It is widely recognised that fish welfare and stress are inextricably linked. When welfare is compromised and fish are under stressful conditions there are a wide range of negative effects that have been reported. These include a reduction in feed intake, growth, food conversion efficiency and flesh quality; an increase in disease susceptibility and aggression; disruption of the reproductive axis and ultimately, in extreme cases mortality.
Prof Paul White - The behaviour of marine mammals - Cafe Scientifique - Mar 2018onthewight
Prof Paul White on ‘The Behaviour of Marine Mammals’, including how they communicate and hunt speaking to Isle of Wight Cafe Scientifique on 12 March 2018.
Fish Protein Hydrolysates - FPH- enhance resistance of aquaculture species to...International Aquafeed
Aquaculture production is now exceeding fisheries production in total seafood supply. Aquaculture, through intensification and husbandry practices, generate numerous stressful events, which may result from water deterioration (acute or chronic exposure to reduced levels of dissolved oxygen and/or increased levels of carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrite) and/or handling (vaccination, transfer, transport, grading, ambient noise).
Prof Paul White - The behaviour of marine mammals - Cafe Scientifique - Mar 2018onthewight
Prof Paul White on ‘The Behaviour of Marine Mammals’, including how they communicate and hunt speaking to Isle of Wight Cafe Scientifique on 12 March 2018.
Fish Protein Hydrolysates - FPH- enhance resistance of aquaculture species to...International Aquafeed
Aquaculture production is now exceeding fisheries production in total seafood supply. Aquaculture, through intensification and husbandry practices, generate numerous stressful events, which may result from water deterioration (acute or chronic exposure to reduced levels of dissolved oxygen and/or increased levels of carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrite) and/or handling (vaccination, transfer, transport, grading, ambient noise).
The bulk of the world's fish meal and oil is today manufactured by the wet pressing method. The main steps of the process are cooking for coagulation of the protein thereby liberating bound water and oil, separation by pressing of the coagulate yielding a solid phase (press cake) containing 60-80% of the oil-free dry matter (protein, bones) and oil, and a liquid phase (press liquor) containing water and the rest of the solids (oil, dissolved and suspended protein, vitamins and minerals).
Presentation to the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans expert committee assessing the effectiveness of current mitigation guidelines for seismic surveys (oil and gas exploration at sea).
Echolocation and Bioacoustics in Orcinus orcaBec Crawford
Orcas have been my passion from a very young age. I created this slideshow in eleventh grade and have since graduated with a BSc in marine biology. I am currently pursuing a career as a marine wildlife veterinarian and hope to specialize in orca health and conservation. Please contact me for use.
, 20130104, published 27 March 20139 2013 Biol. Lett. Matt.docxmercysuttle
, 20130104, published 27 March 20139 2013 Biol. Lett.
Matthew L. Niemiller, Dennis M. Higgs and Daphne Soares
Evidence for hearing loss in amblyopsid cavefishes
References
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/3/20130104.full.html#ref-list-1
This article cites 13 articles, 1 of which can be accessed free
Subject collections
(75 articles)neuroscience �
(642 articles)evolution �
(629 articles)ecology �
Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
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http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/collection/evolution
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/collection/neuroscience
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on May 28, 2013rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from
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Research
Cite this article: Niemiller ML, Higgs DM,
Soares D. 2013 Evidence for hearing loss in
amblyopsid cavefishes. Biol Lett 9: 20130104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0104
Received: 1 February 2013
Accepted: 5 March 2013
Subject Areas:
evolution, neuroscience, ecology
Keywords:
auditory, evolution, fish, subterranean
Author for correspondence:
Daphne Soares
e-mail: [email protected]
& 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
Neurobiology
Evidence for hearing loss in amblyopsid
cavefishes
Matthew L. Niemiller1, Dennis M. Higgs2 and Daphne Soares3
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
3Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
The constant darkness of caves and other subterranean habitats imposes sen-
sory constraints that offer a unique opportunity to examine evolution of
sensory modalities. Hearing in cavefishes has not been well explored, and
here we show that cavefishes in the family Amblyopsidae are not only
blind but have also lost a significant portion of their hearing range. Our
results showed that cave and surface amblyopsids shared the same audio-
gram profile at low frequencies but only surface amblyopsids were able to
hear frequencies higher than 800 Hz and up to 2 kHz. We measur ...
