The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The study examined the growth of the sagittal depth of the bony nasopharynx in relation to other facial variables in 260 children between ages 6-20 years.
2. The results showed that in males the sagittal depth of the nasopharynx increased steadily up to age 20 years, with the fastest growth between ages 12-14 years. In females, growth peaked between ages 6-12 years and then slowed after age 12.
3. There was significant variation between individuals in the timing and rate of nasopharyngeal growth. The sagittal depth was found to be most strongly correlated with total cranial base length, and only weakly correlated with maxilla length.
Nasal airway and malocclucion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses various methods for objectively measuring nasal patency and airflow, which is important for accurately assessing complaints of nasal obstruction. It describes rhinomanometry, which measures nasal resistance, and acoustic rhinomanometry, which provides anatomical data on nasal cross-sectional area. Several other tests are also mentioned, including peak nasal inspiratory flow, body plethysmography, and questionnaires. Overall, the document provides an overview of existing objective methods for evaluating nasal function and structure to help diagnose the cause of a blocked nose.
Acoustic rhinometry uses sound pulses transmitted into the nose to measure nasal cavity cross-sectional areas along its length. Reflected sound pulses are detected and analyzed to generate area-distance graphs. It provides more detailed anatomic information than rhinomanometry. Measurements correlate well with CT scans and nasal resistance. However, accuracy decreases in the posterior nose, especially when congested. Normal minimum cross-sectional areas are around 0.7 cm2 increasing to 0.9 cm2 after decongestion. Results graphs show areas before and after decongestion with recorded CSA values compared to norms.
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The acoustic analyzer examines hearing through three main parts: the peripheral section, pathway, and cortex zone. The peripheral section includes the outer, middle, and inner ear, which conduct and perceive sound. The pathway involves nerves that transmit signals from the inner ear to the brain. The cortex zone in the temporal lobe of the brain is where acoustic information is processed. Hearing can be tested through methods like whisper speech, tuning forks, and audiometry to diagnose conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The study examined the growth of the sagittal depth of the bony nasopharynx in relation to other facial variables in 260 children between ages 6-20 years.
2. The results showed that in males the sagittal depth of the nasopharynx increased steadily up to age 20 years, with the fastest growth between ages 12-14 years. In females, growth peaked between ages 6-12 years and then slowed after age 12.
3. There was significant variation between individuals in the timing and rate of nasopharyngeal growth. The sagittal depth was found to be most strongly correlated with total cranial base length, and only weakly correlated with maxilla length.
Nasal airway and malocclucion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses various methods for objectively measuring nasal patency and airflow, which is important for accurately assessing complaints of nasal obstruction. It describes rhinomanometry, which measures nasal resistance, and acoustic rhinomanometry, which provides anatomical data on nasal cross-sectional area. Several other tests are also mentioned, including peak nasal inspiratory flow, body plethysmography, and questionnaires. Overall, the document provides an overview of existing objective methods for evaluating nasal function and structure to help diagnose the cause of a blocked nose.
Acoustic rhinometry uses sound pulses transmitted into the nose to measure nasal cavity cross-sectional areas along its length. Reflected sound pulses are detected and analyzed to generate area-distance graphs. It provides more detailed anatomic information than rhinomanometry. Measurements correlate well with CT scans and nasal resistance. However, accuracy decreases in the posterior nose, especially when congested. Normal minimum cross-sectional areas are around 0.7 cm2 increasing to 0.9 cm2 after decongestion. Results graphs show areas before and after decongestion with recorded CSA values compared to norms.
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The acoustic analyzer examines hearing through three main parts: the peripheral section, pathway, and cortex zone. The peripheral section includes the outer, middle, and inner ear, which conduct and perceive sound. The pathway involves nerves that transmit signals from the inner ear to the brain. The cortex zone in the temporal lobe of the brain is where acoustic information is processed. Hearing can be tested through methods like whisper speech, tuning forks, and audiometry to diagnose conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss.
The larynx is located in the neck anterior to the inferior pharynx and superior to the trachea. It has three zones - supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. During embryological development, the supraglottis arises from the buccopharyngeal bud while the glottis and subglottis arise from the sixth arch. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which are involved in phonation. It is supplied by intrinsic muscles like the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles for adduction and abduction of the vocal folds. The larynx has ligaments, membranes,
Upper airway constiction and its effects on growth & develop /certified fixe...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses transitioning from direct laryngoscopy to video laryngoscopy. It notes that while rigid fiberoptic laryngoscopes provided a non-line-of-sight view, they failed to gain widespread use. The GlideScope video laryngoscope introduced in 2001 embedded a video chip into a laryngoscope blade, providing improved laryngeal views. Studies show video laryngoscopy provides comparable or better exposure than direct laryngoscopy, requires less force, and allows novices to successfully intubate more often than with direct laryngoscopy. Current options for video laryngoscopy include channeled and non-channeled blades.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on vocal cord paralysis, including:
1. Vocal cord paralysis is defined as total interruption of nerve impulses resulting in no movement of laryngeal muscles, while paresis is partial interruption causing weak movement.
2. Causes of laryngeal paralysis can be supranuclear, nuclear, related to high or low vagal lesions, or systemic. Paralysis may be unilateral, bilateral, or involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or both.
3. In unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, the vocal cord assumes a median position and does not move laterally on inspiration. Bilateral paralysis causes stridor and dyspnea due to
The document discusses complications that can occur with stapes surgery for otosclerosis. Some common intraoperative complications include tears in the tympanic membrane flap, dislocation of the incus, and overhanging of the facial nerve. Postoperative complications include otitis media, vertigo, facial palsy, sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, and reparative granulomas. Rare complications include cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Revision stapes surgery carries higher risks and lower success rates than initial surgery due to postoperative fibrosis and other challenges.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Naso respiratory function and growth sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder where the airway collapses or becomes blocked during sleep, disrupting breathing. Polysomnography is the gold standard test used to diagnose OSA by measuring breathing, oxygen levels, and brain waves during sleep. The main treatment is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which uses mild air pressure to keep the airway open during sleep. Weight loss, avoiding alcohol, and sleeping on one's side can also help reduce OSA symptoms.
The nose performs important functions like smell, air conditioning, and air purification. Examination of the nose involves history, inspection with speculum/mirror/endoscopy, and imaging tests. Common nose diseases include acute and chronic sinusitis. Acute maxillary sinusitis usually follows a respiratory infection and presents with fever, headache, tooth pain, and nasal discharge. Physical exam may reveal pus in the nose or nasopharynx.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the upper airway. It describes the components of the upper airway including the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. It then discusses the muscles responsible for airway patency and the consequences of loss of upper airway muscle tone. Finally, it covers causes of upper airway obstruction including functional, mechanical, and those that can occur in the peri-operative period.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It provides a brief history and epidemiology of OSA, describing the normal anatomy of the upper airway. It discusses the etiology and pathophysiology of OSA, including how reduced muscle tone during sleep can lead to airway collapse when the airway is structurally narrow. It notes that most OSA patients have an anatomically narrowed airway as seen on CT scan. OSA is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep due to pharyngeal obstruction, which can cause cardiovascular and other health issues if left untreated.
