RADIOACTIVE RADIATION AND DECAY
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HERE YOU CAN FIND BASICS OF RADIATION AND THEIR PROPERTIES. YOU CAN ALSO FIND RADIOACTIVE PARTICLE PROPERTIES. HOPE YOU ALL FIND HELPFUL.
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Nuclear medicine is an imaging specialty that uses radioactive tracers and detection systems to examine organ and tissue function. Tracers are introduced into the body and selectively taken up by organs, then detected by gamma cameras to create functional images. Common tracers include technetium-99m, iodine-131, and fluorine-18. The field has its origins in the late 19th century discoveries of x-rays and radioactivity by Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. Pioneering work by Rutherford, Bohr, Chadwick, Lawrence and others led to an understanding of nuclear structure and the development of cyclotrons to produce artificial radionuclides for medical use. Tech
Radioactivity
Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X-rays in 1895, which led Henri Becquerel to discover that uranium salts cause fluorescence without exposure to light, showing they were radioactive. Marie Curie coined the term radioactivity and isolated the radioactive elements polonium and radium from pitchblende ore. Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei accompanied by emission of three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Half-life is used to characterize the rate of radioactive decay, which varies widely from fractions of seconds to millions of years.
radioactivity.ppt.org.pptx by BENNI RAKESH
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Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of d...
Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of d...AMIT RANA Ph. D Scholar
Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of different types of countersNuclear Physics I intro.pptx
This document provides an overview of nuclear physics. It discusses the history of nuclear physics, from early atomic theories to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It then covers applications of nuclear physics such as nuclear energy generation and medical uses. Finally, it discusses units commonly used in nuclear physics like the femtometer and barn.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceutical is topic of subject Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry for B. Pharmacy First year students. This slide is presented with an aim to enable the students to easily understand and grasp unfamiliar concept of this topic
Module No. 50
1. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896 while studying materials that glow under ultraviolet light.
2. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Half-lives can range from fractions of a second to billions of years.
3. Radioisotopes have many uses including medical applications like cancer treatment, tracing metabolic processes, and food preservation through irradiation.
Nuclear Radiation.pptx
The document discusses the history and discovery of nuclear radiation. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896 when he found that uranium emitted radiation without an external source of energy. He determined there were three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The Curies later discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium by finding that uranium ore was more radioactive than pure uranium. Ernest Rutherford classified the three types of radiation based on their ability to penetrate matter.
Radiation physics
This document discusses radiation physics and x-rays. It defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and describes how ionizing radiation can be detected with Geiger counters. It outlines the types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their ability to penetrate matter. The document also discusses the uses of radiation in medicine, communication, and science. It describes the properties and production of x-rays, including the discovery of x-rays and interactions between x-rays and matter like the photoelectric effect and Compton effect.
Braquiterapia historia
The document discusses the history and development of brachytherapy for treating cancer of the cervix. It outlines key dates and developments, including the discovery of radium and development of early intracavitary systems like the Paris, Stockholm, and Manchester systems from 1910-1938. It also discusses the MD Anderson system from 1952 and the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology system from 1979, as well as requirements, advantages, and dose rates of brachytherapy. The document notes some "caveats" of the Manchester system regarding variable definitions and measurements.
The Birth Of Nuclear Medicine
- There are two main systems for measuring radiation - the conventional US system and the International System of Units (SI).
- Radioactivity is measured in curies (Ci) in the US system and becquerels (Bq) in the SI system. 1 Ci equals 37 billion Bq.
- Exposure rate is measured in roentgens (R) per hour in the US system. The SI unit is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).
- Absorbed dose is measured in rads in the US system and grays (Gy) in the SI system. 1 Gy is equal to 100 rads.
Radioactivity ppt.pptx
This document provides an overview of radioactivity including its discovery, sources, applications, and health effects. It discusses how radioactivity was discovered by Becquerel and the Curies. Sources include primordial radionuclides in the Earth, cosmogenic radionuclides from cosmic rays, and anthropogenic radionuclides from nuclear activities. Applications include uses in medicine, industry, electricity generation, space exploration and food preservation. Examples of nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima are provided along with effects of radiation exposure.