The bulk of the world's fish meal and oil is today manufactured by the wet pressing method. The main steps of the process are cooking for coagulation of the protein thereby liberating bound water and oil, separation by pressing of the coagulate yielding a solid phase (press cake) containing 60-80% of the oil-free dry matter (protein, bones) and oil, and a liquid phase (press liquor) containing water and the rest of the solids (oil, dissolved and suspended protein, vitamins and minerals).
Presentation to the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans expert committee assessing the effectiveness of current mitigation guidelines for seismic surveys (oil and gas exploration at sea).
Echolocation and Bioacoustics in Orcinus orcaBec Crawford
Orcas have been my passion from a very young age. I created this slideshow in eleventh grade and have since graduated with a BSc in marine biology. I am currently pursuing a career as a marine wildlife veterinarian and hope to specialize in orca health and conservation. Please contact me for use.
, 20130104, published 27 March 20139 2013 Biol. Lett. Matt.docxmercysuttle
, 20130104, published 27 March 20139 2013 Biol. Lett.
Matthew L. Niemiller, Dennis M. Higgs and Daphne Soares
Evidence for hearing loss in amblyopsid cavefishes
References
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/3/20130104.full.html#ref-list-1
This article cites 13 articles, 1 of which can be accessed free
Subject collections
(75 articles)neuroscience �
(642 articles)evolution �
(629 articles)ecology �
Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
Email alerting service
hereright-hand corner of the article or click
Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box at the top
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/subscriptions go to: Biol. Lett.To subscribe to
on May 28, 2013rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/3/20130104.full.html#ref-list-1
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/collection/ecology
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/collection/evolution
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/collection/neuroscience
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/alerts/ctalert?alertType=citedby&addAlert=cited_by&saveAlert=no&cited_by_criteria_resid=roybiolett;9/3/20130104&return_type=article&return_url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/3/20130104.full.pdf
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http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/
on May 28, 2013rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org
Research
Cite this article: Niemiller ML, Higgs DM,
Soares D. 2013 Evidence for hearing loss in
amblyopsid cavefishes. Biol Lett 9: 20130104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0104
Received: 1 February 2013
Accepted: 5 March 2013
Subject Areas:
evolution, neuroscience, ecology
Keywords:
auditory, evolution, fish, subterranean
Author for correspondence:
Daphne Soares
e-mail: [email protected]
& 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
Neurobiology
Evidence for hearing loss in amblyopsid
cavefishes
Matthew L. Niemiller1, Dennis M. Higgs2 and Daphne Soares3
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
3Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
The constant darkness of caves and other subterranean habitats imposes sen-
sory constraints that offer a unique opportunity to examine evolution of
sensory modalities. Hearing in cavefishes has not been well explored, and
here we show that cavefishes in the family Amblyopsidae are not only
blind but have also lost a significant portion of their hearing range. Our
results showed that cave and surface amblyopsids shared the same audio-
gram profile at low frequencies but only surface amblyopsids were able to
hear frequencies higher than 800 Hz and up to 2 kHz. We measur ...
overview of the ways that acoustic monitoring is being used by researchers and agencies to asses populations, guide policy, and monitor effects of human noise on wildlife
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Personal Brand Statement:
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Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
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It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
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VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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2. FEATURE
Noise
a source of stress for farmed fish
By Rogelio Sierra Flores1 2, Andrew Davie1, Tim Atack2 and Herve Migaud1, Institute of
Aquaculture, University of Stirling, UK and Ardtoe Marine Laboratory, UK
I
t is widely recognised that fish welfare involves a series of complex terms but essen- or tissues and specialised cells distributed
and stress are inextricably linked. When tially sound is energy traveling as a mechanical throughout the animal body, giving the fish the
welfare is compromised and fish are wave caused by changes in the medium pres- ability to sense and discriminate sounds based
under stressful conditions there are a sure. Detection of those variations is known on their direction, distance and source.
wide range of negative effects that have been as the audible sound and its loudness depends Fish auditory thresholds are believed to
reported. These include a reduction in feed on the specific sensitivity to the frequencies. be primarily in the range of 20 to 3,000 Hz.
intake, growth, food conversion efficiency The colloquial term ‘sound volume’ often con- However sensitivity does clearly vary with
and flesh quality; an increase in disease sus- founds the definitions of sound pressure and species (Figure 1) and stage of development.
