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Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria
               strutturale

              Margherita Porcelli




           Seminari di Analisi Numerica
             Marzo 11, 2013 - Pisa
The NOSA-ITACA project




       The NOSA-ITACA project (2011-2013, Cultural Heritage)
           ◮    Partners: ISTI -CNR Research Area of Pisa
                Department of Constructions and Restoration - UNIFI

           ◮    Application: to support the activities of safeguarding and
                strengthening historic masonry constructions.

           ◮    Numerical analysis: methods for large constrained eigenvalue
                problems.

           ◮    Funded by PAR FAS Regione Toscana




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   2 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project



Tools for the modelling and assessment of the structural behaviour of ancient
masonry constructions: the NOSA-ITACA code




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   3 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems


The modal analysis
           ◮    The modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of
                structures under vibrational excitation.
       Free vibration equilibrium equations with dumping neglected
                                                       ¨
                                                     M U + KU = 0
       • U ∈ IRn is the FE displacement vector (time dependent).
       • K , M ∈ IRn×n are the stiffness and mass matrix of the FE
       assemblage.
       • n = total number of degrees of freedom (DOF) of the system.




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   4 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems



           ◮    The solution of the equilibrium equation can be postulated to be of
                the form
                                       U = u sin(ω(t − t0 )),


                    ◮   u ∈ I n , t is the time variable, t0 a time constant,
                            R
                    ◮   ω a constant that represents the frequency of vibration
                        (rad/sec) of the vector u.

       Find the s ≪ n smallest eigenpairs of the generalized eigenproblem
       (GEP)
                                 K u = ω2 M u

           ◮ The solution of the (GEP) allows to find the various periods at which a
                structure naturally resonates.
           ◮ The number of frequencies of interest is mainly related to the geometry
                of the structure and its mass distribution.

Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale          5 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems


Constraints: C u = 0, C ∈ IRm×n , m ≪ n
       Fixed (single-point) constraints

                                                       ui = 0, i ∈ IF
       where ui is the displacement of a single DOF (e.g. imposition
       Dirichlet boundary conditions).

       Master-Slave (multi-points) constraints or tying relations
       There exists a subset IS ⊂ {1, . . . , n} such that

                    us =               csm um , s ∈ IS , m ∈ IMs ⊂ {1, . . . , n}  IS
                             m∈IMs

       us is the slave DOF whereas um are the master DOFs.
           ◮ These constraints are crucial, e.g., in modeling the contact interaction
                between masonry and reinforcement.
Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale             6 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems


The constrained eigenvalue problem

                               K u = λM u                  subject to C u = 0

       K , M ∈ IRn×n pos. semidef. sparse and symmetric, C ∈ IRm×n full
       row rank and K is pos. def. on the Null (C ).
       Unconstrained reformulations
           ◮ Condensed problem: let Z ∈ IRn×(n−m) be an orthonormal matrix whose
                columns span null(C ),

                                  (Z T KZ ) v = λ (Z T MZ ) v ,                v = Z T u ∈ IR(n−m)

                [Hitziger,Mackens,Voss 1995]
           ◮ Augmented problem:

                                   K      CT           u                M      0      u
                                                             =λ                           , y ∈ IRm .
                                   C      0            y                0      0      y

                [Baker, Lehoucq 2007]
Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale                            7 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems


Forming a basis for null (C )
       Lemma
       Let C ∈ IRm×n a full row rank matrix and let C = GH a
       rank-retaining factorization, i.e. let G ∈ IRm×m , H ∈ IRm×n with
       rank(G ) = rank(H) = m.
       Moreover, let H be partitioned as

                                                    H = [Hm Hn−m ]

                     Hm ∈ IRm×m non singular and Hn−m ∈ IRm×(n−m) .
       Then, the columns of the matrix Z ∈ IRn×(n−m) given by
                                                              −1
                                                            −Hm Hn−m
                                               Z =
                                                              In−m

       form a basis for null (C ).
Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   8 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems


Results for Master-Slave constraints

       Let the columns of C be ordered so that C = [CIF CIS CIM CIU ], then

                                       C = GH, with G = Im , H = C

       is a rank-retaining factorization and

                                  Hm = [CIF CIS ] and Hn−m = [CIM 0].

