Nuclear power works by harnessing energy released from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Uranium is used as fuel in nuclear power plants, which produce electricity while preventing carbon and other emissions. However, nuclear power also produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years. While providing clean energy, safety issues from accidents like Chernobyl and Three Mile Island remain a concern regarding the future of nuclear power.
Nuclear power plants harness energy from nuclear fission to generate electricity. Three key events in nuclear energy history were the development of atomic weapons during World War II, the world's worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in 1986, and the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979. Nuclear power produces very low carbon emissions but long-lived radioactive waste requires safe storage and isolation for thousands of years. The future of nuclear power remains debated as it can help meet energy demand while avoiding other pollutants, but risks from accidents, terrorism, or improper waste handling must be weighed.
Nuclear power plants harness energy from nuclear fission reactions that occur in the reactor core. Three key events in nuclear energy history include the Chernobyl disaster, the Three Mile Island incident, and ongoing challenges with long-term nuclear waste storage. Nuclear power produces no greenhouse gas emissions but faces safety risks and generates radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years. The future of nuclear power will depend on improved reactor designs and developing solutions for permanent waste isolation.
This document summarizes the risks and benefits of nuclear energy generation. It discusses the types of radiation produced, their health effects, and how nuclear reactors function. While nuclear waste disposal and accidents are major challenges, nuclear power produces more energy per dollar than other sources and could help meet growing energy needs. The document concludes more research is needed to improve safety and that an open mind is important, as fears of new technologies like nuclear power are often irrational.
Save Our Environment, Stop Nuclear Energy UsageSourish Jana
Spread this presentation by sharing to everyone so that the adverse effect of Nuclear Fission can be stopped otherwise the end of the days after tomorrow will come soon.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. On April 26, 1986, a reactor explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and large areas became contaminated with radiation. Long term impacts included increased cancer rates, environmental contamination, and economic impacts due to agricultural and land restrictions.
This presentation covers nuclear pollution from nuclear power and reactions. It discusses sources of ionizing radiation including natural sources like cosmic rays and terrestrial radiation, as well as man-made sources such as nuclear weapon testing, uranium mining, and nuclear power plant operation. The effects of radiation on plants, animals, and aquatic life are addressed. Major nuclear accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are summarized. Ways to control nuclear pollution through safe storage, disposal, and plant regulations are provided. The conclusion covers the risks of nuclear pollution but also the potential for sustainable nuclear energy.
Nuclear power plants harness energy from nuclear fission to generate electricity. Three key events in nuclear energy history were the development of atomic weapons during World War II, the world's worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in 1986, and the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979. Nuclear power produces very low carbon emissions but long-lived radioactive waste requires safe storage and isolation for thousands of years. The future of nuclear power remains debated as it can help meet energy demand while avoiding other pollutants, but risks from accidents, terrorism, or improper waste handling must be weighed.
Nuclear power plants harness energy from nuclear fission reactions that occur in the reactor core. Three key events in nuclear energy history include the Chernobyl disaster, the Three Mile Island incident, and ongoing challenges with long-term nuclear waste storage. Nuclear power produces no greenhouse gas emissions but faces safety risks and generates radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years. The future of nuclear power will depend on improved reactor designs and developing solutions for permanent waste isolation.
This document summarizes the risks and benefits of nuclear energy generation. It discusses the types of radiation produced, their health effects, and how nuclear reactors function. While nuclear waste disposal and accidents are major challenges, nuclear power produces more energy per dollar than other sources and could help meet growing energy needs. The document concludes more research is needed to improve safety and that an open mind is important, as fears of new technologies like nuclear power are often irrational.
Save Our Environment, Stop Nuclear Energy UsageSourish Jana
Spread this presentation by sharing to everyone so that the adverse effect of Nuclear Fission can be stopped otherwise the end of the days after tomorrow will come soon.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. On April 26, 1986, a reactor explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and large areas became contaminated with radiation. Long term impacts included increased cancer rates, environmental contamination, and economic impacts due to agricultural and land restrictions.