The maxillary sinus is an air space located within the body of the maxilla. It communicates with the nasal cavity through an opening called the ostium. During development, the sinus expands from the middle nasal meatus into the maxillary bone. In adults, the sinus measures approximately 3-4 cm in size. The sinus is lined by mucous membrane and can pneumatize surrounding bone. Diseases affecting the sinus can impact nearby teeth and structures due to their close anatomical relationship.
This document provides an overview of spinal and epidural anesthesia techniques and relevant anatomy. It discusses the vertebral column, ligaments, meninges, spinal cord development and curves, and spinal nerves. Understanding this anatomy is important as spinal and epidural techniques are blind procedures with a risk of failure or complications if done incorrectly. Knowledge of the neurovascular structures like the spinal cord and its close relationship with the epidural space can help increase the success rate of these techniques and reduce devastating complications.
This document provides an overview of airway management, including anatomy of the airway, evaluation of the airway, basic airway techniques, indications for intubation, and equipment for airway management. It also discusses the difficult airway algorithm. Key topics covered include anatomy of structures in the airway, tests for evaluating the airway, maneuvers for opening the airway, indications for endotracheal intubation, laryngoscopy technique, and equipment such as laryngoscopes, endotracheal tubes, masks, and airway adjuncts. The difficult airway is defined as one where mask ventilation or intubation is difficult for an anesthesiologist.
Congenital cysts and sinuses of the neck develop from branchial arches and pouches during weeks 4-5 of gestation. The majority are second arch anomalies that present as a cyst or fistula on the lower anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the first decade of life. Complete surgical excision is generally recommended after 3 months of age to prevent recurrence or infection, though antibiotics and aspiration may be used first if infection is present. The tract of a branchial fistula passes through the carotid bifurcation and structures derived from the second and third pharyngeal arches.
Congenital cysts and sinuses of the neck develop from the branchial arches and pouches during weeks 4-5 of gestation. Branchial cysts present as soft, non-transilluminant masses in the upper third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Branchial fistulas appear as skin pits that may discharge. Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common congenital neck masses, appearing as midline swellings that move with swallowing. Complete surgical excision is usually recommended to prevent infection and recurrence.
This document discusses the anatomy and diseases of the pharynx and larynx. It provides detailed information on the structure, blood supply, innervation and functions of the pharynx and larynx. It also describes common diseases that can affect these areas like adenoid hypertrophy, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and their clinical presentation, investigations, and treatments.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of airway anatomy and evaluation. It describes the important structures of the upper and lower airways, including the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Key differences between adult and pediatric airways are highlighted. Understanding airway anatomy is fundamental for anesthesiologists to ensure airway patency and adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Airway evaluation is necessary to diagnose potential difficult airways and allow for optimal patient preparation and equipment selection.
The document describes the anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tract. In the upper tract, it details the structures of the external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasal cartilage. It then summarizes the larynx structures including cartilages, joints, muscles, and the interior of the laryngeal cavity. Finally, it briefly outlines the functions of the larynx in breathing and voice production.
The larynx is located in the neck anterior to the inferior pharynx and superior to the trachea. It has three zones - supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. During embryological development, the supraglottis arises from the buccopharyngeal bud while the glottis and subglottis arise from the sixth arch. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which are involved in phonation. It is supplied by intrinsic muscles like the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles for adduction and abduction of the vocal folds. The larynx has ligaments, membranes,
Upper airway constiction and its effects on growth & develop /certified fixe...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses transitioning from direct laryngoscopy to video laryngoscopy. It notes that while rigid fiberoptic laryngoscopes provided a non-line-of-sight view, they failed to gain widespread use. The GlideScope video laryngoscope introduced in 2001 embedded a video chip into a laryngoscope blade, providing improved laryngeal views. Studies show video laryngoscopy provides comparable or better exposure than direct laryngoscopy, requires less force, and allows novices to successfully intubate more often than with direct laryngoscopy. Current options for video laryngoscopy include channeled and non-channeled blades.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on vocal cord paralysis, including:
1. Vocal cord paralysis is defined as total interruption of nerve impulses resulting in no movement of laryngeal muscles, while paresis is partial interruption causing weak movement.
2. Causes of laryngeal paralysis can be supranuclear, nuclear, related to high or low vagal lesions, or systemic. Paralysis may be unilateral, bilateral, or involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or both.
3. In unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, the vocal cord assumes a median position and does not move laterally on inspiration. Bilateral paralysis causes stridor and dyspnea due to
The document discusses complications that can occur with stapes surgery for otosclerosis. Some common intraoperative complications include tears in the tympanic membrane flap, dislocation of the incus, and overhanging of the facial nerve. Postoperative complications include otitis media, vertigo, facial palsy, sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, and reparative granulomas. Rare complications include cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Revision stapes surgery carries higher risks and lower success rates than initial surgery due to postoperative fibrosis and other challenges.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Naso respiratory function and growth sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder where the airway collapses or becomes blocked during sleep, disrupting breathing. Polysomnography is the gold standard test used to diagnose OSA by measuring breathing, oxygen levels, and brain waves during sleep. The main treatment is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which uses mild air pressure to keep the airway open during sleep. Weight loss, avoiding alcohol, and sleeping on one's side can also help reduce OSA symptoms.
The nose performs important functions like smell, air conditioning, and air purification. Examination of the nose involves history, inspection with speculum/mirror/endoscopy, and imaging tests. Common nose diseases include acute and chronic sinusitis. Acute maxillary sinusitis usually follows a respiratory infection and presents with fever, headache, tooth pain, and nasal discharge. Physical exam may reveal pus in the nose or nasopharynx.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the upper airway. It describes the components of the upper airway including the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. It then discusses the muscles responsible for airway patency and the consequences of loss of upper airway muscle tone. Finally, it covers causes of upper airway obstruction including functional, mechanical, and those that can occur in the peri-operative period.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It provides a brief history and epidemiology of OSA, describing the normal anatomy of the upper airway. It discusses the etiology and pathophysiology of OSA, including how reduced muscle tone during sleep can lead to airway collapse when the airway is structurally narrow. It notes that most OSA patients have an anatomically narrowed airway as seen on CT scan. OSA is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep due to pharyngeal obstruction, which can cause cardiovascular and other health issues if left untreated.
The maxillary sinus is an air space located within the body of the maxilla. It communicates with the nasal cavity through an opening called the ostium. During development, the sinus expands from the middle nasal meatus into the maxillary bone. In adults, the sinus measures approximately 3-4 cm in size. The sinus is lined by mucous membrane and can pneumatize surrounding bone. Diseases affecting the sinus can impact nearby teeth and structures due to their close anatomical relationship.
