This document summarizes a study that developed a non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system using near-infrared spectroscopy. The system uses a finger sensor with an LED light source to collect photoplethysmography signals from the finger, which are preprocessed with an analog circuit and filtered with a Butterworth filter. A linear regression model is used to correlate the photoplethysmography peak data to blood glucose concentration measurements, developing individual calibration models for each of the 10 subjects. Experimental results found a root mean square error of 8.264-13.166 mg/dL between predicted and measured glucose values, with an R-squared value of 0.839, demonstrating clinically acceptable prediction in the standard error grid.
Internet of Things IoT Based Healthcare Monitoring System using NodeMCU and A...ijtsrd
Today Internet has become one of the important parts of daily life. It has changed how people live, work, play and learn. Internet serves for many purposes educations, finance, Business, Industries, Entertainment, Social Networking, etc. The IoT is connected objects to the Internet and used to control of those objects or remote monitoring. A health care monitoring system is necessary to constantly monitor the patient's physiological parameters. The main advantage of this system is that the results can be viewed at any time and place. The doctors can be notified by using mobile phones messages if patient health is abnormal. In this system, heartbeat sensor, temperature sensor and blood pressure sensor are used. The system can analyze the signal to detect normal or abnormal conditions. In the system, the internet of things IoT is becoming a major platform for many services and applications. The IoT is generally considered as connecting objects to the Internet and using that connection for control of those objects or remote monitoring. Khin Thet Wai | Nyan Phyo Aung | Lwin Lwin Htay "Internet of Things (IoT) Based Healthcare Monitoring System using NodeMCU and Arduino UNO" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26482.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26482/internet-of-things-iot-based-healthcare-monitoring-system-using-nodemcu-and-arduino-uno/khin-thet-wai
The Internet of things (IOT) is the network of physical devices vehicles home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors ,actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to connect and exchange data.
Smart farming is a concept quickly catching on in the agricultural business. Offering high-precision crop control, useful data collection, and automated farming techniques, there are clearly many advantages a networked farm has to offer.
It is ultrathin electronics device attaches to the skin
like a sick on a tattoo which can measure electrical
the activity of heart, brain waves & other vital signals. There are various names of artificial skin in the biomedical field it is called as artificial skin, in our electronics field it is called as electronic skin, some scientist it called as sensitive skin, in other way it also called as synthetic skin, some people says that it is fake skin.
It is skin replacement for people who have suffered skin trauma, such as severe burns or skin diseases or Robotic application and so on.
As elderly population increases day by day caretaking demands are also increasing. Hence patient health monitoring systems are gaining importance these days. This paper is based on monitoring of patients. We have designed and developed a reliable, energy efficient patient monitoring system. It is able to send parameters of patient in real time. It enables the doctors to monitor patient's health parameters (temp, heartbeat, ECG, position) in real time. In the current proposed system the patient health is continuously monitored using different sensors which is connected to the Arduino board. And the acquired data is send to the server using Ethernet shield attached to the Arduino board. If any of the parameter values goes beyond the threshold value an alert is given to the doctor using an Android application installed in the doctor’s smartphone.
Internet of Things IoT Based Healthcare Monitoring System using NodeMCU and A...ijtsrd
Today Internet has become one of the important parts of daily life. It has changed how people live, work, play and learn. Internet serves for many purposes educations, finance, Business, Industries, Entertainment, Social Networking, etc. The IoT is connected objects to the Internet and used to control of those objects or remote monitoring. A health care monitoring system is necessary to constantly monitor the patient's physiological parameters. The main advantage of this system is that the results can be viewed at any time and place. The doctors can be notified by using mobile phones messages if patient health is abnormal. In this system, heartbeat sensor, temperature sensor and blood pressure sensor are used. The system can analyze the signal to detect normal or abnormal conditions. In the system, the internet of things IoT is becoming a major platform for many services and applications. The IoT is generally considered as connecting objects to the Internet and using that connection for control of those objects or remote monitoring. Khin Thet Wai | Nyan Phyo Aung | Lwin Lwin Htay "Internet of Things (IoT) Based Healthcare Monitoring System using NodeMCU and Arduino UNO" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26482.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26482/internet-of-things-iot-based-healthcare-monitoring-system-using-nodemcu-and-arduino-uno/khin-thet-wai
The Internet of things (IOT) is the network of physical devices vehicles home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors ,actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to connect and exchange data.