       Then
                                                              −[CIM 0]
                                                 Z=
                                                                In−m


           ◮    If K , M are sparse ⇒ the projected matrices Z T KZ , Z T MZ
                are sparse (m ≪ n).

Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   9 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems


Results for Master-Slave constraints

       Let the columns of C be ordered so that C = [CIF CIS CIM CIU ], then

                                       C = GH, with G = Im , H = C

       is a rank-retaining factorization and

                                  Hm = [CIF CIS ] and Hn−m = [CIM 0].

       Then
                                                              −[CIM 0]
                                                 Z=
                                                                In−m


           ◮    If K , M are sparse ⇒ the projected matrices Z T KZ , Z T MZ
                are sparse (m ≪ n).

Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   9 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Large eigenvalue problems

Sparsity pattern of the (left) and of its projection (right) of
a walls-roof structure




                       Stiffness matrix K                                  Projected stiffness matrix Z T KZ


Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale                        10 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Open-source software to be embedded in NOSA-ITACA




           ◮ Performed CPU time competitive with MARC (MSC software).
           ◮ In progress: comparison with DACG [Gambolati, Bergamaschi, Pini 1997]
                and JD [Sleijpen, Van der Vost, Bai 1999]
Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   11 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies


Case studies

           ◮    Torre delle Ore (Lucca): Fixed constraints
           ◮    S. Francesco (Lucca): Fixed and Master-Slave constraints of
                the form
                                  us = um , s ∈ IS , m ∈ IM

                                                      n           |IF |        |IS |   |IM |
                                         TdO        46164         320            0       0
                                          SF        61881        2662           54      54



                                        m = |IF | + |IS |         N = n−m               bandwidth
                             TdO             320                    45844                 1239
                              SF            2716                    59165                 11769



Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale                        12 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies


Torre delle Ore




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   13 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies


Torre delle Ore: ν = 0.67




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   14 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies


Torre delle Ore: ν = 0.88




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   15 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies


S. Francesco




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   16 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies


S. Francesco: ν1 = 0.552




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   17 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies


S. Francesco: ν = 2.245




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   18 / 18
The NOSA-ITACA project

Case studies




                                 Thanks for your attention




Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale   19 / 18

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Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale

