and milk Products
• Cow milk- 1200mg
• Human Milk- 300mg
• Egg and Fish
• Cheapest dietary sources:
• Green leafy vegetables (presence of oxalates)
• Millets
• Cereals (bioavailability reduces by Phytate)
• Water- 200mg/day
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10. Calcium- Function
• Bone formation
• Teeth Formation: formation of dentin and enamel
• Physiological Process:
• Essential for the clotting of blood as it is required for prothrombin activation
• Regulates the permeability of the capillary walls and ion transport across
the cell membranes
• Contraction of the heart and skeletal muscle
• Regulates the excitability of the nerve fibres
• Acts as an activator for enzymes such as rennin and pancreatic lipase
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11. Calcium- Disorder
• Calcium Deficiency
• Effects in Adults:
• Osteoporosis
• Fractures of brittle bone by miner accidents
• Effects in Children:
• Decreased rate of growth
• Loss of Calcium from Bone leading to development of Osteoporosis
• Hyperplasia of parathyroid gland
• Hyper-irritability and tetany leading to death
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HypoCalcemia-
• Motor nerves become over
susceptible to stimuli
HyperCalcemia-
• Common in 5-8 months children
• May occur because of excess Vit-D
• Symptoms: loss of appetite, Vomiting
and wasting
• Treated by diet with low Calcium
13. Phosphorus
• Phosphorus makes up about 0.65–1.1% of the adult body (~600 g)
• 85%-Bones and teeth, 15%- soft tissue
• Exist in 2 forms:
• As Inorganic salts :
• Calcium Phosphates in Bones and teeth
• Phosphates of Na and K in soft tissues
• In combination with organic compounds
• Phospholipids-lecithin, Cephalin
• Nucleoproteins and Nucleic Acids
• Creatine Phosphates-ATP, ADP, NADP
• Hexose Phosphates etc
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15. Phosphorus-Sources
• Important sources: Milk, Egg, Meat, Fish
• Fair sources: Vegetables
• Cereals, Pulses, nuts and Oil seed
contains Phytic acid or phytin
• Phytic acid is the compound of inositol
and phosphoric acid
• Phytin is the salt of Phytic acid
• Only 40-50% available for body
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16. Phosphorus-Requirement
• Phosphorus requirements have not been specifically considered by
FAO/WHO Committees,
But
• Other groups of experts have suggested that phosphorus intake
should be at least equal to calcium intakes in most age groups, except
in infancy where the ratio suggested is 1:1.5 (P:Ca)
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17. Phosphorus- Function
• Bone and Teeth Formation: formation of dentin and enamel
• Required for formation of Phospholipids—integral part of cell
structure, act as intermediate in fat transport and metabolism
• Required for carbohydrate metabolism– Glycogen phosphorylation
by inorganic phosphorus
• Required for formation of nucleic acid and nucleoprotein– Integral
part of DNA
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18. Magnesium
• Adult human body contains 25gm of Mg
• 50% present in bones in combination with Phosphorus and carbonate
• 1/5th of Mg is present in soft tissue
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19. Magnesium- Absorption
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• Average diet contains 300-400mg of magnesium
• 40-50% not absorbed
• 1/5th of Magnesium is excreted in urine
• Urine level: 2-3mg/100ml…….Blood: 1.6mg/100ml
22. Magnesium- Disorder
• Magnesium Deficiency:
• It is characterized by Depression, Muscular weakness, vertigo and
liability to convulsion, irritability, tetany, hyper-reflexia and
occasionally hypo-reflexia
• It is seen in Chronic alcoholics, liver cirrhosis, PEM, mal-absorbtion
syndrome and toxemias of Pregnancy
• Treatment:
• Administration of Magnesium salts( 100mg MgCl) within 4 hours
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23. Sodium Chloride
• The adult human body contains about 100 g of sodium ion.
• Sodium is lost from the body through urine and sweat that passed out in
urine is regulated by the kidney but that lost by sweating is not controlled.