This presentation covers nuclear pollution from nuclear power and reactions. It discusses sources of ionizing radiation including natural sources like cosmic rays and terrestrial radiation, as well as man-made sources such as nuclear weapon testing, uranium mining, and nuclear power plant operation. The effects of radiation on plants, animals, and aquatic life are addressed. Major nuclear accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are summarized. Ways to control nuclear pollution through safe storage, disposal, and plant regulations are provided. The conclusion covers the risks of nuclear pollution but also the potential for sustainable nuclear energy.
Nuclear Energy: Safe, Clean, and Reliable The benefits and misperceptions of ...Society of Women Engineers
This document discusses common misperceptions about nuclear energy. It aims to provide an overview of Exelon Corporation, the largest nuclear power generator in the US, and address misconceptions such as that nuclear energy is unsafe, produces large amounts of waste with no solution, and that the events at Fukushima prove nuclear energy is not safe. In reality, nuclear energy produces very low carbon emissions, has a strong safety record, amounts of nuclear waste are relatively small and can be recycled, and lessons from Fukushima have led to enhanced safety measures at US plants.
The document discusses various aspects of nuclear energy and hazards, including:
- Nuclear energy can be beneficial when used for applications like medicine but also causes environmental damage from radioactive waste.
- Major nuclear disasters like Chernobyl caused widespread contamination and health issues due to radiation exposure from the reactor explosion.
- Long-term storage and disposal of radioactive nuclear waste is challenging due to the waste's long half-lives and potential for contamination if not properly isolated from the environment for thousands of years. Methods under consideration include geological disposal, reprocessing, transmutation, and space disposal.
Nuclear power generation has declined since the 1990s and is expected to further decline due to public safety concerns following disasters like Chernobyl. While nuclear power produces low greenhouse gas emissions, the lifecycle emissions from mining and waste storage are comparable to renewable alternatives like solar and wind. Nuclear power projects regularly exceed cost estimates due to underestimating construction and waste storage costs. Significant health and environmental impacts resulted from the Chernobyl disaster and continue to this day. There remain questions around how to define and accept risk from nuclear technologies. Alternatives exist to transition away from nuclear power while still reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses nuclear energy. It provides a brief history of nuclear energy, explaining how nuclear fission and fusion work to produce energy. Nuclear fission in power plants generates electricity by splitting heavy radioactive elements like uranium and producing heat. Nuclear fusion combines light elements and occurs inside the sun. While nuclear energy has advantages like low emissions, disadvantages include high costs and long-term radioactive waste storage needs. The document examines applications and environmental impacts of nuclear energy.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
The UK's civil nuclear industry began in 1946 with the establishment of one of the world's first nuclear power plants in 1956. This initial reactor was called MAGNOX due to its fuel cladding, and used natural uranium metal and graphite bricks to generate thermal energy. Currently the UK has 15 operating reactors producing 8883 MWe total, with 14 being Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGRs) and 2 Pressurized Water Reactors. AGRs are the UK's most dominant reactor, improving upon the early MAGNOX design with increased efficiency and steam temperatures. The key differences between MAGNOX and AGR reactors impact the reactor design.
Nuclear energy can be produced through two main methods: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission involves splitting uranium atoms and was used to power early nuclear reactors and create atomic bombs. Nuclear fusion involves fusing hydrogen atoms and is how energy is generated in stars. While nuclear energy produces little greenhouse gas emissions, it also produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years and accidents can cause radiation poisoning. There are also concerns about the large amounts of water used in uranium mining and current lack of long-term storage for nuclear waste. Alternatives to nuclear energy include wind, water, solar and biomass.
This chapter discusses nuclear energy, including the nature of nuclear reactions, history of nuclear power development, types of nuclear reactors, the nuclear fuel cycle, and concerns about nuclear power. It outlines the key components of nuclear fission reactors and how they generate electricity. It also summarizes the multi-step process that nuclear fuel undergoes from mining to disposal or reuse, and environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power.