Smart farming is a concept quickly catching on in the agricultural business. Offering high-precision crop control, useful data collection, and automated farming techniques, there are clearly many advantages a networked farm has to offer.
It is ultrathin electronics device attaches to the skin
like a sick on a tattoo which can measure electrical
the activity of heart, brain waves & other vital signals. There are various names of artificial skin in the biomedical field it is called as artificial skin, in our electronics field it is called as electronic skin, some scientist it called as sensitive skin, in other way it also called as synthetic skin, some people says that it is fake skin.
It is skin replacement for people who have suffered skin trauma, such as severe burns or skin diseases or Robotic application and so on.
As elderly population increases day by day caretaking demands are also increasing. Hence patient health monitoring systems are gaining importance these days. This paper is based on monitoring of patients. We have designed and developed a reliable, energy efficient patient monitoring system. It is able to send parameters of patient in real time. It enables the doctors to monitor patient's health parameters (temp, heartbeat, ECG, position) in real time. In the current proposed system the patient health is continuously monitored using different sensors which is connected to the Arduino board. And the acquired data is send to the server using Ethernet shield attached to the Arduino board. If any of the parameter values goes beyond the threshold value an alert is given to the doctor using an Android application installed in the doctor’s smartphone.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
Artificial intelligence of things(AIoT): What is AIoT: AIoT applicationsAnusha Aravindan
AIoT(Artificial intelligence of things) is a relatively new term and has recently become a hot topic which combines two of the hottest acronyms AI( Artificial intelligence) and Internet of things (IoT)
With rapid development of economies, growth of aging population and the prevalence of chronic diseases across the world, there is an urgent need to find new ways to improve patient outcomes, increase access to care, and reduce the cost of medical care. A health care monitoring system is necessary to constantly monitor patient’s physiological parameters. The tele-medical system focuses on the measurement and evaluation of vital parameters e.g. temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate variability, fall detection etc. This will enable doctors and care givers to observe patients without having to be physically present at their bedside, be it in the hospital or in their home.
This is a advance technology for the checkup of the patient by the doctor. IN this there is a microcontroller whis encode all the sensor data and display on lcd screen and also send to gsm module by this all the pateint psychological data send to mobile in the form of sms .
Using IoT as well as GSM, a whole new concept of farming using networks is introduced reducing labor, updating farmers about the live conditions of farms on mobile devices, and presenting its graphical values.
It makes the process handy with the click of a button.
Why apply IoT in agriculture? Special aspects to consider for
IoT in agriculture. IoT application in this field.
More information on our website: http://aggregate.tibbo.com/industries/agriculture.html
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The design and the fabrication of RF characteristics measurement cell to estimate the
constituents of human blood is described in this manuscript. The human blood has over 100
constituents of which glucose and cholesterol are important parameters which needs to be quantified
for monitoring health parameters. It is necessary to find out the level of glucose in blood separately
in order to determine the level of Cholesterol more accurately. Hence the authors propose a quick,
portable and low-cost device which could be used to monitor the level of glucose and other important
parameters. This manuscript includes the data obtained for Glucose dissolved in water as per
percentage found in the human blood. The data will be fed to a multivariate system programmed in a
FPGA device to estimate the glucose concentration. The results shown here are in the RF range of
10MHz-4GHz.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
Artificial intelligence of things(AIoT): What is AIoT: AIoT applicationsAnusha Aravindan
AIoT(Artificial intelligence of things) is a relatively new term and has recently become a hot topic which combines two of the hottest acronyms AI( Artificial intelligence) and Internet of things (IoT)
With rapid development of economies, growth of aging population and the prevalence of chronic diseases across the world, there is an urgent need to find new ways to improve patient outcomes, increase access to care, and reduce the cost of medical care. A health care monitoring system is necessary to constantly monitor patient’s physiological parameters. The tele-medical system focuses on the measurement and evaluation of vital parameters e.g. temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate variability, fall detection etc. This will enable doctors and care givers to observe patients without having to be physically present at their bedside, be it in the hospital or in their home.
