Nuclear Energy and Bees
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1. The document discusses how a nuclear bomb destroyed Hiroshima in 1945 and ended WWII, and how nuclear reactors can generate electricity without emitting carbon dioxide. 2. It explains that uranium-235 is radioactive and can undergo fission, releasing energy and neutrons in a chain reaction to power a nuclear reactor. 3. The reactor generates electricity without producing carbon dioxide, unlike burning fossil fuels like gasoline and wood which cause global warming.
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Contents:
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Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
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Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy nuclei into lighter nuclei and releasing energy. A chain reaction occurs when fission products cause additional reactions. Nuclear power plants use controlled fission chain reactions to generate electricity, employing shielding, fuel, control rods, moderators, and coolants. Nuclear fusion combines low-mass nuclei and releases more energy per gram than fission but controlling fusion reactions remains difficult.
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Nuclear reactions involve changes to atomic nuclei, whereas chemical reactions only involve rearrangement of electrons. Nuclear reactions can release large amounts of energy and produce new elements, while chemical reactions typically involve smaller energy changes and atoms remain the same elements. Radioactive decay is an example of a nuclear reaction where an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously transforms into a more stable nucleus by emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation.
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Nuclear power was discovered over 100 years ago and has developed rapidly thanks to nuclear arms inventions, though not all developments have been positive. Now, nuclear power is being developed for mankind's benefit. Everything related to nuclear power has not resulted in only positive inventions. Nuclear power provides around 20% of the world's electricity through nuclear power stations. There are both advantages like clean energy production and disadvantages like nuclear disasters to nuclear power.
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Nuclear energy is obtained from nuclear reactions like nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear fission involves splitting atomic nuclei to release energy, while fusion combines atomic nuclei. Nuclear energy provides about a third of Europe's energy and avoids carbon emissions, but carries risks from nuclear waste and accidents. Key nuclear plants in Spain include Garoña, Trillo, and Cofrentes. Nuclear plants generate steam to power turbines and produce electricity.
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Nuclear fusion is viewed as a permanent solution to the world's energy problems as it is safe, efficient, and fueled by abundant resources like water and rocks. A key challenge is that fusion requires heating materials to tens of millions of degrees Celsius to overcome atomic repulsion, which poses significant technical hurdles. Some progress has been made, such as the first controlled fusion reaction in 1991 and record fusion power levels set in later experiments, but achieving break-even has remained elusive. Continued global cooperation will be needed to solve the outstanding scientific and engineering challenges of nuclear fusion.
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This document provides an overview of nuclear energy written by Anubhav Kumar Lath for class 8. It defines nuclear energy as energy generated from nuclear reactions that change the nucleus of an atom. There are two ways to obtain nuclear energy: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy radioactive nuclei like uranium and generates large amounts of heat. Nuclear fusion combines light elements and occurs as the energy source of the sun. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy as well as countries that use it and the risks involved.
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13 march 1989 project astronomy club group ix class
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Nuclear energy can be produced through two main methods: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission involves splitting uranium atoms and was used to power early nuclear reactors and create atomic bombs. Nuclear fusion involves fusing hydrogen atoms and is how energy is generated in stars. While nuclear energy produces little greenhouse gas emissions, it also produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years and accidents can cause radiation poisoning. There are also concerns about the large amounts of water used in uranium mining and current lack of long-term storage for nuclear waste. Alternatives to nuclear energy include wind, water, solar and biomass.
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The document discusses electricity generation from nuclear fusion reactions. It describes how fusion works by fusing together atomic nuclei at high temperatures and pressures to release energy. The most feasible reaction currently uses deuterium and tritium nuclei. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project aims to prove fusion can produce useful energy on a large scale using a tokamak reactor design. ITER plans to achieve self-sustaining fusion reactions producing over 500 megawatts of power from an input of only 50 megawatts. If successful, ITER could demonstrate fusion power generation is possible. Future fusion power plants may provide abundant, clean energy but significant technological challenges remain.
Nuclear group
The document summarizes the history and science of nuclear power. It describes key discoveries like nuclear fission and the development of nuclear reactors. Some main points covered include:
- James Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932 which were later found to cause fission when fired at heavy nuclei.