This document provides an overview of spinal and epidural anesthesia techniques and relevant anatomy. It discusses the vertebral column, ligaments, meninges, spinal cord development and curves, and spinal nerves. Understanding this anatomy is important as spinal and epidural techniques are blind procedures with a risk of failure or complications if done incorrectly. Knowledge of the neurovascular structures like the spinal cord and its close relationship with the epidural space can help increase the success rate of these techniques and reduce devastating complications.
This document provides an overview of airway management, including anatomy of the airway, evaluation of the airway, basic airway techniques, indications for intubation, and equipment for airway management. It also discusses the difficult airway algorithm. Key topics covered include anatomy of structures in the airway, tests for evaluating the airway, maneuvers for opening the airway, indications for endotracheal intubation, laryngoscopy technique, and equipment such as laryngoscopes, endotracheal tubes, masks, and airway adjuncts. The difficult airway is defined as one where mask ventilation or intubation is difficult for an anesthesiologist.
Congenital cysts and sinuses of the neck develop from branchial arches and pouches during weeks 4-5 of gestation. The majority are second arch anomalies that present as a cyst or fistula on the lower anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the first decade of life. Complete surgical excision is generally recommended after 3 months of age to prevent recurrence or infection, though antibiotics and aspiration may be used first if infection is present. The tract of a branchial fistula passes through the carotid bifurcation and structures derived from the second and third pharyngeal arches.
Congenital cysts and sinuses of the neck develop from the branchial arches and pouches during weeks 4-5 of gestation. Branchial cysts present as soft, non-transilluminant masses in the upper third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Branchial fistulas appear as skin pits that may discharge. Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common congenital neck masses, appearing as midline swellings that move with swallowing. Complete surgical excision is usually recommended to prevent infection and recurrence.
This document discusses the anatomy and diseases of the pharynx and larynx. It provides detailed information on the structure, blood supply, innervation and functions of the pharynx and larynx. It also describes common diseases that can affect these areas like adenoid hypertrophy, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and their clinical presentation, investigations, and treatments.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of airway anatomy and evaluation. It describes the important structures of the upper and lower airways, including the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Key differences between adult and pediatric airways are highlighted. Understanding airway anatomy is fundamental for anesthesiologists to ensure airway patency and adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Airway evaluation is necessary to diagnose potential difficult airways and allow for optimal patient preparation and equipment selection.
The document describes the anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tract. In the upper tract, it details the structures of the external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasal cartilage. It then summarizes the larynx structures including cartilages, joints, muscles, and the interior of the laryngeal cavity. Finally, it briefly outlines the functions of the larynx in breathing and voice production.
The document reviews airway anatomy, evaluation techniques for predicting a difficult airway, methods for mask ventilation and endotracheal intubation, challenges that may be encountered during intubation and how to address them, as well as other airway management techniques like using a LMA or performing a fiberoptic intubation when direct laryngoscopy is not possible. Proper preparation, skills, and following an algorithm are emphasized for safely managing routine and difficult airways.
Postero anterior cephalometrics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Upper airway constiction and its effects on growth & developmentIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The nasal cavity is lined with turbinates and openings of paranasal sinuses. The pharynx is divided into naso, oro and laryngopharynx. The larynx contains cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis and controls airflow into the trachea and esophagus. The trachea begins at the cricoid cartilage and contains incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings extending
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
9. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGYRESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Pulmonary alveoli and respiratory tract.Pulmonary alveoli and respiratory tract.
FunctionFunction
Exchange of OExchange of O22 and COand CO22 between environment andbetween environment and
body cells.body cells.
OO22 – intercellular metabolism.– intercellular metabolism.
COCO22 – End product.– End product.
Exchange through alveoliExchange through alveoli
Alveolar membrane permits O2 and CO2Alveolar membrane permits O2 and CO2
transport.transport.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Rhythmic activity – alters the level of gasesRhythmic activity – alters the level of gases
– alveoli and pulmonary capillaries -– alveoli and pulmonary capillaries - ↓↓
pressure gradients.pressure gradients.
Respiratory tract results in transfer betweenRespiratory tract results in transfer between
alveoli and environment.alveoli and environment.
Respiratory tract – nasal and oral passagesRespiratory tract – nasal and oral passages
which connect pharynx, larynx and trachea.which connect pharynx, larynx and trachea.
Trachea – BronchiTrachea – Bronchi
BronchiolesBronchioles
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Airway ResistanceAirway Resistance
Changes in dimensions of respiratory tract -Changes in dimensions of respiratory tract - ↓↓
airflow e.g. enlarged adenoids and tonsils.-airflow e.g. enlarged adenoids and tonsils.-
Solow(79)Solow(79)
Compensatory mechanismsCompensatory mechanisms
Respiratory muscles – increased work –change inRespiratory muscles – increased work –change in
intrapulmonary pressure.intrapulmonary pressure.
Modification of respiration by sensory feed back.Modification of respiration by sensory feed back.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. DiagnosisDiagnosis
Nasal breathers – lips touch lightly at restNasal breathers – lips touch lightly at rest
Nares dilate on command inspiration.Nares dilate on command inspiration.
Mouth breathers –Mouth breathers – lips parted at restlips parted at rest
nares maintain sizenares maintain size
Use of a two surface steel mirrorUse of a two surface steel mirror
Use of a cotton butterfly.Use of a cotton butterfly.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. ELECTROMYOGRAPHYELECTROMYOGRAPHY
It is a test that measures muscle response toIt is a test that measures muscle response to
nervous stimulation(electrical activitynervous stimulation(electrical activity
within muscle fiber)within muscle fiber)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. To summarize rhythmic activity correlated withTo summarize rhythmic activity correlated with
respiration is normally present in five craniofacialrespiration is normally present in five craniofacial
muscles – control animals.muscles – control animals.
Experimental animals – adapt to oral respiration –Experimental animals – adapt to oral respiration –
four additional muscles involved.four additional muscles involved.
This reflexivity induces changes in neuromuscularThis reflexivity induces changes in neuromuscular
function of craniofacial muscles.function of craniofacial muscles.
inducing periodicity in dischargeinducing periodicity in discharge
initiating a sustained tonic dischargeinitiating a sustained tonic discharge
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Growth in the sagittal depth of bony nasopharynx inGrowth in the sagittal depth of bony nasopharynx in
relation to some other facial variablesrelation to some other facial variables
Sten Linder - AronsonSten Linder - Aronson
Size of nasopharynx important – mode ofSize of nasopharynx important – mode of
breathingbreathing
Lymphoid tissue – posterior wall ofLymphoid tissue – posterior wall of
nasopharynx.nasopharynx.
Adenoid vegetationsAdenoid vegetations
Size of adenoids – crucialSize of adenoids – crucial
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Difference of opinionsDifference of opinions
Rosenberger 1934 – nasopharynxRosenberger 1934 – nasopharynx ↑↑ in conjunctionin conjunction
with growth of the cranial base.with growth of the cranial base.