This is a advance technology for the checkup of the patient by the doctor. IN this there is a microcontroller whis encode all the sensor data and display on lcd screen and also send to gsm module by this all the pateint psychological data send to mobile in the form of sms .
Using IoT as well as GSM, a whole new concept of farming using networks is introduced reducing labor, updating farmers about the live conditions of farms on mobile devices, and presenting its graphical values.
It makes the process handy with the click of a button.
Why apply IoT in agriculture? Special aspects to consider for
IoT in agriculture. IoT application in this field.
More information on our website: http://aggregate.tibbo.com/industries/agriculture.html
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The design and the fabrication of RF characteristics measurement cell to estimate the
constituents of human blood is described in this manuscript. The human blood has over 100
constituents of which glucose and cholesterol are important parameters which needs to be quantified
for monitoring health parameters. It is necessary to find out the level of glucose in blood separately
in order to determine the level of Cholesterol more accurately. Hence the authors propose a quick,
portable and low-cost device which could be used to monitor the level of glucose and other important
parameters. This manuscript includes the data obtained for Glucose dissolved in water as per
percentage found in the human blood. The data will be fed to a multivariate system programmed in a
FPGA device to estimate the glucose concentration. The results shown here are in the RF range of
10MHz-4GHz.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Effects of noises on near infrared sensor for blood glucose level measurementTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposed the method of measuring glucose level in solution using near infrared light (NIR) and photodiode sensor. We studied noises that occurred on the output signal of NIR sensor in three different room conditions in order to know the effects on this sensor output voltage stability. The sensor’s circuit consisted of a 1450 nm NIR light emitting diode, a photodiode as the receiver, transimpedance amplifier, a notch filter, and a 4th order low pass filter. The results indicated that sunlight passing through windows was the most influencing factor caused the unstable sensor output voltage. Filters removed the effective voltages and the average sensor output voltages from the three rooms were 4.6825 V for air media, 2.2809 V for water media and 2.3368 V for glucose solution media. The output voltages tended to increase for one-hour measurement about 10 to 40 mV for air media, 40 to 90 mV for water media and 30 to 80 mV for glucose solution media. This sensor could only be used in a short time and suitable in a room without sunlight. Based on the voltage difference of the average sensor output voltage with water and glucose solution media, the sensor had the potential to be a blood glucose level meter.
An embedded system for non invasive blood glucose measurement in glucose tole...eSAT Journals
Abstract Diabetic patients need to monitor their blood glucose levels frequently to prevent complications related to the disease. Commonly used glucose measurement methods are invasive, uncomfortable, and usually require frequent finger pricking. This paper deals with the development of a non-invasive system for continuous measurement of blood glucose concentration levels, using near infrared light of suitable wavelength. Glucose determination using near infrared can be done by taking measurement of transmitted light through human body. This device may become very useful while conducting glucose tolerance test (GTT). In glucose tolerance test, patient should be given a measured dose of glucose solution to drink and blood is drawn at intervals of half an hour or one hour for two to four hours. This requires five to nine finger pricking for measurement of glucose concentration. By using this proposed device pricking can be reduced to one. First the glucose concentration is measured using conventional method for calibration. Then by comparing with the first sample measurement subsequent values can be determined without further pricking. Keywords: Non invasive measurement, Near Infrared, Blood Glucose, Transmittance, Diabetes
Comparative study of 940 nm and 1450 nm near infrared sensor for glucose conc...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In order to manage their blood glucose level, diabetics have to test their blood glucose level regularly. Unfortunately, the current blood glucose measurement device is uncomfortable, painful, event costly for the diabetics; therefore, a lot of effort is given to develop a noninvasive blood glucose meter. We studied the potential of two near infrared wavelength i.e. 1450 and 940 nm as glucose sensor. Each sensor consists of a light emitting diode (LED) as light source, a photodiode that is sensitive to that wavelength, transimpedance amplifier, and filters. An acrylic box size 5cmx1cmx5cm was used as glucose solution container. The LED and photodiode were located at each side of box width, at 1 cm distance. The container was than filled with various concentrations of glucose solution, and the sensor output voltages were measured. The results show that for glucose concentration 0 to 500 mg/dl, the output voltages of the 1450 nm sensor tend to lower when the glucose concentration is higher, therefore it has the potential to be used as glucose sensor. Different result is obtained from the 940 nm sensor where the output voltages were remained the same when the glucose concentration was varied.