- In 1939, Meitner and Frisch proposed nuclear fission where absorbing neutrons causes heavy nuclei to split into lighter nuclei, releasing energy.
- Fermi discovered this could create a self-sustaining chain reaction. This led to the Manhattan Project and development of nuclear weapons and power.
- The first commercial nuclear power plant opened in 1959. Issues discussed include waste disposal and safety of nuclear power
ECE 413 Part10B Principles of Nuclear Energy
The document summarizes basic principles of nuclear energy, including the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938. It discusses early nuclear reactors including the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction in 1942 and the first nuclear power plant in 1954. It also covers nuclear reactions such as alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma emission. The document explains concepts of isotopes, half-life, cross-section, fission and fission products. It notes the production of plutonium-239 from uranium-238 absorption of neutrons.
Fusion
This document provides an overview of nuclear energy and fusion. It discusses the sources of energy, including the sun and fossil fuels. It then focuses on nuclear energy, explaining that it comes from the potential energy of particles inside atomic nuclei. It describes both nuclear fission, which occurs when heavy nuclei split, and nuclear fusion, which involves light nuclei fusing. Key facilities for nuclear research like JET and ITER are also summarized.
Science ace
Nuclear fission is the splitting of atoms to release energy. It occurs inside nuclear reactors where uranium atoms are split in a controlled chain reaction, generating heat used to produce electricity. Nuclear fusion is an alternative process where smaller atomic nuclei fuse to form larger nuclei, releasing energy as occurs in the sun. Radioactivity results from unstable atomic nuclei releasing particles as they decay. Exposure to radiation can be harmful, increasing cancer risks, and high doses cause radiation sickness. After the Fukushima disaster, Japan pumped contaminated water into the ocean to avoid radiation emissions, though this approach was criticized.
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Will inflation from the COVID recovery be permanent?
What does the Federal Reserve Predict?
Has the COVID recovery increased income equality?
Why do job openings now outnumber job seekers?
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Higher taxes in Europe result in more income equality than in the US.
Invisible hand of Adam Smith's economics versus the Tragedy of the Commons
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Tillich’s existential and Whitehead’s process theologies overcome the limitations of “naturalism without religion.”
Tillich, Wildman, Whitehead, and Bracken update the Bible’s promise of eternal life as well as the meaning and goal of history. Tillich’s description of religion as the Dimension of Depth resonates with Goodenough’s "Sacred Depths of Nature."
For Whitehead, the goal of the Universe is the production of beauty.
“The thirst for beauty that permeates our lives is an opening to transcendence,” according to theologian Philip Hefner.
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GREEN ENERGY’S ECONOMIC PROGRESS
Reducing carbon missions by 51% in 2030
-Environmental, social, and governance funds have more than tripled to reach $2 Trillion.
-Three new “Mean Green” board members are forcing Exxon to clean up its act.
-GM is betting big on batteries for electric vehicles with a new $2.3 billion plant in Ohio.
-Advances in electric vehicles and next-generation nuclear reactors are helping the US achieve its goal of reducing carbon emissions to net zero by 2050.
Net Zero CO2 or Economic Depression
ACHIEVE NET ZERO CO2 BY 2050 or an Economic Depression
ECONOMICS (GDP)
- Increasing climate extremes cost $390 billion in 2020.
- Present trends indicate a 10%-GDP-decrease depression
-Carbon Fee Plus Dividend solution
NON-CARBON EMITTING TECHNOLOGIES:
Electric Vehicles (EVs) charged by
Next generation nuclear reactors
Greener Power for More Electric Vehicles
GREENER POWER FOR THE INCREASING NUMBER OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EV)
by Paul H. Carr
Charge EVs at Night
- Electricity demand from 12 PM to 6 AM is very low.
Install PV charging stations for daytime charging.
More electricity by using the waste heat of present generators.
-Coal, nuclear 32% efficient
- Natural gas turbines 44% efficient
Replace carbon emitting coal and gas with nuclear.