ceptibility and aggression; disruption of the sound intensity: sound intensity is the rate of Reports have indicated that some fish species
reproductive axis and ultimately, in extreme flow of energy through an area (W/m²), while could even detect very low frequencies in the
cases mortality. sound pressure is the ‘strength’ of the sound infrasound range (<20 Hz) as well as possibly
wave (Pa). Sound pressure levels (SPL) are in the ultrasound range (>20 kHz) although
Research has focused on numerous differ- the logarithmic expression in the relative scale this may depend on sound levels fish are
ent potential stressors including environmental decibel (dB) of the root mean square (RMS) exposed to. Whether fish perception of these
factors such as light, temperature and water compared to a reference value. Thus, to sound frequencies is functional hearing or an
quality as well as physical stressors like crowd- quantify anthropogenic sounds in the culture artefact of past auditory requirements needs
ing, handling and transportation. However, the environment, we use the SPL of a given noise further clarification.
potential for sound to act as a stressor has over the background reference.
been largely overlooked in aquaculture. ‘Grunts’ and ‘clicks’
Sound perception Fish do not only passively perceive
The importance of sound Aquatic animals are provided with a wide sounds generated in their environment, they
Sound plays an important role in the life range of sensory organs and systems to can also be vocally active as shown in many
of terrestrial and aquatic animals as a means perceive and filter relevant environmental species. The swim bladder has an audi-
of communication as well as its role in echo- tory accessory function reflecting sound and
signals. The capability of fish to cast and
location, predator avoidance, or even just the recognise sound is well documented for amplifying their communications. Some fish
perception of changes in the environment. also use this ‘sound box’ to generate vocali-
some species, showing significant variability
As such it deserves greater attention than among them. sations for a variety of potential reasons
it has received so far as a parameter to be including maintenance of contact, warning
In general, sound perception in fish is
monitored/managed in culture settings. localised to three interconnected systems: of predators, aggression or mate choice.
It must be acknowledged that air and water Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is a particularly
the auditory, the equilibrium and the lateral
are two completely different acoustic environ- line. They involve a series of complex organs vocal species which produces sounds during
ments. With water being a aggression, chasing, escaping
thousand times denser than but mainly during courtship.
air, a greater energy input Cod vocalisations are
is required to initiate sound named ‘grunts’ and ‘clicks’
propagation which results based on the human percep-
in sound underwater hav- tion of the sound. The ‘grunts’
ing a greater velocity with are produced by repeatedly
less attenuation. In practical contracting the drum muscle
terms this means that great- sending vibrations to the swim
er energy is required to cast bladder. One grunt is a repeti-
a noise underwater although tion of single pulses of 60 to
water is less restrictive to a 200 ms in frequencies ranging
spreading sound wave, and Figure 1: Hearing thresholds comparison of humans, dogs, bats from 30 to 250 Hz (Figure 2).
thus aquatic fields can be and fish. Hearing thresholds for five selected fish species (Atlantic It is believed that during
very noisy environments. cod, Atlantic salmon, Common carp, Tunids, and goldfish) courtship females will assess
The concept of sound Adapted from Popper et al., 2008 the fitness of the males based
28 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | July-August 2012
3. WHO CARES...
…If profits in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a salmon dinner?
As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers
must think differently to stay on the menu.
In all phases of the fish’s life, proper nutrition will improve health. With decades of dedicated research,
the “Alltech Aqua Advantage” programme responds to the challenges of today’s aquaculture producers
through nutritional innovation, addressing issues such as growth and performance, feed efficiency,
flesh quality and immunity.
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4. FEATURE
EXPERT T●PIC
on their grunting. As such, male grunting In captivity sound sources are more spe- tank walls all create obvious perceptible
project included four tilapia farms in China. These identify the key problems and causes related to in April, 2011. Over 40 farmers, processors, tech-
vigour has been related to the volume of the cific, being related to the general operation noise (Figure 3). Some basic activities
farms represented both small- and commercial- water management.
drum muscle mass as well as the individual’s of an aquaculture facility including equipment nicians and government showed attended sound
like hand feeding officers a low the
specific immune condition. During mating the and general project is an activities. Literature workshop. Participants found the workshop above
scale production facilities utilising two different The second husbandry assessment of the level increase of 8-11 dB re µPa very
production systems (pond and cages). Aside from regional environmental impacts of fish farm clusters, informative and helpful. This enhanced the produc-
female will settle on the ground, while males suggests that general activity and farm noise background noise.