Design and development of electro optical system for acquisition of ppg signa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EMBARRASINGLY PARALLEL PROCESS IN ANALYSIS OF ...ijesajournal
This paper explains the development of a embedded based parallel system to measure glucose concentration of the blood samples. The developed instrument works on the principle of absorbance transmittance photometry using ATmega32 microcontrollers. In order to handle more blood samples and reduce the response time of glucose analyzing process in large number of blood samples, the embarrassing parallel measurement operation is implemented. The proposed system architecture and the co-design of hardware and software are discussed in detail. The system is evaluated using the
parameters of Speedup Factor, Efficiency and Throughput are studied. The result shows that system attained the linear speedup in measurement of blood samples.
An efficient convolutional neural network-extreme gradient boosting hybrid de...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we present an efficient deep-learning hybrid model comprising an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) supervised learning algorithm and convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the automated detection of diseases. The proposed model is implemented and tested to detect type-2 diabetes by measuring the acetone concentration in the exhaled breath. Acetone will be present in much higher concentrations in type-2 diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic people. A novel sensing module is designed and implemented in our study to measure the acetone concentration in exhaled breath. The proposed approach delivered good results, with a classification accuracy of 97.14%. The findings of this study show how effectively the proposed detection module functions in disease diagnosis applications. As the detection process is simple and non-invasive, people can undergo routine checks for diabetes with the proposed detection module.
Improving hemoglobin estimation accuracy through standardizing of light-emitt...IJECEIAES
Nowadays, hemoglobin monitoring is essential during surgeries, blood donations, and dialysis. Which are normally done using invasive methods. To monitor hemoglobin, a non-invasive hemoglobin meter was developed with five fixed light-emitting diode (LED) wavelengths at 670 nm, 770 nm, 810 nm, 850 nm, 950 nm and controlled using an Arduino Uno embedded development board. A photodetector with an on-chip trans-impedance amplifier was utilized to acquire the transmitted signal through the finger using the photoplethysmography (PPG) principle. Before the standardization of LED power, we had tested the designed system on fifteen subjects for the five wavelengths and estimated the hemoglobin with an accuracy of 96.51% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.57 gm/dL. To further improve the accuracy, the LED power was standardized and the PPG signal was reacquired on the same subjects. With this, the accuracy improved to 98.29% and also reduced the RMSE to 0.36 gm/dL. The designed system with LED power standardization showed a good agreement with pathology results with the coefficient of determination R 2 =0.981. Also, Bland–Altman analysis was used to evaluate the designed system and it showed good agreement between the two measurements.
Measurement of GHT Glucose, Heart Rate, Temperature Using Non Invasive Methodijtsrd
"The medical field has been emerged in the various sectors but the current blood glucose monitoring BGM are invasive as they require a finger prick blood sample, a repetitively painful process that creates the risk of infection. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in companies who have sought the solution to this long standing problem. Approaches that have been tried include near infrared spectroscopy measuring glucose through the skin using light of slightly longer wavelengths than the visible region , measuring the amount that polarized light is rotated by glucose in the front chamber of the eye containing the aqueous humor ,and many others. This device provide a solution by interfacing a electronic device that has the capability of monitoring the glucose level, heart rate and temperature using non invasive method which has less risk factors. This is a continuous monitoring device. So it helps to prevent the organ losses due to the low and high level of glucose, heart rate, temperature. Kailash. S | Karthick Raja. A | Mahesh. R | Murugappan. S | V. Mangaiyarkarasi M.E ""Measurement of GHT (Glucose, Heart Rate, Temperature) Using Non-Invasive Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21670.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/biological-and-bio-system-engineering/21670/measurement-of-ght-glucose-heart-rate-temperature-using-non-invasive-method/kailash-s"
Similar to Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system based on near-infrared method (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
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voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
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insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
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grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
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deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
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The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
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weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system based on near-infrared method (Mustafa Ayesh Al-dhaheri)
1737
Latterly, a biosensor has been developed to determine the glucose concentration in a liquid
specimen [5-6]. This biosensor is low-cost, portable, and friendly to the environment. The main disadvantage
of this biosensor is that needs a liquid specimen and a lot of effort is required to extract the liquid from
the body that rests inconvenient. Non-invasive methods are more desirable and excellent alternatives to these
invasive methods because it is more convenient and comfortable for patients and less expensive. There are
a number of techniques employed for blood glucose noninvasive measurement that has been proposed [7].