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Paul H Carr summarized a webinar by the following: Eric Rosengren, President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston; Wendy Edelberg, Brookings Institution, and Philip Swagel, Director, Congressional Budget Office. Would less inflationary and debt increasing relief act have been better than President Biden’s $1.9 Trillion bill?
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A NEWER, MILLENNIAL TESTAMENT of the Continuing Creation since 100 CE."
The Old Testament was from about 1500 BCE to 0. The New Testament was added and completed in 100 CE.
Let's add a Newer (Millennial) Testament of the 1900-year-increase in knowledge, wisdom, and truth to the New Testament:
newer science, poetry (Psalms), and literature. The universe is still awakening and we are called to be co-creators in the continuing creation. A Newer Testament , which updates the Bible's flat earth cosmology, would help in correcting the misinformation in the popular Creation Museum in Kentucky.
Quantum Mechanics: Electrons, Transistors, & LASERS.
Quantum Mechanics, QM, has enabled new technologies that impact our daily lives. Yet, there have been at least 14 different QM interpretations in the last century. “If you think you understand QM, you don’t,” said Richard Feynman. Our macroscopic language is inadequate to describe the wave-particle duality of microscopic QM particles. Mathematics works better. This talk illuminated the production of the play Copenhagen, in which German physicist Werner Heisenberg, who directed the German attempt to make an atom bomb, visited Niels Bohr in Denmark during WWII.
A NEWER TESTAMENT of Continuous Creation since 100 CE
Old Testament 1500 BCE to 0.
New Testament 0 to 100 CE. A total of 1600 yr.
1900 years since the Bible was completed in 100 CE.
Let’s add a Newer Testament of the 1900-year-increase in knowledge, wisdom, & truth to the “New Testament.”
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An awakening universe with increasing globalization.
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2. CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE:
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A more vegetarian diet.
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Scientists like Wigner, Deacon, and Dickerson are developing an emergent and non-materialist worldview. Theologians Clayton and Nurnberger are working on the emergence of spirit. Carol and John Albright envision a creative Interactive World, Interactive God. Cardiologist Van Lommel’s 20-year observations of near-death experiences give evidence for life after death.
CREATIVITY: Individual & Collaborative
The Creative Process
1. Individual
"There is no logical way to discover. There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order.” Albert Einstein
- The 3-step creative process: informed, unformed, transformed
- Neuroscience: listening to music inspires creativity
2. Collaborative
- Searching for truth to expand and share our limited knowledge and worldviews.
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COVID-19 & CLIMATE: BOTH GLOBAL, TEMPERATURE INCREASE
If we wait for a crisis, it’s too late:
Time after drastic action: COVID, months;
CLIMATE, century.
The COVID “stay in place” reduced greenhouse emissions up to 17%. Reduced population.
Non-US-Deficit Increasing solution: Carbon fee plus dividend for all.
What we can do: more vegetarian diet, less airline travel, more nuclear reactors
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Mystical to Mathematical Beauty.
I traced the transition from mystical to mathematical beauty in American thought: from the theologian Jonathan Edwards in the 18th century, through natural philosopher David H. Thoreau's "Walden" in the 19th, to the mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot's "Fractal Geometry of Nature" in the 20th century. Chapter 4 of Paul H. Carr's "Beauty in Science and Spirit,"
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Paul Tillich’s 1962 sermon, “Man and Earth,” was prophetic. He said, “ We have no guarantee against man-made floods….” Floods are now increasing. Global ice is melting. Sea levels are rising four times faster than in 1900 from global warming.
What are the preliminary and ultimate concerns of those who deny what 97% of climate scientists have concluded? That is, increasing carbon dioxide emissions, mostly from our profitable fossil fuel burning, are warming our planet via the Greenhouse effect.
Confront Long-Term Unemployment New
Let’s invest in jobs with-long term payoff. Until we get a vaccine, there will be continuing unemployment in the jobs where people are close together: restaurants, theaters, sporting events, airplanes, and cruises. Grants for more energy efficient homes and industrial buildings would make jobs for local contractors. The resulting lower energy costs with lower carbon dioxide emissions would repay the cost several times over. This comes when science tells us there is no time for delay on dealing with climate change.
Joe Biden’s “build back better” will immediately invest in sustainable job creation, new industries, and re-invigorated regional economies.