Brodie 1941 – depth established during the firstBrodie 1941 – depth established during the first
year or two of life – constant afterwards.year or two of life – constant afterwards.
King 1952 – examined nasopharyngealKing 1952 – examined nasopharyngeal
dimensions from 3 months to 16 years – similardimensions from 3 months to 16 years – similar
views.views.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. In contrast Subtelny 1957 – SerialIn contrast Subtelny 1957 – Serial
cephalometric study of 30 subjectscephalometric study of 30 subjects →→
- Nasopharynx- Nasopharynx ↑↑ from 3 years to 17 yearsfrom 3 years to 17 years
- First 11 years periods of apparent increase- First 11 years periods of apparent increase
/ decrease/ decrease
- After 12 years – steady increase- After 12 years – steady increase
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Handelman and Osborne 1976 –Handelman and Osborne 1976 –
nasopharyngeal depth constant in femalesnasopharyngeal depth constant in females
In Males increased moderately from 3In Males increased moderately from 3
years, 9 months to maturity.years, 9 months to maturity.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. MaterialsMaterials – longitudinal– longitudinal
study – 6 to 20 yearsstudy – 6 to 20 years
children.children.
140 boys and 120 girls –140 boys and 120 girls –
Burlington GrowthBurlington Growth
Center.Center.
MethodMethod
variables measured:variables measured:
- Ba-S- Ba-S
- S-N- S-N
- Ba-ptm- Ba-ptm
- Ba-N- Ba-N
- Ptm-Sn- Ptm-Sn
- Sn-Gn- Sn-Gn
- N-Sn- N-Sn www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. ResultsResults
Males – steady increase in sagittal depthMales – steady increase in sagittal depth
of nasopharynx – 6-20 yrsof nasopharynx – 6-20 yrs
6-12 yrs – 2.4mm6-12 yrs – 2.4mm
12-18 yrs – 4.7mm12-18 yrs – 4.7mm
Females – Growth of nasopharynx afterFemales – Growth of nasopharynx after
16 years negligible.16 years negligible.
6-12 yrs – 3.5mm6-12 yrs – 3.5mm
12-18 yrs – 1.6mm12-18 yrs – 1.6mm
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Results – HighestResults – Highest
correlation coefficient b/ncorrelation coefficient b/n
depth of nasopharynx anddepth of nasopharynx and
length of total cranial baselength of total cranial base
––
r =r = 0.63 - 0.750.63 - 0.75
..
Very weak correlation b/nVery weak correlation b/n
depth of nasopharynx anddepth of nasopharynx and
length of maxillalength of maxilla
r=0.18 – 0.40r=0.18 – 0.40
CorrelationsCorrelations donedone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. No correlation b/n depth of nasopharynx and facial heightsNo correlation b/n depth of nasopharynx and facial heights
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. In earlier investigations – Linder AronsonIn earlier investigations – Linder Aronson
1972- sagittal depth of bony nasopharynx1972- sagittal depth of bony nasopharynx
influenced by mode of breathing.influenced by mode of breathing.
Mouth breathers nasopharynx smaller.Mouth breathers nasopharynx smaller.
Nasopharynx normalized – followingNasopharynx normalized – following
change to nose breathing.change to nose breathing.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. SummarySummary
1.1. Sagittal depth of nasopharynxSagittal depth of nasopharynx ↑↑ in small steadyin small steady
increments upto 16 yrs of age in females and 20increments upto 16 yrs of age in females and 20
yrs in males.yrs in males.
2.2. The velocity of sagittal depthThe velocity of sagittal depth ↑↑ peaked – 12 topeaked – 12 to
14 yrs in males –14 yrs in males –
3.3. In females –In females – ↓↓ after 12 yrs of ageafter 12 yrs of age
4.4. There was great variation among individualThere was great variation among individual
velocity curves in both the age at which itvelocity curves in both the age at which it
peaked and magnitude of growth increments.peaked and magnitude of growth increments.
5.5. Sagittal depth of bony nasal pharynx isSagittal depth of bony nasal pharynx is
relatively independent of other cephalometricrelatively independent of other cephalometric
dimensions of the facial complex.dimensions of the facial complex.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. Relationships between dentofacialRelationships between dentofacial
deformities and nasal airway inadequacydeformities and nasal airway inadequacy
- Conflicting topicConflicting topic
- Judgement of mode ofJudgement of mode of
breathingbreathing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Relationships between dentofacialRelationships between dentofacial
deformities and nasal airway inadequacydeformities and nasal airway inadequacy
- Most prevalent view – mouthbreathing –Most prevalent view – mouthbreathing –
associated withassociated with
Retrognathic mandibleRetrognathic mandible
Protruding maxillary anterior teethProtruding maxillary anterior teeth
High palatal vaultHigh palatal vault
Constricted maxillary archConstricted maxillary arch
Flaccid and short upper lip.Flaccid and short upper lip.
Dull appearanceDull appearance
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Angle 1907 –Angle 1907 –
– ““This form of malocclusion is always accompanied andThis form of malocclusion is always accompanied and
atleast in its early stages, aggravated, if indeed notatleast in its early stages, aggravated, if indeed not
caused by mouth breathing due to some form of nasalcaused by mouth breathing due to some form of nasal
obstructions”.obstructions”.
Hunter 1971 – Did not find a relationship b/n allergicHunter 1971 – Did not find a relationship b/n allergic
rhinitis and malocclusion.rhinitis and malocclusion.
Linder Aronson, Aschan – Enlarged adenoids - AdenoidLinder Aronson, Aschan – Enlarged adenoids - Adenoid
faciesfacies
Moffat 1963 – Related protrusion of maxillary incisors toMoffat 1963 – Related protrusion of maxillary incisors to
mouth breathing.mouth breathing.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Relationships between dentofacialRelationships between dentofacial
deformities and nasal airway inadequacydeformities and nasal airway inadequacy
Harvold 1973 – Palatal anatomy and impairedHarvold 1973 – Palatal anatomy and impaired
nasal breathing related.nasal breathing related.
Korkhaus 1960 – Maxillary arch form importantKorkhaus 1960 – Maxillary arch form important
in determining nasal cavity sizein determining nasal cavity size and henceand hence
breathing modebreathing mode
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Derichsweiler 1956 – contradicts nasal obstructionDerichsweiler 1956 – contradicts nasal obstruction
as a primary etiologic factor in dentofacialas a primary etiologic factor in dentofacial
deformity.deformity.
Choanal atresiaChoanal atresia
Watson 1968 – mouth breathing – not alwaysWatson 1968 – mouth breathing – not always
associated with skeletal deformity.associated with skeletal deformity.
23% of mouth breathers due to habit rather23% of mouth breathers due to habit rather
than physiologic need.than physiologic need.