This document provides information about a nuclear power plant engineering course. It includes the group members, various topics to be covered such as nuclear fuel, chain reaction, power plant components, site selection, worldwide scenarios, and costs. It also discusses present scenarios in Bangladesh, facts, wastes, disasters, fuel costs, and advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power. Reference websites are also included at the end.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986 was one of the worst nuclear disasters in history. A flawed reactor design and human error caused an explosion that released radiation and led to at least 28 deaths from acute radiation poisoning. Over 100,000 people were evacuated and hundreds of thousands helped with cleanup, receiving radiation doses that increased their long term cancer risk. While higher rates of thyroid cancer occurred in the affected region, long term studies found no clear evidence of increased rates of other cancers or non-malignant health effects. The damaged reactor was entombed in a concrete sarcophagus, but risks remain from the contaminated exclusion zone and potential future health impacts require continued study.
This document discusses nuclear hazards and radioactive waste. It begins by defining nuclear elements and different types of radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma particles. It then discusses nuclear power generation and major forms of nuclear fuels. The remainder of the document focuses on nuclear waste, including definitions and types of low-level, intermediate-level, and high-level waste. It describes storage, disposal, and transportation of nuclear waste, as well as international scales for nuclear events. Finally, it discusses some human health risks of radiation such as radiation sickness, cancer, and genetic mutations.
This document discusses the pros and cons of nuclear power. It notes that nuclear power has prevented millions of deaths from air pollution compared to fossil fuels, but nuclear waste remains radioactive for extremely long periods. High-level nuclear waste storage is an unresolved issue. Incidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima show the risks of nuclear accidents and their health impacts. While nuclear power avoids some pollution, proper long-term management of its radioactive waste remains a challenge.
Is nuclear energy solution to our power problems ?Harsh Gupta
Nuclear energy originates from splitting uranium atoms through fission. At nuclear power plants, fission is used to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines and generate electricity. Construction costs for plants are very high but operating costs have decreased over time. Nuclear power produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years, and accidents like Chernobyl show the risks of contamination. There are also concerns about nuclear materials being used for weapons.
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or radioactivity. It is produced naturally in stars and man-made in nuclear reactors. There are two main types of nuclear reactions that produce energy - nuclear fission which splits large nuclei, and nuclear fusion which combines small nuclei. Nuclear energy has applications in electric power generation, medicine, scientific research, food and agriculture, and space. However, nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima have shown the dangers, with loss of life and long-term effects on the environment.
A nuclear disaster can occur through events like a meltdown at a nuclear reactor plant. This can result in massive amounts of radiation and radioactive material being released into the environment, contaminating the area for hundreds of years. A meltdown happens when the reactor core gets so hot that the nuclear fuel rods and surrounding steel melt. This molten material can sink into the ground and react with water, causing explosions that spread radioactive debris over wide areas. While nuclear power can provide energy, accidents can cause widespread and long-lasting contamination of both the environment and human populations through radiation exposure. Effective prevention and safety measures are necessary to minimize these risks.
This document provides information about different energy sources including fossil fuels, renewable sources, and nuclear power. It discusses how electricity is generated from various fuel sources like coal, natural gas, and nuclear power. Key statistics are given about energy consumption in different parts of the world and by different sectors like transportation and industry. Hazards of coal mining and air pollution from coal burning are described. The document also summarizes the history and process of nuclear power generation as well as some notable nuclear accidents like at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl.
This document discusses nuclear waste from nuclear power plants. It begins by introducing the topic and noting the two main arguments against nuclear power: meltdowns and nuclear waste. It then describes the different types of nuclear waste - low level, intermediate level, high level, and transuranic - and their characteristics. The document outlines the nuclear fuel cycle and sources of waste at different stages. It provides details on classification, management, and storage of different categories of nuclear waste.
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plantsphinto
Nuclear power plants use nuclear reactors to heat water and produce steam to drive turbines that generate electricity. They have systems like steam turbines, generators, cooling systems and safety valves. Workers include nuclear engineers, operators, health physicists and emergency responders. Plants are often located near water for cooling and must consider flooding risks. Safety systems shut down reactors, maintain shutdown conditions, and prevent radioactive release during events. Nuclear waste is classified by level of radioactivity and various disposal methods are used depending on the class.