• Depletion of NaCl causes muscular cramps.
• The requirement of sodium chloride depends upon climate, occupation
and physical activity.
• Adult requirement is about 5 gm per day.
• A strong relationship between hypertension and dietary salt intake has
been observed and intake of more than 10 gm of salt per day is considered
to have definitive tendency to raise blood pressure
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24. Potassium
• The adult human body contains about 250 g of potassium.
• Potassium is vasoactive, increases blood flow and sustains metabolic
needs of the tissue.
• Potassium supplements lower blood pressure, although the response is
slow.
• High dietary sodium, low dietary potassium have been implicated in the
aetiology of hypertension as evidenced by epidemiological clinical
studies
• The ideal desirable sodium : potassium ratio in the diet is 1:1 (in mmol).
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26. Iron
• The adult human body contains between 3-4 g of iron, of which
about 60-70 per cent is present in the blood (Hb iron) as circulating
iron, and the rest (1 to 1.5 g) as storage iron.
• Each gram of hemoglobin contains about 3.34 mg of iron.
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27. Iron- Absorption
• Iron ingested is converted to Ferrous (absorbable) form by the help of
reducing substances.
• Absorption takes place from Duodenum and upper jejunum
• Absorption affected by:
• Whether it is Haeme Fe or Non haem
• Presence of Vit-C– Increases Fe absorption
• Phytate, Oxalates– reduces Fe absorption
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30. Iron-Sources
• 2 sources:
• Heme sources– liver, meat, poultry and fish
• Non-Heme Source– vegetable origin, e.g., cereals, green leafy
vegetables, legumes, nuts, oilseeds, jaggery and dried fruits.
• Fortified foods: Salts(India, Thailand), flour(US, Sweden, UK)
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31. Iron-Disorder
• Excess Iron
• Siderosis– Iron is stored in the hemosiderin – not available form
• Haemochromatosis– Excess iron is absorbed from intestine and deposited in
liver, spleen, pancreas, skin– leading to diabetes, liver cirrhosis, skin
discoloration
• Iron Deficiency
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32. Iron-Disorder
• Iron deficiency Anemia
• Characterized by low oxygen carrying power and low Hb content in blood( 5-
9gm/100ml blood)
• Women of Child bearing age– CLINICAL FEATURE- Fatigue, lassitude, pallor
skin, giddiness
• Weaned infant and young children– there is tendency of children below 3 to
eat mud
• Treatment:
• Anemic women: Ferrous tablet (0.2g x3 times a day
• Children below 12 months: 0.2g ferrous ammonium citrate+glycerin x3times
• 1-5 yr children: 0.4-0.9g ferrous ammonium citrate x3times
4/26/2019 32
Normal Fe: 13-15mg/100ml
33. Iodine
• Essential trace element
• The adult human body contains about 50 mg of iodine, and the
blood level is about 8-12mg/dl
4/26/2019 33
34. Iodine- Absorption
• Takes place in intestine
• Goitrogens interfere its absorption and utilization of Iodine– may lead
to Goiter
• Most important dietary– cyanoglycosides and thiocyanates
• Goitrogens containing foods are- Cabbage, Cauliflower, Yam
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35. Iodine-Function
• Constituent of T3 and T4–
• Required for growth and development
• Stimulate enzyme synthesis, oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate
and, thereby, affect the heart rate, respiratory rate, mobilization, and
metabolism of carbohydrates, lipogenesis
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37. Iodine-Sources
• The best sources of iodine are sea foods (e.g., sea fish,
sea salt) and cod liver oil
• Smaller amounts occur in other foods, e.g., milk, meat, vegetables, cereals,
etc.
• The iodine content of fresh water is small and very variable, about 1-50
micrograms/L
• About 90 per cent of iodine comes from foods eaten; the
remainder from drinking water.