identifying similarities and differences among criteria which will be jointly conducted by SFP and Hainan ers’ awareness of increasing demands for certified
‘perform’ a courtship characterised by both will generate low frequency vibrations i.e. However, the analysis showed that other
and requirements used by the three standards, Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, the sustainable seafood from reach worrying thus
vocalisations and a swimming pattern around <1kHz which is within the auditory sensi- daily activities can overseas markets, levels.
this project also identified outstanding issues in the leading environmental research institute in Hainan. further facilitating the engagement of Chinese
the female. tivity of fish. Thus,
farms, which most producers were able to address The study will examine the potential for regional stakeholders into a supply-chain dialogue around
In enclosed aquaculture systems it is very prior to quantifying
as a result of the trial audit. To date, all four farms scale improvement by looking at carrying capacity sustainability.
likely that mating performance/mate choice how sound could
are now certified under one or more of the com- and the potential for zoning in a specific area.
could be impaired if the males ‘singing and act as a stressor, SFP is currently working with local institutes of
mercial aquaculture standards. somehow restrained it was felt impor- data becomes available aquaculture and environmental sciences to identify
dancing’ performance is As more first-hand
by the physical conditions. While every effort (along with more pre-
SFP is widely acknowledged for its expertise tant to a more in-depth understanding of and evaluate both qualitatively and quantitatively
by has been directed to optimising broodstock existing policies and management measures), the the environmental impacts of tilapia farming in
stakeholders in Chinese tilapia, including key cisely catalogue the
US and European buyers and retailers, as well as AIP will establish a working group that convenes Hainan. This includes an ecological study as well as
holding tanks to ensure enough space and sound-scape in a
producers and processors in China, aquaculture the key buyers, suppliers and producers along the socio-political analysis to advise local governments
low turbulences to allow paired mating, little typical land-based
institutes, industry associations, and local Chinese Chinese tilapia supply-chain to share the scientific and industrial associations about how to efficiently
thought has been put into the acoustic condi- aquaculture facility.
governments. Given the high level of trust that SFP findings. The AIP will then form a multi-stakeholder address the environmental issues associated with
tions experienced by fish in culture. A sound map-
enjoys with the tilapia supply chain it was appropri- policy roundtable to further discuss the problems tilapia farming in Hainan. The preliminary results will
ping exercise
ate that a tilapia Aquaculture Improvement Project and solutions. The AIP participants will eventually be shared with key stakeholders at the Aquaculture
Negative effects of sound was performed
Figure 2. Waveform and spectrogram of four different
(AIP) was officially launched in 2011. anthropogenic agree on the actions and timetables necessary to Policy Roundtable this fall in China.
The negative effects of in the facilities of
cod grunts recorded in SFP facilities of Ardtoe Marine
the is also developing partnerships with
sound are well documented in the natural achieve the sustainability objectives defined by
SFP has now initiated two research projects Ardtoe Marine Laboratory, Scotland during Spring 2010.
to environment where a wide farming on the the group. SFP will play a leading role in engaging Chinese universities and large feed manufacturers
assess the impact of tilapia range of species Laboratory in
external environment. The first project, started stakeholders, providing scientific advice and facilitat- to improve feed sourcing for tilapia farming in
have been shown to alter their natural com- Scotland which
in April 2011, involves monitoring water qual- ing communication.
munication and behaviour with there even revealed a surprisingly quiet background China. This work is to be undertaken through
Accidental and/or intentional knocks against a
ity on selected farms in Hainan province, and in sound level in the rearing tanks as com- research projects on improving feeding efficien-
being evidence of panic and confusion tank wall, which can cause strong behavioural
was undertaken different Hainan Institute of Up-to-date progress
response to by the anthropogenic sound pared to what would be expected in cy reactions in the fish stocks, generates low
and developing alternative feeds with fewer
stimuli. In the natural marine environment shallow coastal waters. That said, sound impacts on wild fisheries.