Relationships between dentofacial deformitiesRelationships between dentofacial deformities
and nasal airway inadequacyand nasal airway inadequacy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Relationships between dentofacialRelationships between dentofacial
deformities and nasal airway inadequacydeformities and nasal airway inadequacy
To summarizeTo summarize
- Malocclusion may or may not be associatedMalocclusion may or may not be associated
with an inadequate nasal airway.with an inadequate nasal airway.
- Certain nasal or nasopharyngealCertain nasal or nasopharyngeal
abnormalities may produce a mouthabnormalities may produce a mouth
breathing pattern.breathing pattern.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Maxillary expansion and nasal airwayMaxillary expansion and nasal airway
resistanceresistance
- Hershey et al 1976 – 45% reduction in nasalHershey et al 1976 – 45% reduction in nasal
airway resistance after RMEairway resistance after RME
- Turby fill – 1976 – 53% decrease in airwayTurby fill – 1976 – 53% decrease in airway
resistance in 17 subjects.resistance in 17 subjects.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Craniocervical angulation and nasalCraniocervical angulation and nasal
respiratory resistancerespiratory resistance
Solow Thompson – Changed craniofacialSolow Thompson – Changed craniofacial
morphology – due to changed head posturemorphology – due to changed head posture
..
Schwarz 1926 – Head bent backwards i.r.t.Schwarz 1926 – Head bent backwards i.r.t.
neck in nasal obstruction.neck in nasal obstruction.
Ricketts 68, Koski 75, Quinn and PickrellRicketts 68, Koski 75, Quinn and Pickrell
78 – similar views.78 – similar views.www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Head posture and craniofacialHead posture and craniofacial
morphologymorphology
Bjork 1961 –Bjork 1961 –
– Retrognathic facial type – head in extended position.Retrognathic facial type – head in extended position.
– Prognathic facial type – head in lower positionPrognathic facial type – head in lower position
Bench 1963Bench 1963 – neck -curved in square faces– neck -curved in square faces
Straight – long faces.Straight – long faces.
Sallow and Tallgren 1976Sallow and Tallgren 1976 – of the posture variables– of the posture variables
the craniocervical angulation showed the mostthe craniocervical angulation showed the most
comprehensive correlation with craniofacialcomprehensive correlation with craniofacial
morphology.morphology.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Extended head position –Extended head position –
-- Large inclinationLarge inclination
of mandibleof mandible
Small post and large antSmall post and large ant
facial heightsfacial heights
Facial retrognathismFacial retrognathism
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. Average craniofacial morphology inAverage craniofacial morphology in
persons who had a large craniocervicalpersons who had a large craniocervical
angulation resembled to those persons whoangulation resembled to those persons who
had a large mandibular plane angle.had a large mandibular plane angle.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. Soft tissues stretching hypothesisSoft tissues stretching hypothesis
Solow and Kreiborg 1977 – posturallySolow and Kreiborg 1977 – posturally
induced stretching of the facial soft tissueinduced stretching of the facial soft tissue
layer might influence craniofaciallayer might influence craniofacial
morphological development.morphological development.
Extension of head – entails a passiveExtension of head – entails a passive
stretching of the facial soft tissue layerstretching of the facial soft tissue layer
draping the face and the neck.draping the face and the neck.
Slight backward and downward forcesSlight backward and downward forces
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. ConclusionsConclusions
1.1. Before adenoidectomy a large craniocercivalBefore adenoidectomy a large craniocercival
angulation was seen in connection with aangulation was seen in connection with a
large nasalrespiratory resistance.large nasalrespiratory resistance.
2.2. After adenoidectomy reduction of theAfter adenoidectomy reduction of the
craniocervical angulation occurred in childrencraniocervical angulation occurred in children
in whom nasal respiratory resistance wasin whom nasal respiratory resistance was
reduced.reduced.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. Nasorespiratory function andNasorespiratory function and
Craniofacial growth-Linder AronsonCraniofacial growth-Linder Aronson
Distinction between mouth and noseDistinction between mouth and nose
breathersbreathers
Mouth breathingMouth breathing
» Refers to those individuals who have a certainRefers to those individuals who have a certain
degree of nose breathing capacity but, for onedegree of nose breathing capacity but, for one
reason or another, breathe mainly through thereason or another, breathe mainly through the
mouth.mouth.
Conditions - E.g. Bilateral Chonanalatresi, alea nasiConditions - E.g. Bilateral Chonanalatresi, alea nasi
insufficiency – pure mouth breathers.insufficiency – pure mouth breathers.
Reduced nasal respiratory function – pts with enlargedReduced nasal respiratory function – pts with enlarged
adenoidal massesadenoidal masses
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Effects of reduced nasal respiratory function on theEffects of reduced nasal respiratory function on the
development of facial skeleton and occlusiondevelopment of facial skeleton and occlusion
Last 100 yrs – lot of researchLast 100 yrs – lot of research
Wilhelm Meyer 1868 – patients with reduced nasalWilhelm Meyer 1868 – patients with reduced nasal
respiration – poor hearing & poor general health.respiration – poor hearing & poor general health.
Tomes 1872 – mouth breathers- narrow dental arches (v-Tomes 1872 – mouth breathers- narrow dental arches (v-
shape).shape).
Nordlund 1918 – theory of compressionNordlund 1918 – theory of compression
- Disturbance of balance b/n tongue and cheek musculature- Disturbance of balance b/n tongue and cheek musculature
Korner 1891 – mouth breathingKorner 1891 – mouth breathing
1. Narrow dental arches.1. Narrow dental arches.
2. Underdevelopment of nasal cavity.2. Underdevelopment of nasal cavity.
3. Reduced maxillary size.3. Reduced maxillary size.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. Woodside 1968 –Woodside 1968 – Obstructed nasal ventilation –Obstructed nasal ventilation –
Class II malocclusionClass II malocclusion..
Harvold et al 1973-79 –Harvold et al 1973-79 – Animal experimentsAnimal experiments
--change to mouth breathing--change to mouth breathing
narrowing of the maxilla.narrowing of the maxilla.
post rotation of mandiblepost rotation of mandible ..
Nordlund, Brash et alNordlund, Brash et al
Reduced nasal breathing result of existing facialReduced nasal breathing result of existing facial
and dental morphologyand dental morphology..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. Adenoid facesAdenoid faces
Associated with long history of mouth breathing.Associated with long history of mouth breathing.
C/F:C/F:
– Open mouth posture.Open mouth posture.
– Flattened nose.Flattened nose.
– Pinched nostrils.Pinched nostrils.
– Short upper lip.Short upper lip.
– Voluminous and pouting lower lip.Voluminous and pouting lower lip.
– Vacant facial expression.Vacant facial expression.
– Proclined upper incisors.Proclined upper incisors.
– V-shape upper jaw – high palatal vault.V-shape upper jaw – high palatal vault.