• Fortified Salts— Iodized salts (prophylactic) [iodized bread, iodized oil]
• 50 ppm at production level
• 30 ppm in retailer level
• 15 ppm at consumer level
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38. Iodine-Disorder
• Excess IodineThyrotoxicosis:
• It may result from prophylaxis
• Jod basedow– iodine induced thyrotoxicosis affecting mainly elderly
who lived most of their life in iodine deficient area and who have had
goiter for long duration
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39. Iodine-Disorder
• Iodine Deficiency:
• Simple Goiter(25gm>200-500gm)
• Myxoedema– Progressive destruction of
epithelial elements by overgrowth of non-
cellular component and formation of cyst
and large colloid spaces – reducing gland
efficiency
• Endemic Cretinism and Deaf -Mutism
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40. Flourine
• 96% of the fluoride in the body is found in bones and teeth
• Required for mineralization of bones and enamel formation
• Sources: Water (major sources), Food (sea fish, cheese, tea)
• Requirement: 0.5-0.8 mg/L
• Fluorine is often called a two-edged sword
• Excess- dental and skeletal fluorosis
• Deficiency- Dental caries
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41. Copper
• Adult body is contains about 100-150 mg Cu.
• Blood Contains: 0.11gmg/100ml
• Required for bone development, Elastin formation, cytochrome
oxidase function, Iron absorption, tyrosinase (melanin formation)
• Deficiency-Cardiac Hypertrophy, Aortic Aneurysm, Cerebral
Demyelination, Ataxia, impaired bone formation
• Excess absorption: >50% (normal:2-5%) Wilson Disease Copper
is deposited in brain, descendent membrane of eyes (Kayser-Feisher
ring) , liver, kidney and damaged them.
• Cu requirement for adults: 2.0 mg per day.
4/26/2019 41
42. Zinc
• Component of >300 enzymes.
• It is active in the metabolism of glucides and proteins
• Required for the synthesis of insulin by the pancreas and for the immunity
function.
• Zinc is present in small amounts in all tissues. Zinc-plasma level is about 96µg per
100 ml for healthy adults, and 89 µg per 100 ml for healthy children.
• The average adult body contains 1.4 to 2.3 g of zinc.
• Zinc deficiency has been reported to result in growth failure and sexual
infantilism in adolescents, and in loss of taste and delayed wound healing .
• There are also reports of low circulating zinc levels in clinical disorders such as
liver disease, pernicious anaemia, thalassaemia and myocardial infarction.
4/26/2019 42
43. Zinc
• Zn deficiency
• is common in children from developing countries due to
• lack of intake of animal food
• high dietary phytate content
• inadequate food intake
• increased faecal losses during diarrhoea.
• Zinc supplementation in combination with oral rehydration therapy has
been shown to significantly reduce the duration and severity of acute and
persistent diarrhoea
• Acrodermatitis enteropathies (AE)
• Loss of taste Acuity(hypogeusia)
• Retardation of growth and Genital development
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44. Zinc
• Excess Zn
• High Zn intake interferes with utilization and retention of Cu and thus
cause anemia
• Zn Requirement: Infants: 3-5mg, Children: 10mg, Adolescent/Adult:
15mg pregnancy: 20mg, Lactation: 25mg
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45. Other traces minerals
• Cobalt
• a part of the vitamin B12 molecule
• No evidence of its deficiency
• Recently cobalt deficiency and cobalt iodine ratio in the soil have
shown to produce goiter in humans.
• Selenium
• The first report that selenium deficiency may occur in man appeared
in 1961, and a similar report in 1967.
• Deficiency:protein-energy malnutrition
4/26/2019 45
46. Other traces minerals
• Molybdenum:
• Excess absorption of molybdenum has been shown to
produce bony deformities.
• On the other hand, deficiency of
molybdenum is associated with mouth and oesophageal
cancer
• Chromium
• Total body content of chromium is small, less then 6 mg A
• Role in relation to carbohydrate and insulin function
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