Why Is The Atomic Theory Important
Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope of cobalt that is used in medical and industrial applications. It undergoes beta decay, emitting high-energy photons. Cobalt-60 is produced artificially in nuclear reactors and is used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. It is also used for industrial sterilization and irradiation. Precautions must be taken when handling cobalt-60 due to its radioactivity and long half-life.
Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear chemistry is a vast field yet not totally understandable the following presentation will provide u the basic concepts of its branches.
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY.pptx
This document provides an overview of nuclear structure and radioactivity. It discusses the basic components of the nucleus, including protons, neutrons, and isotopes. It then covers the three main types of natural radioactivity - alpha, beta, and gamma decay. The document also discusses half-life, uses of radioisotopes, and nuclear reactions like fusion and fission. It concludes with discussing the hazards of radiation and some safety measures.
The effect of nuclear radiation on the human
This document discusses the effects of nuclear radiation on the human body. It defines nuclear radiation and the different types, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. It explains how radiation is produced through nuclear decay, fission, or fusion and discusses the health impacts of different types of radiation depending on their size and energy. The document provides context on natural sources of radiation and appropriate safety standards to limit health risks from radiation exposure.
Presentation1
Radioactivity refers to the particles emitted from unstable atomic nuclei and includes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Different types of radioactive decay lead to different decay paths that transform nuclei into other elements. The rate of radioactive decay is measured by half-life, which is the time for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
Daniel n. slatkin a history of boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumours
This document provides a history of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and summarizes a new analysis of BNCT clinical trials from 1959-1961. BNCT is a form of radiation therapy that uses the short-range particles produced from neutron capture by boron-10 to selectively target tumor cells. The document outlines early studies of BNCT in mice and proposals to use it for brain tumors. It then describes the first BNCT clinical trials in humans at Brookhaven National Laboratory, concluding that the acute radiation dose tolerance limit to human basal ganglia from BNCT is approximately 10 Gy-Eq.
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Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of d...
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Daniel n. slatkin a history of boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumours
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingThe debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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RADIOACTIVE RADIATION AND DECAY
- 2. MRITUNJAY GUPTA SHAW ROLL NO.: BTN/20/716 TOPIC: RADIOACTIVE DECAY PAPER: CHEMISTRY-I
- 3. What is Radioactive Decay? “Radioactivity is a process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation. In the year 1896, Henry Becquerel discovered this phenomenon.”
- 4. Unit of Radioactivity S.I Unit is Becquerel. It can be expressed in different unit i.e. Curie 1 Curie=3.7×10 10 dps 1 Curie=3.7×10 10 Bq Radioactivity can also expressed in Rutherford
- 5. α Beta decay is the transformation of a radionuclide by the change of a proton into a neutron, or vice versa, and the emission from the nucleus of an electron or positron and a neutrino β γ
- 6. Example of Alpha Decay 92Ur238 90Th234+2He4 Example of Beta Decay 90Th234 91Pa234+ -1e0 Example of Gamma Decay 38Sr87* 38Sr87+γ 01 02 03
- 7. ALPHA Alpha Particle is Helium Nucleus. It’s Charge is 2 Mass is 4 amu Penetrating power is Low BETA Beta Particle is Electron It’s charge is -1 Mass is 1/1837 Penetrating Power is Moderate GAMMA It is High Energy EM Radiation Charge is 0 Mass is 0 Penetrating power is very high α β γ
- 8. Uses of Radiation It can be used to track the movement of the Particular Substance though a living organism. It is used to determine the age of ancient object. Many uses in Medicine, from imaging to cancer Radioisotope Labelling Radiomatic Dating Other Uses
- 9. CONCLUSION Radiation has always been present around us. Life has evolved in a world containing significant levels of ionizing radiation. We are also exposed to fabricated radiation from sources such as medical treatments and activities involving radioactive materials. Since the early twentieth century, radiation’s impacts have been considered in profundity, in both the research facility and among human populaces. Because dangers of radiation on the well-being are known, it must be carefully utilized and entirely controlled.
- 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Dearnaley, G. and Northrop, D.C. (1966) Semiconductor counters for nuclear radiations, 2nd ed., Spon, London, p.3. • Heitler, W. (1944) Ihe Quantum Theory of Radiation, Oxford University Press, London, Ch. 3. • Marion, J.B. (ed.) (1960) Nuclear Data Tables, National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Part 3.
- 11. THANK YOU