Optical methods are one of the most promising methods that can be used for non-invasive blood glucose
measurement. This technique has been applied to various body parts: finger, palm, arm, forearm, earlobe,
check, etc. The concept is to irradiate a particular wavelength range of optical radiation on the avascular
region of the body and obtain the transmission Photoplethysmography signal (PPG). Near-infrared (NIR)
spectroscopy which uses light in (750-2500 nm) wavelength range is one of the most widely recommended
optical technique because of its high penetration in skins, very simple and affordable equipment as compared
to other optical methods [7-9] different bands in these regions are combination overtone band
(2000–2500 nm), first overtone band (1400–2050 nm) and second overtone absorption bands
(750–1550 nm) [10]. The absorbance of the glucose bonds (C-H, O-H) is strong in combination and first
overtone regions but there are some disadvantages in these regions due to three causes. Firstly, the drastic
increase in the cost of components and secondly the strong absorption due to other components like water
and lastly the scattering in fatty tissue. in the second overtone region which is used in the present work,
the components are less affordable, tissue absorption is lower and light penetration is higher, but glucose has
weaker absorption and it needs the electronic noise in the analog sensing circuit to be suppressed much
below the signal from the sensor output [11, 12].
The key to use NIR spectroscopy for developing glucose measurement sensor is to model
the relationship between the PPG signal and BGC. As the PPG is more susceptible for the motion artifact
induced errors, it is necessary that this noise has to be filtered before giving it to the regression model for
estimating glucose levels. In this work, the development of a non-invasive blood glucose measuring
prototype is performed using the optical techniques based on NIR light source (940 nm) where glucose has
an acceptable absorption as compared to other chromophores of blood. The output of the detector is
preprocessing with analog circuit and Butterworth is used for smoothing the PPG signal. The method uses
peaks of the PPG and a private individual calibration model for each subject is built between PPG and
the blood glucose concentration used linear regression. The experiments in this work were carried out with
10 healthy volunteers without any history of hypertension in the age group of 20-36 years (including both
male and female volunteers). The private individual calibration model has been built for each subject
separately from each other to avoid the influence due to the difference in the properties between persons such
as the circumference of a subject's finger, the different body fluid concentration, and the roughness of
the skin that can cause the scattering of light, etc. These different properties could influence PPG reading.
Moreover, the calibration models have been built in comfortable conditions of measurement during the PPG
reading to improve accuracy and repeatability.
The subsequent sections are organized as follows: the principle of glucose measurement using
the NIR method is given in Section 2. Material and methods including the selection of wavelengths, analog
sensing circuit, experimental protocols, and data treatment are described in section 3. Results and discussion
are presented in section 4 and Section 5 concludes the paper.
2. PRINCIPLE OF BLOOD GLUCOSE MEASUREMENT
The NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum is normally understood to range (from 780 nm to
2500 nm). As shown in Figure 1 the molecular formula for glucose molecule is C6H12O6, which consists of
C-H, O-H and C=O bonds [11]. The presence of these bonds causes the absorption of NIR light in blood or
other human blood components. The NIR transmittance spectroscopy can be used for earlobes and fingertips
but for forearms and cheeks, reflective spectroscopy is used because of the very low penetration of NIR [13].
