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Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación
Universidad Territorial Politécnica Andrés Eloy Blanco
Barquisimeto-Lara
Números Reales
Participante
Nombre: Carla Carolina Diaz Linarez
Sección:0105
Carrera: PNF Contaduría
Definición de Conjunto:
Es una agrupación de elementos que poseen alguna característica en
común dentro de un campo determinado.
Ejemplos:
𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢
𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ ℤ: −5 < 𝑥 < 15
ℤ = 0,1,2,3, …
Operaciones con conjuntos
Unión ∪ : consiste en pegar los elementos de un conjunto con los del
otro.
1,2,3,4 ∪ 4,5,6 = 1,2,3,4,5,6
Intersección ∩ : Consiste en colocar los elementos que se repitan en
ambos conjuntos.
1,2,3,4,5 ∩ 3,4,5,6,7,8 = 3,4,5
Nota: Si no hay elementos que se repiten entonces da el conjunto vacío
∅ .
Diferencia: es quitar los elementos del segundo conjunto que estén en el
primero.
1,2,3,4,5,6 − 4,5,6,7,8,9 = 1,2,3
Complemento: es lo que está en el universo que no pertenece al
conjunto.
ℤ𝐶 = ℝ − ℤ
Números reales:
Son todos los números que existen (en el plano real).
2; 3; 2,5; 5
3; 6; 𝜋;…. Entre otros.
Dentro de los números reales están los naturales, los enteros, los
racionales y los irracionales y cumple las siguientes propiedades:
ℕ ⊂ ℤ ⊂ ℚ ⊂ ℝ , 𝕀 ⊂ ℝ , ℚ ∩ 𝕀 = ∅
Otra forma de expresar a los números reales es expandiendo su forma
decimal:
2=2,000000…
5,45=5,450000000…
2 = 1,4142 … .
1
3 = 0,333333 …
Desigualdades.
Son relaciones entre dos o tres expresiones (algebraicas o numéricas)
donde muestran que no son iguales sino que se relacionan con su
orden.
3 > 2 , −5 < 5, 0 ≥ −20, 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 4
Para resolver una desigualdad debemos tener en cuenta las siguientes
propiedades y definiciones de intervalos.
Propiedades:
𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑐 < 𝑏 − 𝑐
𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐
𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑐 < 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐
𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0 ⟹
𝑎
𝑐
<
𝑏
𝑐
𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑏 > 𝑎
Intervalos:
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏
𝑎, +∞ = 𝑥: 𝑥 > 𝑎
𝑎, +∞ = 𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎
−∞, 𝑎 = 𝑥: 𝑥 < 𝑎
−∞, 𝑎 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
Ejercicios:
Determine los conjuntos solución de las siguientes desigualdades:
a.) 2𝑥 + 3 ≥ 5 b.) −1 < 3 − 2𝑥 ≤ 5
Solución:
Parte a:
2𝑥 + 3 ≥ 5
2𝑥 + 3 − 3 ≥ 5 − 3
2𝑥 ≥ 2
2𝑥
2
≥
2
2
𝑥 ≥ 1
𝑆: [1, +∞)
Parte b:
−1 < 3 − 2𝑥 ≤ 5
−1 − 3 < 3 − 2𝑥 − 3 ≤ 5 − 3
−4 < −2𝑥 ≤ 2
−4
2
<
−2𝑥
2
≤
2
2
−2 < −𝑥 ≤ 1
−1 ∙ −2 > −1 ∙ −𝑥 ≥ (−1) ∙ 1
2 > 𝑥 ≥ −1
−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑆: [−1,2)
Definición de valor absoluto.