To outcompete China, Americans could invent, commercialize and manufacture the new battery technology needed to store solar and wind energy and for electric vehicles. Businesses and job creators all across our country would supply the materials and parts.
Millions of construction workers are needed to build affordable housing and to rebuild our crumbling infrastructure, including aging nuclear reactors. These generate 20% of our electricity with no carbon dioxide emissions. Americans are developing advanced reactors that are smaller, safer, and more efficient at half today’s construction costs.
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COVID19 amplifies inequality, increasing tensions between poor Blacks, Whites, Police, and Immigrants. Economically disadvantaged Blacks joined by Whites are taking to the streets to demand reform. Economic inequality contributed to the French Revolution and to our Civil War, with the most casualties in our history.
We need reform to prevent revolutions. Karl Marx’s wrote his 1847 Communist Manifesto in response the newly rich industrialist’s exploitation of the poor workers in England. During this time, author Charles Dickens, as a boy, had to work ten-hour shifts pasting labels on bottles to support this family, because his father was confined in Debtor’s Prison.
In 1917,Trotsky led the Communist Revolution in Russia that ousted the Tsars’ monarchy. In 1924 Stalin emerged as the leader of the USSR. After WWII, the US fought the Korean and Vietnam Wars to stop the Communists from overrunning the world.
The rich, miserly Scrooge in Charles Dickens’ “Christmas Carol” underwent a conversion to a generous person who celebrated Christmas. In contrast to the Communist revolution, this can be a metaphor for the rule of law that enabled the US to overcome worker exploitation. The US passed child, labor, and anti-trust laws that constrained the power of the rich industrialists.
Since the 1980s, hourly worker pay has not increased in proportion to inflation and increased productivity. This disparity is increasing economic inequality. Most of the increased productivity pay has gone to those with education beyond a bachelor’s degree.
The minimum federal pay of $7.25 per hour has not been increased for over a decade. To keep up with inflation and productivity increases, the minimum wage should be gradually advanced to $ 20 per hour. Recently the minimum wage in Washington, DC increased to $14 per hour.
The property tax that funds public schools results in poor neighborhoods having poor schools and rich neighborhoods having good schools. State, federal, and corporate funds are needed to keep poor kids from being locked into poverty. Our high tech civilization needs an educated workforce. Let’s educate our poor rather than import educated immigrants. We must also reform our tax structure and corporate policies.
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Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
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Nuclear Energy and Bees
- 1. 1
- 2. 2 When I was 10, I heard on the radio that one nuclear bomb had destroyed the Japanese City of Hiroshima. This helpled end WWII in 1945
- 3. 3 PEACE-TIME NUCLEAR REACTOR GENERATES ELECTRICITY
- 4. I loved reading ATOMS IN ACTION when I was 14 years old. HYDROGEN ATOM 4 MIT Professor
- 5. 5 Dr. Paul H. Carr, 25 years old, doing electronics research at the microwave laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Boston, MA.
- 6. 6 The electrical force between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons hold the electrons in orbit. This is much smaller than the nuclear forces between protons and neutrons.
- 7. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ATOMS 7U– Uranium is a source of nuclear energy.
- 8. 8 U-235 is Radioactive. 92 protons 143 neutrons Uranium U- 238 is stable. 92 protons 146 neutrons
- 9. 9 Fission of Uranium 235 into two medium sized nuclei (fragments) + energy + more neutrons.Chain reaction.
- 10. 10 NUCLEAR REACTOR GENERATES ELECTRICITY without emitting carbon doxide, CO2. U- 235
- 12. CO2 12 Plants use the sun’s energy to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen (O). Where does the carbon (C) go?
- 13. 13 Wood is made of cellulose, C5 H10 O5, containing: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O ),Hydrogen (H) & Water (H2O) Where else do we find hexagons?
- 14. 14
- 15. 15 Beekeeper ready to open the hive to get honey.
- 16. 16 • NUCLEAR REACTORS GENERATE ELECTRICITY without emitting carbon doxide, CO2. • CO2 is warming our plant with the greenhouse effect from buring gasoline and wood. U- 235
Editor's Notes
- ener