– Skeletal Class II relationship.Skeletal Class II relationship.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Effects on the dentition& facial skeletonEffects on the dentition& facial skeleton
of a change from mouth to noseof a change from mouth to nose
breathing-Linder Aronsonbreathing-Linder Aronson
19731973
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. 5 yr follow up study of children undergone5 yr follow up study of children undergone
adenoidectomies to clear obstructed nasaladenoidectomies to clear obstructed nasal
passages.passages.
Purpose – Examine effects of a change in thePurpose – Examine effects of a change in the
mode of breathing onmode of breathing on
1. U/L incisal inclination1. U/L incisal inclination
2. Upper arch width2. Upper arch width
3. Sagittal depth of nasopharynx.3. Sagittal depth of nasopharynx.
4. Anterior facial height.4. Anterior facial height.
5. Inclination of the maxilla to mandible.5. Inclination of the maxilla to mandible.
Sample: 41 children – changed from mouth to noseSample: 41 children – changed from mouth to nose
breathing.breathing.
54 children – control54 children – control
www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. ResultsResults
Upper incisalUpper incisal
inclinationinclination
-- Relatively greaterRelatively greater
increase in upper incisorincrease in upper incisor
inclination.inclination.
- Normalization of upper- Normalization of upper
incisor inclination to SN-incisor inclination to SN-
during the five yearduring the five year
postop periodpostop period
..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. ResultsResults
Inclination of the lowerInclination of the lower
incisorsincisors
Greater change duringGreater change during
first year post-opfirst year post-op
Next 4yrs no significantNext 4yrs no significant
changechange
Normalization of lowerNormalization of lower
incisors inclination occurincisors inclination occur
during the 1during the 1stst
year post-opyear post-op
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. ResultsResults
Changes in archChanges in arch
widthwidth
11stst
year greatest change 0.year greatest change 0.
9mm – statistically9mm – statistically
significant.significant.
Normalization of archNormalization of arch
width took placewidth took place
following adenoidectomyfollowing adenoidectomy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. ResultsResults
Effect on theEffect on the
nasopharynxnasopharynx
Normalization of theNormalization of the
depth of nasopharynxdepth of nasopharynx
occurs during the 1occurs during the 1stst
yryr
post-oppost-op
www.indiandentalacademy.com
65. ResultsResults
Effect onEffect on
maxillomandibularmaxillomandibular
angleangle
11stst
yr post-op – 0.4° -yr post-op – 0.4° -
not significantnot significant
Next 5 yrs - greaterNext 5 yrs - greater
changechange
ML/MN angleML/MN angle ↓↓ afterafter
change from mouth tochange from mouth to
nose breathing.nose breathing.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. Mechanisms of change in dentition &Mechanisms of change in dentition &
facial morphologyfacial morphology
www.indiandentalacademy.com
67. Changes in head postureChanges in head posture
Mouth breathers – unconsciously maintain anMouth breathers – unconsciously maintain an
extended head posture.extended head posture.
16 pts – undergone adenoidectomy16 pts – undergone adenoidectomy
16 pts – controls16 pts – controls
Method:Method:
Inclination of SN – measured relative to a verticalInclination of SN – measured relative to a vertical
reference line.reference line.
SN / vert angle – decreased in extended headSN / vert angle – decreased in extended head
posture.posture.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
69. Patients evaluated – before and 1 monthPatients evaluated – before and 1 month
after surgery.after surgery.
Pt in a relaxed position infront of mirror –Pt in a relaxed position infront of mirror –
outside the cephalostat.outside the cephalostat.
Light cross as a referenceLight cross as a reference
Pencil mark following the horizontal line ofPencil mark following the horizontal line of
light cross.light cross.
..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
70. Results:Results:
Significant differencesSignificant differences
in the size of SN/Vertin the size of SN/Vert
angle beforeangle before
adenoidectomy.adenoidectomy.
No difference afterNo difference after
adenoidectomy b/nadenoidectomy b/n
two groupstwo groups
www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. Implications:Implications:
Mouth breathers smallMouth breathers small
SN/Vert angleSN/Vert angle
Large value for lowerLarge value for lower
facial height.facial height.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. The role of tonsils and adenoidsThe role of tonsils and adenoids
in the obstruction of respirationin the obstruction of respiration
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy - inTonsillectomy and adenoidectomy - in
combination or separatelycombination or separately
1 Recurrent or chronic throat infection.1 Recurrent or chronic throat infection.
2 Hypertrophy2 Hypertrophy
3 Recurrent attacks of acute otitis media.3 Recurrent attacks of acute otitis media.
Chronic otitis media with effusion.Chronic otitis media with effusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. PrevalencePrevalence
Upper resp infection – peaked – 1 & 6 years andUpper resp infection – peaked – 1 & 6 years and
significantlysignificantly ↓↓ thereafter.thereafter.
Hypertrophy of tonsils and adenoids – more common inHypertrophy of tonsils and adenoids – more common in
boys – under 6 yrsboys – under 6 yrs
..
Hypertrophy tonsils –twice in adult female.Hypertrophy tonsils –twice in adult female.
Otitis media – 2Otitis media – 2ndnd
common disease in childhood.common disease in childhood.
All these conditions -All these conditions - ↓↓ - after 6 yrs.- after 6 yrs.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
75. Urgent indications for surgery:Urgent indications for surgery:
--Alveolar hypoventilationAlveolar hypoventilation
-Tonsil enlargement – difficulty in swalowing.-Tonsil enlargement – difficulty in swalowing.
Tonsillectomy –– foll conditionsTonsillectomy –– foll conditions
1) Recurrent tonsillitis1) Recurrent tonsillitis
2) Chronic tonsillitis2) Chronic tonsillitis
Adenoidectomy indicated in –Adenoidectomy indicated in –
persistent nasal obstructionpersistent nasal obstruction
recurrent otitis media with effusion.recurrent otitis media with effusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
76. Factors influencing the degree ofFactors influencing the degree of
obstructionobstruction
Degree of obstruction is primarily related to theDegree of obstruction is primarily related to the
size of the tonsils and adenoids relative to theirsize of the tonsils and adenoids relative to their
surr compartment.surr compartment.
Recurrent chronic inflammation –Recurrent chronic inflammation – ↑↑ the degree ofthe degree of
obstruction.obstruction.
Acute rhinitis – moderately obstructing adenoids -Acute rhinitis – moderately obstructing adenoids -
markedmarked ↓↓ in nasal airflow.in nasal airflow.
Body position –Body position –
Recumbency in general –Recumbency in general – ↑↑ upper airwayupper airway
obstructionobstruction
www.indiandentalacademy.com
77. Anatomic factors –Anatomic factors –
–Affect the degree of obstructionAffect the degree of obstruction
–Syndromes – e.g. Downs syndrome – extremeSyndromes – e.g. Downs syndrome – extreme
form – respiratory compromise.form – respiratory compromise.