Nuclear Energy: Safe, Clean, and Reliable The benefits and misperceptions of ...Society of Women Engineers
This document discusses common misperceptions about nuclear energy. It aims to provide an overview of Exelon Corporation, the largest nuclear power generator in the US, and address misconceptions such as that nuclear energy is unsafe, produces large amounts of waste with no solution, and that the events at Fukushima prove nuclear energy is not safe. In reality, nuclear energy produces very low carbon emissions, has a strong safety record, amounts of nuclear waste are relatively small and can be recycled, and lessons from Fukushima have led to enhanced safety measures at US plants.
The document discusses various aspects of nuclear energy and hazards, including:
- Nuclear energy can be beneficial when used for applications like medicine but also causes environmental damage from radioactive waste.
- Major nuclear disasters like Chernobyl caused widespread contamination and health issues due to radiation exposure from the reactor explosion.
- Long-term storage and disposal of radioactive nuclear waste is challenging due to the waste's long half-lives and potential for contamination if not properly isolated from the environment for thousands of years. Methods under consideration include geological disposal, reprocessing, transmutation, and space disposal.
Nuclear power generation has declined since the 1990s and is expected to further decline due to public safety concerns following disasters like Chernobyl. While nuclear power produces low greenhouse gas emissions, the lifecycle emissions from mining and waste storage are comparable to renewable alternatives like solar and wind. Nuclear power projects regularly exceed cost estimates due to underestimating construction and waste storage costs. Significant health and environmental impacts resulted from the Chernobyl disaster and continue to this day. There remain questions around how to define and accept risk from nuclear technologies. Alternatives exist to transition away from nuclear power while still reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses nuclear energy. It provides a brief history of nuclear energy, explaining how nuclear fission and fusion work to produce energy. Nuclear fission in power plants generates electricity by splitting heavy radioactive elements like uranium and producing heat. Nuclear fusion combines light elements and occurs inside the sun. While nuclear energy has advantages like low emissions, disadvantages include high costs and long-term radioactive waste storage needs. The document examines applications and environmental impacts of nuclear energy.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
The UK's civil nuclear industry began in 1946 with the establishment of one of the world's first nuclear power plants in 1956. This initial reactor was called MAGNOX due to its fuel cladding, and used natural uranium metal and graphite bricks to generate thermal energy. Currently the UK has 15 operating reactors producing 8883 MWe total, with 14 being Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGRs) and 2 Pressurized Water Reactors. AGRs are the UK's most dominant reactor, improving upon the early MAGNOX design with increased efficiency and steam temperatures. The key differences between MAGNOX and AGR reactors impact the reactor design.
Nuclear energy can be produced through two main methods: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission involves splitting uranium atoms and was used to power early nuclear reactors and create atomic bombs. Nuclear fusion involves fusing hydrogen atoms and is how energy is generated in stars. While nuclear energy produces little greenhouse gas emissions, it also produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years and accidents can cause radiation poisoning. There are also concerns about the large amounts of water used in uranium mining and current lack of long-term storage for nuclear waste. Alternatives to nuclear energy include wind, water, solar and biomass.
This chapter discusses nuclear energy, including the nature of nuclear reactions, history of nuclear power development, types of nuclear reactors, the nuclear fuel cycle, and concerns about nuclear power. It outlines the key components of nuclear fission reactors and how they generate electricity. It also summarizes the multi-step process that nuclear fuel undergoes from mining to disposal or reuse, and environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power.
This document provides information about a nuclear power plant engineering course. It includes the group members, various topics to be covered such as nuclear fuel, chain reaction, power plant components, site selection, worldwide scenarios, and costs. It also discusses present scenarios in Bangladesh, facts, wastes, disasters, fuel costs, and advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power. Reference websites are also included at the end.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986 was one of the worst nuclear disasters in history. A flawed reactor design and human error caused an explosion that released radiation and led to at least 28 deaths from acute radiation poisoning. Over 100,000 people were evacuated and hundreds of thousands helped with cleanup, receiving radiation doses that increased their long term cancer risk. While higher rates of thyroid cancer occurred in the affected region, long term studies found no clear evidence of increased rates of other cancers or non-malignant health effects. The damaged reactor was entombed in a concrete sarcophagus, but risks remain from the contaminated exclusion zone and potential future health impacts require continued study.