Es la distancia que existe entre un número y el cero. También lo
podemos definir como:
𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≥ 0
−𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 < 0
Ejemplos:
+9 = 9
−8 = 8
0 = 0
− −5 = − +5 = −5
Desigualdades con Valor absoluto:
Sea a un número real positivo o nulo 𝑎 ≥ 0 , entonces:
𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 = 𝑎 ó 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑥 < 𝑎 ⟺ −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 ⟺ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑥 > 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 > 𝑎 ó 𝑥 < −𝑎
𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ó 𝑥 ≥ −𝑎
Ejemplo:
2𝑥 − 1 < 7
Solución:
2𝑥 − 1 < 7 ⟹ −7 < 2𝑥 − 1 < 7
⟹ −7 + 1 < 2𝑥 − 1 + 1 < 7 + 1
⟹ −6 < 2𝑥 < 8
⟹
−6
2
<
2𝑥
2
<
8
2
⟹ −3 < 𝑥 < 4
𝑆 = (−3,4)
*

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Numeros reales

  • 1. Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universidad Territorial Politécnica Andrés Eloy Blanco Barquisimeto-Lara Números Reales Participante Nombre: Carla Carolina Diaz Linarez Sección:0105 Carrera: PNF Contaduría
  • 2. Definición de Conjunto: Es una agrupación de elementos que poseen alguna característica en común dentro de un campo determinado. Ejemplos: 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ ℤ: −5 < 𝑥 < 15 ℤ = 0,1,2,3, …
  • 3. Operaciones con conjuntos Unión ∪ : consiste en pegar los elementos de un conjunto con los del otro. 1,2,3,4 ∪ 4,5,6 = 1,2,3,4,5,6 Intersección ∩ : Consiste en colocar los elementos que se repitan en ambos conjuntos. 1,2,3,4,5 ∩ 3,4,5,6,7,8 = 3,4,5 Nota: Si no hay elementos que se repiten entonces da el conjunto vacío ∅ . Diferencia: es quitar los elementos del segundo conjunto que estén en el primero. 1,2,3,4,5,6 − 4,5,6,7,8,9 = 1,2,3 Complemento: es lo que está en el universo que no pertenece al conjunto. ℤ𝐶 = ℝ − ℤ
  • 4. Números reales: Son todos los números que existen (en el plano real). 2; 3; 2,5; 5 3; 6; 𝜋;…. Entre otros. Dentro de los números reales están los naturales, los enteros, los racionales y los irracionales y cumple las siguientes propiedades: ℕ ⊂ ℤ ⊂ ℚ ⊂ ℝ , 𝕀 ⊂ ℝ , ℚ ∩ 𝕀 = ∅ Otra forma de expresar a los números reales es expandiendo su forma decimal: 2=2,000000… 5,45=5,450000000… 2 = 1,4142 … . 1 3 = 0,333333 …
  • 5. Desigualdades. Son relaciones entre dos o tres expresiones (algebraicas o numéricas) donde muestran que no son iguales sino que se relacionan con su orden. 3 > 2 , −5 < 5, 0 ≥ −20, 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 4 Para resolver una desigualdad debemos tener en cuenta las siguientes propiedades y definiciones de intervalos. Propiedades: 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑐 < 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑐 < 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0 ⟹ 𝑎 𝑐 < 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑏 > 𝑎 Intervalos: 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑎, +∞ = 𝑥: 𝑥 > 𝑎 𝑎, +∞ = 𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 −∞, 𝑎 = 𝑥: 𝑥 < 𝑎 −∞, 𝑎 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
  • 6. Ejercicios: Determine los conjuntos solución de las siguientes desigualdades: a.) 2𝑥 + 3 ≥ 5 b.) −1 < 3 − 2𝑥 ≤ 5 Solución: Parte a: 2𝑥 + 3 ≥ 5 2𝑥 + 3 − 3 ≥ 5 − 3 2𝑥 ≥ 2 2𝑥 2 ≥ 2 2 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑆: [1, +∞) Parte b: −1 < 3 − 2𝑥 ≤ 5 −1 − 3 < 3 − 2𝑥 − 3 ≤ 5 − 3 −4 < −2𝑥 ≤ 2 −4 2 < −2𝑥 2 ≤ 2 2 −2 < −𝑥 ≤ 1 −1 ∙ −2 > −1 ∙ −𝑥 ≥ (−1) ∙ 1 2 > 𝑥 ≥ −1 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 𝑆: [−1,2)
  • 7. Definición de valor absoluto. Es la distancia que existe entre un número y el cero. También lo podemos definir como: 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≥ 0 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 < 0 Ejemplos: +9 = 9 −8 = 8 0 = 0 − −5 = − +5 = −5
  • 8. Desigualdades con Valor absoluto: Sea a un número real positivo o nulo 𝑎 ≥ 0 , entonces: 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 = 𝑎 ó 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑥 < 𝑎 ⟺ −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 ⟺ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 > 𝑎 ó 𝑥 < −𝑎 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ó 𝑥 ≥ −𝑎 Ejemplo: 2𝑥 − 1 < 7 Solución: 2𝑥 − 1 < 7 ⟹ −7 < 2𝑥 − 1 < 7 ⟹ −7 + 1 < 2𝑥 − 1 + 1 < 7 + 1 ⟹ −6 < 2𝑥 < 8 ⟹ −6 2 < 2𝑥 2 < 8 2 ⟹ −3 < 𝑥 < 4 𝑆 = (−3,4)
  • 9. *