-Anatomic variation –-Anatomic variation –
pedunculated tonsilspedunculated tonsils
-Deformity of nasal cavity-Deformity of nasal cavity
e.g. septal deviation, Choanal stenosise.g. septal deviation, Choanal stenosis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
78. Methods of assessing degree ofMethods of assessing degree of
respiratory obstructionrespiratory obstruction
Thorough history & physical examination –Thorough history & physical examination –
Sleeping habitsSleeping habits
SnoringSnoring
Mouth breathingMouth breathing
Distortion of speechDistortion of speech
HypersomniaHypersomnia
HeadachesHeadaches
LethargyLethargy
Weight gainWeight gain
NightmaresNightmares
Difficulty in awakeningDifficulty in awakening
Physical examination – head neck, chest & abdomen areasPhysical examination – head neck, chest & abdomen areas
www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. Adenoid inspection:Adenoid inspection:
1) Direct inspection through the nasal cavities1) Direct inspection through the nasal cavities
Topical decongestantTopical decongestant
2) Right angle telescope2) Right angle telescope
3) Flexible fibreoptic nasopharyngoscope3) Flexible fibreoptic nasopharyngoscope
Tonsil inspectionTonsil inspection
www.indiandentalacademy.com
80. ClassificationClassification
1 ± tonsils not visible behind the ant pillar1 ± tonsils not visible behind the ant pillar
2 ± tonsils visible just beyond the pillar2 ± tonsils visible just beyond the pillar
3 ± tonsils are almost touching3 ± tonsils are almost touching
4 ± tonsils meet in the midline4 ± tonsils meet in the midline
Radiographic films – lateral,Radiographic films – lateral,
posterioanterior & submento vertexposterioanterior & submento vertex
viewsviews
www.indiandentalacademy.com
81. Mandibular growth direction followingMandibular growth direction following
adenoidectomy – Linder Aronson – AJO 1989adenoidectomy – Linder Aronson – AJO 1989
Materials: 38 Swedish children – 38 controlsMaterials: 38 Swedish children – 38 controls
Age: 7-12 yrsAge: 7-12 yrs
After adenoidectomyAfter adenoidectomy
Method:Method:
Serial cephalometric studySerial cephalometric study
Post-operative assessmentPost-operative assessment
www.indiandentalacademy.com
82. ResultsResults
Experimental group – initially – steeper MPExperimental group – initially – steeper MP
angles, longer lower face heightsangles, longer lower face heights
5 yrs postoperative – more horizontal5 yrs postoperative – more horizontal
growth patterngrowth pattern
www.indiandentalacademy.com
83. Association of lip posture & the dimensions of tonsilsAssociation of lip posture & the dimensions of tonsils
and sagittal air way with facial morphologyand sagittal air way with facial morphology
- Trotman et al – Angle Orthod 1997- Trotman et al – Angle Orthod 1997
MethodMethod:: clinical & ceph data – 207 childrenclinical & ceph data – 207 children
(adenoid or tonsil problems)(adenoid or tonsil problems)
ConclusionsConclusions::
– More open lip posture - backwardly rotatedMore open lip posture - backwardly rotated
face &face & ↑↑ lower face height.lower face height.
– Reduced airway size – backward relocation ofReduced airway size – backward relocation of
max & mand.max & mand.
..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
84. Effects of maxillary protraction on craniofacialEffects of maxillary protraction on craniofacial
structures and upper airway dimensions –structures and upper airway dimensions –
Shigetoshi et al – Angle Orthod 2002Shigetoshi et al – Angle Orthod 2002
Aim: To examine the effect of max. protractionAim: To examine the effect of max. protraction
appliance on upper airway dimensions.appliance on upper airway dimensions.
Material: - 25 pts – mean age 9.8yrsMaterial: - 25 pts – mean age 9.8yrs
Class III malocclusionClass III malocclusion
Method:Method:
Lateral cephalogram evaluationLateral cephalogram evaluation
Conclusions:Conclusions:
The max growth had significant positive effectThe max growth had significant positive effect
on the superior airway dimension.on the superior airway dimension.www.indiandentalacademy.com
85. ConclusionsConclusions
1.1. ↑↑ in max growthin max growth
2.2. Inhibition of mand growthInhibition of mand growth
3.3. Clockwise rotation of mandible.Clockwise rotation of mandible.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
86. Does the timing & method of RME have an effectDoes the timing & method of RME have an effect
on the changes in nasal dimension – Karaman,on the changes in nasal dimension – Karaman,
Bascifti – Angle Orthod 2002Bascifti – Angle Orthod 2002
Aim: To assess the effects of RME onAim: To assess the effects of RME on
nasopharyngeal areanasopharyngeal area
Sample:Sample:
30 pts – perm dent.30 pts – perm dent.
Max. constriction and post crossbiteMax. constriction and post crossbite
Method:Method:
Lateral & frontal cephalograms – before &Lateral & frontal cephalograms – before &
after RMEafter RME
www.indiandentalacademy.com
87. ResultsResults
Respiratory areaRespiratory area ↑↑
Nasal cavity width & max. width -Nasal cavity width & max. width - ↑↑
Decrease in nasal airway resistanceDecrease in nasal airway resistance
MP suture seperated -MP suture seperated - ↑↑ in the internasalin the internasal
volumevolume
Nasal resistance decreased & respiratoryNasal resistance decreased & respiratory
areaarea ↑↑ after RMEafter RME
www.indiandentalacademy.com
88. Comparison of nasopharyngeal endoscopy & lateralComparison of nasopharyngeal endoscopy & lateral
cephalometric radiography in diagnosis ofcephalometric radiography in diagnosis of
nasopharyngeal airway obstruction –nasopharyngeal airway obstruction –
Daniel Filho – AJO 2001Daniel Filho – AJO 2001
Aim:Aim:
2 methods of diagnosing nasopharyngeal2 methods of diagnosing nasopharyngeal
airway obstruction were comparedairway obstruction were compared
Material:Material:
30 orthodontic pts – 7-12 yrs30 orthodontic pts – 7-12 yrs
Mouth breathersMouth breathers
Method : Nasopharyngeal endoscopy &Method : Nasopharyngeal endoscopy &
radiographic examination – same dayradiographic examination – same day
www.indiandentalacademy.com
89. ConclusionsConclusions
Lateral cephalometric radiography – sufficientlyLateral cephalometric radiography – sufficiently
reproducible for diagnosing hypertrophy of the middlereproducible for diagnosing hypertrophy of the middle
and inferior turbinatesand inferior turbinates
..
Lateral cephalometric radiography – overestimatesLateral cephalometric radiography – overestimates
turbinate hypertrophy – false positive findings.turbinate hypertrophy – false positive findings.
Nasopharyngeal videoendoscopy – more suitable inNasopharyngeal videoendoscopy – more suitable in
diagnosing obstruction of nasopharyngeal origin.diagnosing obstruction of nasopharyngeal origin.