This document discusses nuclear hazards and radioactive waste. It begins by defining nuclear elements and different types of radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma particles. It then discusses nuclear power generation and major forms of nuclear fuels. The remainder of the document focuses on nuclear waste, including definitions and types of low-level, intermediate-level, and high-level waste. It describes storage, disposal, and transportation of nuclear waste, as well as international scales for nuclear events. Finally, it discusses some human health risks of radiation such as radiation sickness, cancer, and genetic mutations.
This document discusses the pros and cons of nuclear power. It notes that nuclear power has prevented millions of deaths from air pollution compared to fossil fuels, but nuclear waste remains radioactive for extremely long periods. High-level nuclear waste storage is an unresolved issue. Incidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima show the risks of nuclear accidents and their health impacts. While nuclear power avoids some pollution, proper long-term management of its radioactive waste remains a challenge.
Is nuclear energy solution to our power problems ?Harsh Gupta
Nuclear energy originates from splitting uranium atoms through fission. At nuclear power plants, fission is used to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines and generate electricity. Construction costs for plants are very high but operating costs have decreased over time. Nuclear power produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years, and accidents like Chernobyl show the risks of contamination. There are also concerns about nuclear materials being used for weapons.
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or radioactivity. It is produced naturally in stars and man-made in nuclear reactors. There are two main types of nuclear reactions that produce energy - nuclear fission which splits large nuclei, and nuclear fusion which combines small nuclei. Nuclear energy has applications in electric power generation, medicine, scientific research, food and agriculture, and space. However, nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima have shown the dangers, with loss of life and long-term effects on the environment.
A nuclear disaster can occur through events like a meltdown at a nuclear reactor plant. This can result in massive amounts of radiation and radioactive material being released into the environment, contaminating the area for hundreds of years. A meltdown happens when the reactor core gets so hot that the nuclear fuel rods and surrounding steel melt. This molten material can sink into the ground and react with water, causing explosions that spread radioactive debris over wide areas. While nuclear power can provide energy, accidents can cause widespread and long-lasting contamination of both the environment and human populations through radiation exposure. Effective prevention and safety measures are necessary to minimize these risks.
This document provides information about different energy sources including fossil fuels, renewable sources, and nuclear power. It discusses how electricity is generated from various fuel sources like coal, natural gas, and nuclear power. Key statistics are given about energy consumption in different parts of the world and by different sectors like transportation and industry. Hazards of coal mining and air pollution from coal burning are described. The document also summarizes the history and process of nuclear power generation as well as some notable nuclear accidents like at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl.
This document discusses nuclear waste from nuclear power plants. It begins by introducing the topic and noting the two main arguments against nuclear power: meltdowns and nuclear waste. It then describes the different types of nuclear waste - low level, intermediate level, high level, and transuranic - and their characteristics. The document outlines the nuclear fuel cycle and sources of waste at different stages. It provides details on classification, management, and storage of different categories of nuclear waste.
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plantsphinto
Nuclear power plants use nuclear reactors to heat water and produce steam to drive turbines that generate electricity. They have systems like steam turbines, generators, cooling systems and safety valves. Workers include nuclear engineers, operators, health physicists and emergency responders. Plants are often located near water for cooling and must consider flooding risks. Safety systems shut down reactors, maintain shutdown conditions, and prevent radioactive release during events. Nuclear waste is classified by level of radioactivity and various disposal methods are used depending on the class.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. Overview
• Introduction to nuclear power
• Nuclear reactions
• Nuclear power plant
• Is nuclear energy safe?
• Chernobyl and Three Mile Island
• Physiological effects of ionizing radiation
• Radiation sources and dose comparisons
• Nuclear Waste
• The Future of Nuclear Power
3. Introduction to nuclear power
• Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin
Klaproth, a German chemist, and named after
the planet Uranus.