When a beam of near-infrared light is focused on the human fingertip and reaches the corresponding detector
sensor, the absorption of skin tissue and blood will weaken the beam, thus the photoelectric signal of detector
sensors will be attenuated.
The absorption is described by the Beer-Lambert law:
(1)
Where : Incident light intensity .
I: Transmitted light intensity.
L: Light path Length through the solution.
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: The effective attenuation coefficient, defined in (2)
(2)
Light transport in tissue is expressed in terms of the absorption coefficient and reduced scattering
coefficient The μa is related to the tissue chromophores concentration and is given by (3).
(3)
Where Ɛ: Extinction coefficient.
C: Liquid concentration that means blood glucose concentration in our work.
Value of changes with variation in glucose concentration. The reduced scattering coefficient ( ) is given
by (4).
(4)
Where g is the anisotropy factor and is the scattering coefficient. As shown in Figure 2.
The variation in blood glucose concentration causes a change in the intensity of light scattered from
the tissue. The glucose concentration of extracellular fluid( ECF) increases when it increases in blood while
that of tissue cells remains constant and the refractive index of ECF(ηECF) approaches that of tissue cells
(approximately 1.350-1.460) hence leading to the decrease in the properties of scattering [10, 14, 15] .
Figure 1. Molecular structure of glucose
Figure 2. Schematic decription of effect of glucose on light path
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1. The selection of wavelengths
A study has been conducted to determine the glucose absorption spectrum in order to choose
the corresponding wavelengths. In the wave ranges of [900 – 980] nm exists the near-infrared spectrums
absorption of glucose as shown in Figure 3 the glucose molecule exhibits peak absorption at 939 nm which is
very close to 940 nm[10]. Moreover, this wavelength is selected in this rang to utilize the advantage of
therapeutic “therapeutic window” where tissue absorption is low and light penetration is high. Although
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Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system based on near-infrared method (Mustafa Ayesh Al-dhaheri)
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glucose has less absorption in this range, it requires a depth of penetration which can be realized in this
wavelength due to the minimum attenuation of the optical signal by other constituents of the blood like water,
platelets, red blood cells, etc., in addition, the electronic noise in the analog sensing circuit has been realized
to be suppressed much below the signal from the sensor output [10, 11, 16]
Figure 3. Glucose absorption spectra between 900 and 980 nm
3.2. Photoplethysmography (PPG)
The variations in the volume of blood flow can be detected optically by the PPG sensors, which is
a low cost and non-invasive technique that makes measurements at the skin surface. As shown in Figure 4
the PPG signal is composed of two parts: 1) Direct current (DC) component: it corresponds to the transmitted
optical signal of the near-infrared light absorption of fingertip skin, muscle, bone, and venous blood. The DC
component essentially in a short time remains constant. 2) Alternating current (AC) component:
it corresponds to the transmitted optical signal of the near-infrared light absorption fingertip arterial blood.
The AC component will change periodically with the heart rate [17, 18, 19]. Although the origins of
the components of the PPG signal are not fully understood, it is generally accepted that they can provide
valuable information about the cardiovascular system. It can monitor the heartbeat by means of differences in
light absorption during systole and diastole of blood circulating. An experimental setup has been developed
for non-invasive measurement of blood glucose levels based on PPG signal with some modifications during
heart rate variability.
Figure 4. Principle of the PPG signal. A: Variable light absorption by reason of the change in arterial blood
volume. B: constant due to the light absorption part of the non-pulsatile arterial blood. C: constant light
absorption related to venous blood. D: constant light absorption associated with the tissue, bones.
3.3. Analog sensing circuit
The block diagram of the noninvasive blood glucose measurement system is shown in Figure 5.
It consists of two parts: 1) The module to collect and preprocess the PPG signal. 2) The module to construct
the calibration model, the Butterworth filter and linear regression are applied to develop the model,
as discussed in the following section. In the module to collect and preprocess the PPG signal, it consists of an
optical Sensor with LED as the light source and photodiode as the detector to detect the attenuation of NIR
light, which passes through the fingertip with the change of blood glucose concentration. The detector
converts this light into an equivalent current and a high pass filter of cutoff frequency 0.8Hz is realized to
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remove baseline drift or low-frequency signals. Twin-T notch filter with a potentiometer is realized to detect
and remove 50Hz power line interference. Then the LM324 amplifier is used for amplification of the signal.