Nasal septal deviationsNasal septal deviations
Hypertrophy of the inferior & middle turbinatesHypertrophy of the inferior & middle turbinates
www.indiandentalacademy.com
90. Cleft palate studiesCleft palate studies
12 yr old female – submucous cleft, nasal12 yr old female – submucous cleft, nasal
speech.speech.
Velopharyngeal flap – to reduceVelopharyngeal flap – to reduce
nasopharyngeal leakage.nasopharyngeal leakage.
5 yrs postop change from nose to mouth5 yrs postop change from nose to mouth
breathing.breathing.
Marked opening overbite & increase inMarked opening overbite & increase in
lower face heightlower face height
www.indiandentalacademy.com
91. Subtelny 1978 –Subtelny 1978 –
Pharyngeal flap surgery – 24 childrenPharyngeal flap surgery – 24 children
Results:Results:
Chin position downward & backwardChin position downward & backward
No difference in growth of mandibleNo difference in growth of mandible
Warren 1975 –velopharyngeal flap surgeryWarren 1975 –velopharyngeal flap surgery
Increased resistance to nose breathingIncreased resistance to nose breathing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
92. Comparison of the sizes of adenoidal tissuesComparison of the sizes of adenoidal tissues
and upper airways of subjects with andand upper airways of subjects with and
without CLCP - Imawaruwithout CLCP - Imawaru
ShigetoshiShigetoshi
AJO Aug 2002AJO Aug 2002
SampleSample
1. 90 juvenile with CLP(CLP/J)1. 90 juvenile with CLP(CLP/J)
90 controls – control/J90 controls – control/J
2. 40 adolescents with CLP – CLP/A2. 40 adolescents with CLP – CLP/A
40 controls – control/A40 controls – control/A
www.indiandentalacademy.com
93. MethodMethod – measurements using Lat. Ceph– measurements using Lat. Ceph
ResultsResults – Adenoid tissue– Adenoid tissue
significantly larger in CLP/J than insignificantly larger in CLP/J than in
control/Jcontrol/J
no significant difference betn CLP/A &no significant difference betn CLP/A &
control/Acontrol/A
adenoids smaller in CLP/A than in CLP/Jadenoids smaller in CLP/A than in CLP/J
www.indiandentalacademy.com
94. Upper AirwayUpper Airway
Significantly smaller in CLP/J than inSignificantly smaller in CLP/J than in
control/Jcontrol/J
Significantly smaller in CLP/A than inSignificantly smaller in CLP/A than in
control/Acontrol/A
CLP/A- increased airway than CLP/JCLP/A- increased airway than CLP/J
Control/A larger than control/JControl/A larger than control/J
Larger adenoids in CLP/J group decreasedLarger adenoids in CLP/J group decreased
to a smaller size with agingto a smaller size with aging
www.indiandentalacademy.com
95. Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea
Defn – It is defined as an intermittentDefn – It is defined as an intermittent
cessation of air flow at the nose and mouthcessation of air flow at the nose and mouth
during sleep.during sleep.
10 sec duration – imp.10 sec duration – imp.
Sleep apnea syndrome – refers to a clinicalSleep apnea syndrome – refers to a clinical
disorder that arises from recurrent apneasdisorder that arises from recurrent apneas
during sleep.during sleep.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
96. EtiologyEtiology
Loss of muscle toneLoss of muscle tone
Obstruction of nasal passagesObstruction of nasal passages
Large tonsilsLarge tonsils
Large tongueLarge tongue
Retrognathic mandibleRetrognathic mandible
ObesityObesity
AlcoholAlcohol
Sedative medicationsSedative medications
www.indiandentalacademy.com
100. Clinical featuresClinical features
Behavioral disturbancesBehavioral disturbances
Fragmentation of sleepFragmentation of sleep
Nocturnal cerebral hypoxiaNocturnal cerebral hypoxia
Excessive day time sleepinessExcessive day time sleepiness
Intellectual impairmentIntellectual impairment
Memory lossMemory loss
Impotence – in menImpotence – in men
www.indiandentalacademy.com
102. PrevalencePrevalence
Increases with ageIncreases with age
More prevalent in womenMore prevalent in women
Moderate obesityModerate obesity
Mild to moderate hypertensionMild to moderate hypertension
www.indiandentalacademy.com
110. Modified functional appliance forModified functional appliance for
treatment of sleep apneatreatment of sleep apnea
Sleep apnea – sleep with mouth openSleep apnea – sleep with mouth open
Reduced tonicity of genioglossal mucsle-Reduced tonicity of genioglossal mucsle-
tongue sucked backtongue sucked back
Diagnosis - best by pulmonologistDiagnosis - best by pulmonologist
www.indiandentalacademy.com
111. New appliance – NAPANew appliance – NAPA
Nocturnal airway patency applianceNocturnal airway patency appliance
Mechanism –Mechanism –
– Posturing the tongue more anteriorlyPosturing the tongue more anteriorly
– Inhibiting wide jaw openingInhibiting wide jaw opening
– Assuring adequate air intake when nasalAssuring adequate air intake when nasal
obstruction existsobstruction exists
www.indiandentalacademy.com
113. Case reportCase report
5 OSA patients – polysomnography5 OSA patients – polysomnography
Results – substantial reduction in no. ofResults – substantial reduction in no. of
apneas/hrapneas/hr
All 5 ptns – improvement in sleepAll 5 ptns – improvement in sleep
www.indiandentalacademy.com
114. summarysummary
Mandible was protruded to advance theMandible was protruded to advance the
tongue to the posterior pharyngeal walltongue to the posterior pharyngeal wall
Genioglossus originates from the innerGenioglossus originates from the inner
surface of the mandibular symphysissurface of the mandibular symphysis
¾ distance b/w centric occlusion and full¾ distance b/w centric occlusion and full
protrusion was selectedprotrusion was selected
5-7 mm of protrusion5-7 mm of protrusion
Oral breathing beak – ptns with nasalOral breathing beak – ptns with nasal
congestioncongestion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
115. Ptns – clench their teeth 3 times for 5 secsPtns – clench their teeth 3 times for 5 secs
every morn. – relaxes the lat.pty muscleevery morn. – relaxes the lat.pty muscle
www.indiandentalacademy.com
116. Removable Herbst appliance forRemovable Herbst appliance for
treatment OSA – Ernest A.Ridertreatment OSA – Ernest A.Rider
16 SA ptns16 SA ptns
Plunger mechanismPlunger mechanism
Sustained pharyngeal patencySustained pharyngeal patency
AdvancementAdvancement
– Edge to edge positionEdge to edge position
www.indiandentalacademy.com
118. Therapeutic efficacy of an oralTherapeutic efficacy of an oral
appliance in the treatment of OSA –appliance in the treatment of OSA –
2 yr follow up2 yr follow up
Purpose – the long term efficacy ofPurpose – the long term efficacy of
Karwetzky activatorKarwetzky activator
www.indiandentalacademy.com