• The science of atomic radiation, atomic change
and nuclear fission was developed from 1895 to
1945, much of it in the last six of those years
• Over 1939-45, most development was focused
on the atomic bomb
• From 1945 attention was given to harnessing
this energy in a controlled fashion for naval
propulsion and for making electricity
• Since 1956 the prime focus has been on the
technological evolution of reliable nuclear
power plants.
4. Economic Advantages
• The energy in one pound of highly enriched
Uranium is comparable to that of one million
gallons of gasoline.
• One million times as much energy in one pound
of Uranium as in one pound of coal.
• Nuclear energy annually prevents 5.1 million
tons of sulfur 2.4 million tons of nitrogen oxide
164 metric tons of carbon
• First commercial power plant, England 1956
• 17% of world’s electricity is from nuclear power
5. Nuclear Reactions
• Nuclear reactions deal with interactions
between the nuclei of atoms including of
nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
• Both fission and fusion processes deal with
matter and energy
• Fission is the process of splitting of a nucleus
into two "daughter" nuclei leading to energy
being released
• Fusion is the process of two "parent" nuclei
fuse into one daughter nucleus leading to
energy being released
6. Fission Reaction
• A classic example of a
fission reaction is that of
U-235:
• U-235 + 1 Neutron
2 Neutrons + Kr-92 + Ba-
142 + E
• In this example, a stray
neutron strikes an atom of
U235. It absorbs the
neutron and becomes an
unstable atom of U-236. It
then undergoes fission.
These neutrons can strike
other U-235 atoms to
initiate their fission.
7. Fusion Reactions
•A classic example of a fusion reaction is that of
deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and tritium which
is converted to Helium and release energy.
p + p He + n + .42 MeV
10. Chernobyl Accident- April 26, 1986
• World’s worst nuclear power
plant accident
• Chernobyl in Ukraine on
Pripyat River
• Population 12,500; 120,000 in
30 km radius
• 4 reactors (2 built in 1970’s, 2
in 1980’s)
• Combination of design and
operator error during electrical
power safety check resulted in
cascade of events leading to
core breach of Reactor 4 with
subsequent chemical (not
nuclear) explosion
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.htm
12. Boron, dolomite, sand,
clay, and lead were
dropped by helicopter to
contain fire and release
of radioactive particles.
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.htm
13. Chernobyl Accident
• Flow of coolant water interrupted, insufficient # control rods,
core breach
• Graphite used to slow neutrons in reactor caught fire. Water
sprayed on graphite, resulting in hydrogen gas formation-
chemical combustion reaction and explosion
• 2H2O(l) + C(graphite) 2 H2(g) + CO2(g)
• 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
• Large amount of radioactive fission products dispersed into
atmosphere for 10 days (about 100X greater than
Hiroshima/Nagasaki)
• 150,000 people in 60 km radius permanently evacuated
• Toll: several workers immediately, about 30
firefighters/emergency workers from acute radiation exposure,
and a smaller # from subacute effects (overall, about 60 deaths)
• About 250 million people exposed to radiation levels which may
reduce lifespan, including about 200,000 in the clean-up crew
(“liquidators”) who buried the waste and built a concrete
“sarcophagus” around Reactor 4
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.htm
14. Chernobyl Accident
• Initial radiation released primarily I-131 (half life= 8
days), later Cs-137 (half life= 30 years)
• Children particularly susceptible to I-131. Thyroid
takes up I- to produce the hormone thyroxine (T4,
growth/metabolism).
• I-131 decays be beta emission with accompanying
gamma ray
• If ingested, can cause thyroid cancer
• About 4000 cases of thyroid cancer in exposed
children (2000), nine related deaths in this group
• Preliminary evidence (2006) suggests increased risk of
leukemia and possibly other cancers in “liquidator” group
and others with higher exposure in the first year-
“Among some 600,000 workers exposed in the first year,
the possible increase in cancer deaths due to this
radiation exposure might be up to a few percent.”