After necessary amplification, a low pass filter of cutoff frequency 8Hz is realized to remove high-frequency
components. The Analog circuit is represented in Figure 6. The analog signal is converted into digital with
the help of Arduino-UNO connected to a PC to acquire the signal and send the signal to the PC to be
processed by MATLAB [20, 21]. Figure 7 shows the PPG waveform.
Figure 5. Block diagram of the proposed noninvasive blood glucose measurement system
Figure 6. Analog circuit for preprocess of PPG signal
Figure 7. The PPG waveform
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system based on near-infrared method (Mustafa Ayesh Al-dhaheri)
1741
3.4. Experimental protocol
In this work, a series of experiments were carried out to build the calibration model and prediction
of glucose concentrations using a noninvasive glucose sensor. Ten healthy volunteers were recruited for these
experiments in the age group of 20-36 year (including both male and female volunteers) without any history
of hypertension. Blood glucose measurements were made at different times during several days before and
after several meals which produce different amounts of glucose levels in the blood in order to test the ability
of our prototype to determine the blood glucose levels during these different levels. The experiment was
conducted using a commercial invasive glucometer"Glucoleader Check 3" with our prototype to build
the calibration model and benchmark the performance of our developed system. During the PPG reading used
our prototype, subjects are asked to sit comfortably on a chair and not allowed to move and the indoor
temperature and humidity were maintained at comfortable levels for getting a stable and accurate PPG signal.
The sensor is placed on the finger as shown in Figure 8 for collecting PPG single. Fifteen measurements have
been made for each subject before and after several meals, 15 stable PPG signals were collected and
the invasive blood glucose reading was performed immediately with each reading of the PPG signal for
getting the reference values of blood glucose concentration, including ten sets of PPG signals and ten
invasive values reading have been used to construct the private individual calibration model using
the regression analysis model for each volunteer, while those in last PPG signals and invasive values reading
have been treated as validation data set to test the performance of the measurement model.
Figure 8. The experimental setup of the sensing prototype
3.5. Data treatment
There are some properties that vary from person to person which could influence the PPG reading
such as the circumference of a subject's finger, the different body fluid concentration, and the roughness of
the skin that can cause the scattering of light, etc. In order to avoid this influence and improve the system
performance, each person is required to perform ten measurements in order to construct his private individual
calibration model, the blood glucose concentration of each person is then predicted based on his private
individual calibration model. After smoothing the PPG signal using the Butterworth filter [22, 23],
the calibration model between the PPG data and reference values of BGC was built as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Construction procedure of calibration model using linear regression
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The mean value of voltage is calculated from the peaks of PPG data obtained, as there exists
a functional relationship between the PPG signal and blood glucose level [24], the voltage intensity of PPG
signal changes with variation in glucose concentration. Ten means voltage is calculated from ten PPG
readings for the same subject and put into a vector and put the ten reals GCB readings for the same subject
into a vector, then used the two vectors as input data for constructing the regression model.
(5)
(6)
Where Vector voltages PPG readings.
: Vector reals GCB readings.
To construct the regression model, the regression line must be calculated. The general linear regression
model is given by:
(7)
Where Y: The predict blood glucose concentration.
X: The voltage of the PPG signal.
The (m) and (b) are the regression coefficients which is given by:
(8)
(9)
Where the mean of vector voltages PPG readings.
the mean of vector reals GCB readings.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To obtain the calibration model between reals GCB readings and PPG voltages readings, regression
analysis was done in MATLAB. Figure 10 shows a regression analysis example of a subject which indicates
that voltage PPG reading increases with the increase of real BGC. The regression coefficients were calculated
from (8) and (9) and were substituted in (7) for the prediction of non-invasive glucose concentration.