  • 1. Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale Margherita Porcelli Seminari di Analisi Numerica Marzo 11, 2013 - Pisa
  • 2. The NOSA-ITACA project The NOSA-ITACA project (2011-2013, Cultural Heritage) ◮ Partners: ISTI -CNR Research Area of Pisa Department of Constructions and Restoration - UNIFI ◮ Application: to support the activities of safeguarding and strengthening historic masonry constructions. ◮ Numerical analysis: methods for large constrained eigenvalue problems. ◮ Funded by PAR FAS Regione Toscana Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 2 / 18
  • 3. The NOSA-ITACA project Tools for the modelling and assessment of the structural behaviour of ancient masonry constructions: the NOSA-ITACA code Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 3 / 18
  • 4. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems The modal analysis ◮ The modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of structures under vibrational excitation. Free vibration equilibrium equations with dumping neglected ¨ M U + KU = 0 • U ∈ IRn is the FE displacement vector (time dependent). • K , M ∈ IRn×n are the stiffness and mass matrix of the FE assemblage. • n = total number of degrees of freedom (DOF) of the system. Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 4 / 18
  • 5. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems ◮ The solution of the equilibrium equation can be postulated to be of the form U = u sin(ω(t − t0 )), ◮ u ∈ I n , t is the time variable, t0 a time constant, R ◮ ω a constant that represents the frequency of vibration (rad/sec) of the vector u. Find the s ≪ n smallest eigenpairs of the generalized eigenproblem (GEP) K u = ω2 M u ◮ The solution of the (GEP) allows to find the various periods at which a structure naturally resonates. ◮ The number of frequencies of interest is mainly related to the geometry of the structure and its mass distribution. Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 5 / 18
  • 6. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems Constraints: C u = 0, C ∈ IRm×n , m ≪ n Fixed (single-point) constraints ui = 0, i ∈ IF where ui is the displacement of a single DOF (e.g. imposition Dirichlet boundary conditions). Master-Slave (multi-points) constraints or tying relations There exists a subset IS ⊂ {1, . . . , n} such that us = csm um , s ∈ IS , m ∈ IMs ⊂ {1, . . . , n} IS m∈IMs us is the slave DOF whereas um are the master DOFs. ◮ These constraints are crucial, e.g., in modeling the contact interaction between masonry and reinforcement. Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 6 / 18
  • 7. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems The constrained eigenvalue problem K u = λM u subject to C u = 0 K , M ∈ IRn×n pos. semidef. sparse and symmetric, C ∈ IRm×n full row rank and K is pos. def. on the Null (C ). Unconstrained reformulations ◮ Condensed problem: let Z ∈ IRn×(n−m) be an orthonormal matrix whose columns span null(C ), (Z T KZ ) v = λ (Z T MZ ) v , v = Z T u ∈ IR(n−m) [Hitziger,Mackens,Voss 1995] ◮ Augmented problem: K CT u M 0 u =λ , y ∈ IRm . C 0 y 0 0 y [Baker, Lehoucq 2007] Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 7 / 18
  • 8. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems Forming a basis for null (C ) Lemma Let C ∈ IRm×n a full row rank matrix and let C = GH a rank-retaining factorization, i.e. let G ∈ IRm×m , H ∈ IRm×n with rank(G ) = rank(H) = m. Moreover, let H be partitioned as H = [Hm Hn−m ] Hm ∈ IRm×m non singular and Hn−m ∈ IRm×(n−m) . Then, the columns of the matrix Z ∈ IRn×(n−m) given by −1 −Hm Hn−m Z = In−m form a basis for null (C ). Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 8 / 18
  • 9. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems Results for Master-Slave constraints Let the columns of C be ordered so that C = [CIF CIS CIM CIU ], then C = GH, with G = Im , H = C is a rank-retaining factorization and Hm = [CIF CIS ] and Hn−m = [CIM 0]. Then −[CIM 0] Z= In−m ◮ If K , M are sparse ⇒ the projected matrices Z T KZ , Z T MZ are sparse (m ≪ n). Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 9 / 18
  • 10. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems Results for Master-Slave constraints Let the columns of C be ordered so that C = [CIF CIS CIM CIU ], then C = GH, with G = Im , H = C is a rank-retaining factorization and Hm = [CIF CIS ] and Hn−m = [CIM 0]. Then −[CIM 0] Z= In−m ◮ If K , M are sparse ⇒ the projected matrices Z T KZ , Z T MZ are sparse (m ≪ n). Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 9 / 18
  • 11. The NOSA-ITACA project Large eigenvalue problems Sparsity pattern of the (left) and of its projection (right) of a walls-roof structure Stiffness matrix K Projected stiffness matrix Z T KZ Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 10 / 18
  • 12. The NOSA-ITACA project Open-source software to be embedded in NOSA-ITACA ◮ Performed CPU time competitive with MARC (MSC software). ◮ In progress: comparison with DACG [Gambolati, Bergamaschi, Pini 1997] and JD [Sleijpen, Van der Vost, Bai 1999] Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 11 / 18
  • 13. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies Case studies ◮ Torre delle Ore (Lucca): Fixed constraints ◮ S. Francesco (Lucca): Fixed and Master-Slave constraints of the form us = um , s ∈ IS , m ∈ IM n |IF | |IS | |IM | TdO 46164 320 0 0 SF 61881 2662 54 54 m = |IF | + |IS | N = n−m bandwidth TdO 320 45844 1239 SF 2716 59165 11769 Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 12 / 18
  • 14. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies Torre delle Ore Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 13 / 18
  • 15. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies Torre delle Ore: ν = 0.67 Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 14 / 18
  • 16. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies Torre delle Ore: ν = 0.88 Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 15 / 18
  • 17. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies S. Francesco Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 16 / 18
  • 18. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies S. Francesco: ν1 = 0.552 Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 17 / 18
  • 19. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies S. Francesco: ν = 2.245 Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 18 / 18
  • 20. The NOSA-ITACA project Case studies Thanks for your attention Margherita Porcelli - Analisi numerica di problemi di ingegneria strutturale 19 / 18