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.htm
15. Chernobyl Accident
• Otherwise, UN report (2000)- “there is no scientific
evidence of any significant radiation-related health effects
to most people exposed”
• No evidence of increase in birth defects, abnormal
pregnancies, or reduced fertility
• Secondary effects- fatalism, mental health problems,
smoking, alcohol abuse, general poor health and nutrition
• Surrounding farmland (1000 square miles) not farmable
due to high Cs-137 (exception, one small area in Belarus)
• High levels of Cs-137 found down wind in reindeer meat
in Scandinavia
• Contamination effects on plants/animals within 30 km
• Contamination of nearby water bodies and fish
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.htm
http://www.greenfacts.org/en/chernobyl/
18. Three Mile Island- March 28, 1979
• Near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
• Most serious US nuclear plant incident
• Valve malfunction and lost coolant with partial
meltdown
• Some radioactive gas released, no fatalities
• No significant increase in cancer deaths in exposed
population
• Damage largely contained
• China Syndrome released 12 days before
• Construction of new nuclear plants shortly after
• Resulted in broad changes in the nuclear power
industry and NRC regarding emergency response,
operator training, engineering/design criteria, radiation
protection, and oversight to enhance safety
Nuclear Energy- US Experience
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident
19. Safety of Nuclear Plants
• Steel-reinforced concrete and a dome-shaped
containment buildings surround all US reactors (inner
wall several feet thick and outer wall at least 15 inches
thick)
• Designed to withstand hurricanes, earthquakes, high
winds
• Reactors have detectors to quickly shut down in event
of tremor (about 20% are in regions with seismic
activity like Pacific Rim)
• In considering safety, must address…
• Faults in plant design
• Human error
• Risks associated with terrorism/political instability
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
20. Effects of Ionizing Radiation
• Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to knock
bound elections out of an atom or molecule
• Includes alpha/beta particles and gamma/x-rays
• Can form highly reactive free radicals with unpaired
electrons
• For example, H2O [H2O.] + e-
• Rapidly dividing cells in the human body are
particularly susceptible to damage by free radicals
• Radiation can be used to treat certain cancers
and Graves disease of the thyroid
• However, ionizing radiation can also damage
healthy cells
• Biological damage determined by radiation dose,
type of radiation, rate of delivery, and type of
tissue
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
21. Radiation Units
Activity- disintegration rate of radioactive substance
• Becquerel- SI unit (Bq) = 1 disintegration per
second (dps)
• Curie (Ci) = 3.7 x 1010 Bq = # dps from 1g Ra
Absorbed dose- energy imparted by radiation onto
an absorbing material
• Gray- SI unit (Gy) = 1 joule per kilogram
• 1 Gy = 100 rads
Dose Equivalent (DE)- dose in terms of biological
effect
• DE = Absorbed dose X Quality factor (Q)
• Q = 1 for beta particles and gamma/x-rays
• Q = 10 for alpha particles
• Sievert- SI unit (Sv)
• 1 Sv = 100 rems
http://www.mcgill.ca/ehs/radiation/basics/units/
22. No observable effect (< .25 Gy)- .25 Gy is nearly 70 times
average annual radiation exposure!
White blood cell count drops (.25 to 1 Gy)
Mild radiation sickness (1 to 2 Gy absorbed dose)
• Nausea and vomiting within 24 to 48 hours
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Weakness
Moderate radiation sickness (2 to 3.5 Gy)
• Nausea and vomiting within 12 to 24 hours
• Fever
• Hair loss
• Vomiting blood, bloody stool
• Poor wound healing
• Any of the mild radiation sickness symptoms
• Can be fatal to sensitive individuals
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/radiation-sickness/DS00432/DSECTION=symptoms
Physiological Effects of Acute Radiation Exposure
23. Severe radiation sickness (3.5 to 5.5 Gy)
• Nausea and vomiting less than 1 hour after exposure
• Diarrhea
• High fever
• Any symptoms of a lower dose exposure
• About 50% fatality
Very severe radiation sickness (5.5 to 8 Gy)
• Nausea and vomiting less than 30 minutes after exposure
• Dizziness
• Disorientation
• Low blood pressure
• Any symptoms of a lower dose exposure
• > 50% fatality
Longer term or chronic radiation effects include genetic
mutations, tumors/cancer, birth defects, cataracts, etc.