When the system was fully calibrated, the validation data sets for each subject were used to test
the performance of the measurement model. The measurements presented in Table 1, this table shows some
of the benchmarking test results between commercially invasive glucometer and our proposed non-invasive
NIR sensor. The comparison between the predicted values and the real values of blood glucose concentration
is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 10. Regression analysis for one subject
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Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system based on near-infrared method (Mustafa Ayesh Al-dhaheri)
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Figure 11. Comparison between the predicted values and the real values of BGC
The performance of our proposed non-invasive glucose sensor prototype is evaluated according to
Root Mean Squares Error (RMSE) and correlation coefficients ( ):
√
∑
(10)
∑
∑
(11)
Where is the predicted blood glucose concentration.
The real GCB reading .
: the mean of real GCB reading.
Table 1. Comparison of results between commercially invasive glucometer and
our proposed non-invasive NIR sensor
Subject Non-invasive NIR sensor Invasive glucometer (Mg/dl) RMSE (Mg/dl)
A
168 160
8.264 0.923
104 102
95 96
72 70
B
139 148
9.293 0.881
134 136
96 90
80 70
C
114 121
11.217 0.7352
105 115
92 101
81 73
D
85 80
13.166 0.635
99 89
106 120
131 144
RMSE and R^2 are calculated for each subject calibration model as shown in Table 1, the averages
of root mean square error and correlation coefficients (R^2) were as follows: 10.44mg/dL, 0.8392.
Most researchers and clinicians tend to use Clarke error grid which is a frequently method used for
evaluating the clinical authentication of glucose predictions[25], as shown in Figure 12 all noninvasive
values are within the acceptable range. The results obtained from experimentations were encouraging and
confirmed the correctness of the proposed method. Comparing our results with the previous articles;
the results obtained from the proposed method revealed that the values of performance measures were
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significantly ameliorated as compared to the previous works. Table 2 shows a comparison between
the proposed system and previous articles. The obtained RMSE value is lower than previously and R^2 is
higher which indicates an improvement in the accuracy of the results due to the amelioration achieved by
building a private individual calibration model for each subject separately from each other, then
the prediction of the blood glucose concentration for each subject is performed based on his private
individual calibration model for avoiding the disadvantage of various properties from person to another
which could influence on the PPG reading such as the circumference of a subject's finger, skin roughness
which can cause light scattering and different body fluid concentration, etc., which is difficult to avoid with
universal calibration model. The data collection was carried out in comfortable conditions for getting a stable
and accurate PPG signal using our proposed system which is developed with very low-cost materials. In this
preliminary phase study, 10 persons were selected as subjects. In the near future, we will plan an
experimental procedure for more subjects. In addition, we will use different wavelengths and multiple
regression analyses for further improvement of the proposed system.
Figure 12. Clarke Grid analysis of results
Table 2. Comparisons between the proposed system and previous articles
Reference Method Wavelength (nm) Cost Summary RMSE &
J. Yadav [10] Diffuse
reflectance
940 Low RMSE=14.9248 mg/dl
=0.87
B. Javid [26] Refraction & transmission 940,1550,1650 Low RMSE=18.52 mg/dL
M. ud din Q [27] Transmission 1550 nm Low Not reported
H. Ali [28] Refraction & transmission 650 Low Not reported
S. Haxha [29] Absorption 940 High Not reported
X. Li [30] Transmission 1310 Medium Not reported
E. Guevara [31]
Diffuse
reflectance
NIRS and
impedance
spectroscopy
700–1000 nm High RMSE=21.96 mg/dL
C. Araujo-Andrade [32] Diffuse
reflectance
900- 1700 High
RMSE=16 mg/dL
=0.74
S. J. Yeh [33]
Diffuse
reflectance
590, 660, 890 and
935 nm
High SEP < 27.0273 mg/dl
Our proposed system Transmission 940 Low
RMSE=10.44 mg/dl
=0.839
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a non-invasive system is developed using NIR LED sensor which helps for regular
blood glucose monitoring in an economical way. Experiments are performed using our prototype and
commercially glucometer, PPG signals are obtained based on a prototype system and linear regression
method used to model the relationship between PPG signals and BGC. The results show that the NIR system
is an encouraging method for non-invasive estimation of BGC. In the near future, we will plan an
experimental procedure for more subjects. In addition, we will use different wavelength and multiple
regression analyses for further improvement of the proposed system.
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