This document discusses conditions related to urinary output such as polyuria and nocturia. It describes obstructive urinary disorders like hydronephrosis and renal caliculi. Infections of the urinary tract including urethritis and cystitis are covered. Kidney failure and its causes are explained. Nursing care plans and interventions for patients with renal impairment focus on monitoring fluid intake and output, vital signs, nutrition, infection risk, and patient education.

1. APPLICATION AND
IMPLICATION IN
NURSING
- Renal System
PRESENTED BY:
M.C.KNIRANDA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SSNSR, SU.

2. CONDITIONS RELATED TO
URINARY OUTPUT
Polyuria: Urine output is more than 3 L/day.
Nocturia: Excessive urine excretion at night.
Dysuria: Burning sensation during micturition.
Enuresis:Involuntarypassage of urine at night or during sleep. It is also called
bed wetting.
Oliguria: The urine output is less than 500 mL/day.
Anuria: Not passing urine or less than 50 mL/day.

3. OBSTRUCTIVE URINARY DISORDERS
Hydronephrosis: These conditions are obstruction in normal urine flow in the
urinary tract. When urine flow is obstructed, the urine back flows into the
kidney and causes swelling of the renal pelvis and calyces and the condition is
called hydronephrosis.
Renal caliculi: These are renal stones which develop by crystallization of
calcium and other mineral. Stones develop in the renal pelvis or in the calyces

4. INFECTIONS OFTHE URINARY TRACT
Urethritis: This is inflammation of the urethra, and more common in males as
compared to females. This results from gonococcal infection.
Cystitis: This is the inflammation of the urinary bladder which usually occurs
after the infection of the urethra, when the bacteria enter from the urethra into
the bladder.

5. KIDNEY FAILURE
 Kidney or renal failure is the failure of the kidney to form urine.
 In renal failure, there is reduction of urine formation (oliguria)
and increased concentration of the nitrogenous waste in the
blood which can be accessed by the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
test.

6. APPLICATION AND IMPLICATION IN NURSING
 The goal of treating patients with renal function impairment in the nursing
setting is to correct or eliminate any reversible causes of renal function
impairment.
 Assist by accurately measuring intake and output, including
 all body fluids
 monitoring vital signs, and
 maintaining proper electrolyte balance.

7. Here are six nursing care plans (NCP) and nursing diagnosis
for patients with renal impairment
Excess fluid volume
Risk for decreased cardiac output (amount of blood pumped in one minute)
Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements
Risk for infection
Risk for deficient fluid volume
Deficient knowledge

8. INTERVENTION
Accurately record intake and output (I&O)
Weigh daily at same time of day, on same scale, with same equipment and
clothing.
Assess skin, face, dependent areas for edema. Evaluate degree of edema
Monitor heart rate (HR), blood pressure, jugular vein distension (large
veins run down the side of neck)
Perform urine analysis
Insert indwelling catheter, as indicated.
Prepare for dialysis as indicated.