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/radiation-sickness/DS00432/DSECTION=symptoms
27. Source Dose
(mrem)
Chest X-ray 10
5-hour plane flight 3
Live within 50 miles of coal-fired
power plant for 1 year
.03
Live within 50 miles of a nuclear
plant for 1 year
.009
US Average Annual Whole Body
Radiation Dose
360
Radiation Dose Comparisons
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/env/cosmic/en/index1.html
28. Effect of Smoking on Radiation Dose
• Average annual whole body radiation dose is about
360 mrem
• If you smoke, add about 280 mrem (source does not
specify # packs per day smoked)
• Tobacco contains Pb-210, which decays to Po-210.
• Pb-210 deposits in bones.
• Po-210 in liver, spleen, and kidneys
http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs10bkvsman.htm
http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/osradtraining/backgroundradiation/background.htm
29. • Long term effects of low doses of radiation still
unknown
• Two radiation dose-response models
• Linear non-threshold
• More conservative model used by EPA
and other federal agencies
• Radiation harmful at all doses, even low
ones
• Threshold
• Assumes cellular repair at low doses
• Assumes low doses are safe
Chemistry in Context, Chapter 7
Long Term Effects of LOW Radiation Doses
30. Nuclear Waste
• Challenges in the storage of spent reactor fuel
• Waste
• Contains radioactive fission products
• Can be hazardous for thousands of years
• Half-life of Pu-239 is 24,110 years
• Fission products, if released, can build up in
the body and be fatal
31. Types of Nuclear Waste
• High-level radioactive waste (HLW)
• Long half-lives of radioisotopes
• Requires permanent isolation
• “Mixed waste” because hazardous chemicals &
radioactivity
• National risk because the waste could be
extracted and used to make nuclear weapons
• From nuclear power plants
• Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF): radioactive material
remaining in fuel rods after it’s used to
generate power in nuclear reactor
• Contains Pu-239
32. Types of Nuclear Waste
• Low-level radioactive waste (LLW)
• Waste with smaller amounts of radioactive
materials
• No spent nuclear fuel
• Includes contaminated lab clothing, gloves, and
tools (radioactivity levels are low)
• 90% of nuclear waste is LLW not HLW
33. Options for Nuclear Waste
• Almost all nuclear waste is stored where it
was generated
• sites are not intended for long-term storage
• Outside the US, countries reprocess their
SNF using breeder reactors
• Nuclear reactor that can produce more fissionable
material than it consumes (recovering Pu-239 from U-
235)
34. Options for Nuclear Waste
• Vitrification: spent fuel elements or mixed waste are
encased in ceramic or glass and put in long-term
underground repository
• Possible site for repository: Yucca Mountains in NV.
35. Risks & Benefits of Nuclear Power
Risks associated with energy produced by nuclear power
are less than from coal-burning plants.
36. Risks & Benefits of Nuclear Power
Coal-fired electric plants
(one 1000 MW plant)
Nuclear plants
(one 1000 MW plant)
• releases 4.5 million tons of
CO2
• produces 70 ft3 of
HLW/year
• produces 3.5 million ft3 of
waste ash/year
• no CO2 released
• releases 300 tons of SO2
and ~100 tons NOx/day
• no acidic oxides of sulfur
and nitrogen released
• releases Uranium and
Thorium from coal
37. Future of Nuclear Power
• A new growth phase of nuclear power in near future
• 2005 Energy Bill: tax incentives for electricity
produced by new nuclear plants
• New reactor designs
• Expansion in other countries
• New fuel technology – mixed oxide (MOX)
• Pu from nuclear warheads and SNF can be made
into MOX
• Still a debate if risks of nuclear power outweigh
those of global warming, acid rain, and nuclear
terrorism.
• Both our need for energy and the mass of radioactive
waste are issues to balance.