Aquaculture. Dozens of water quality param- SFP has worked closely with local tilapia associa- frequency sounds with volumes ranging from
eters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), tions to assess different tilapia standards that are
these sound sources are diverse and include disturbances were evident. Common hus- 21-39 dB depending on the vigour/cause of
nitrogen and phosphorus content, and heavy available in activities like workshop introducing More InforMatIon: Such SPL are clearly per-
offshore engineering, pile driving, seismic sur- bandry the market. A hand feeding, walk- the perturbation.
metals were analysed for five farms over two three international standards for tilapia farming, i.e. Sustainable Fisheries Partnership
veying, busy shipping areas as well as naval ing, hand netting, talking, water inflow, ceived by the fish and could possibly trigger a
croppings (10 months). The study helped 20/02/2012 bubbles, and knocks in Haikou Website: www.sustainablefish.org
_OffshoreMaric_Quarter_SplitAd_OMC_Quarter BAP, GlobalGAP, and ASC, was held against the stress reaction.
activity. aeration 07:53 Page 1
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July-August 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 29
July-August 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 27
5. FEATURE
Fish reaction ly correlated to peak cortisol concentrations. of elevated cortisol to the oocytes reducing
Stress reactions in fish in response to sound Tested sound levels were comparable to those their viability. Another possibility is that the
perturbations can be behavioural, acoustic encountered during the site sound mapping, courtship ritual could have been disrupted by
and/or physiological. Behavioural responses which suggests that a perturbation as simple as the randomised sound exposure masking the
are the apparent avoidance or freezing reac- knocking a tank wall can be strong enough to grunts and interrupting the mating behaviour
tion. Acoustic responses are more difficult to trigger a significant increase of cortisol. explaining the reduction in fertilisation rate.
Regardless of the causative mechanism, the
fact that fertilisation success and egg quality
were so clearly affected in sound stressed
broodstock should be taken as a clear indica-
tion the acoustic conditions in culture deserve
more attention.
Implications for other species
While evidence suggests that Atlantic cod
is one of the more acoustically sensitive fish
we firmly believe that there are implications
for this work in most other cultured species.
Future work should focus on the long-term
Figure 3: Noise disturbances monitored in an aquaculture on-growing tank. effects of noise as a stressor including tem-
Waveform and spectrogram representations: A) Background sound level; B) Hand porary auditory thresholds adaptation as cop-
feeding commercial dry pellets of 4.5 mm two times five pellets at the time; C)
ing strategies. Acclimatisation to noise might
Knocks against the tank wall. Three sets of three knocks caused with the bare
fingers. be possible, although negative physiological
responses could be present even without a
clear behavioural response.
characterise, however evidence suggests that Recovery from the sound perturbation In terms of the culture facilities we use,
fish may attempt to alter their vocalisation was also rapid indicating it to be an acute clearly more attention has to be paid in
form and structure (length, frequencies and stress response that fish should be able to reducing the noise caused around land-based
amplitude) to increase transmission probabil- cope and adapt to. This would in turn suggest aquaculture facilities and, by doing so, making
ity as has been reported in other vertebrates. a minor impact in the long-term performance aquaculture production more reliable and
Finally, the physiological responses are of the fish stocks although, in fish farm facili- predictable possibly helping to reduce the
varied as a stress activation of the sympathetic ties, those acute sudden noises are common commonly reported variability in fish perform-
nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic- and frequent. Thus, the second phase of the ances in most aquaculture facilities.
pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis can impact on work considered how short ‘acute’ sound Instituting some routine simple and
many processes however evidence of sound stressors applied over a long time frame can cheap sound measurements on a farm
stimulating these processes is lacking to date. impact on fish performances. could mitigate many unnecessary distur-
Buscaino et al. (2009) demonstrated in sea bances that might be acting as stressors
bass and sea bream that sound perturbations Sound stressors over time: affecting the welfare and thus performance
above a threshold can result in an increase in a significant impact of the fish. The results of doing so may well
blood glucose levels and haematocrit which We discovered that cod broodstock be seen in the bottom line. ■
confirms the involvement of the HPI axis in exposed to six hours of daily randomised
this species. noise at a SPL of 34 dB re µPa (comparable Acknowledgments
to a loud knock on a tank wall) significantly
This project was co-funded by the Mexican
Acute stress response impacted on the their spawning perform- Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT)
Our studies have shown that noise does ance. Egg production in terms of volume of and EU FP7 project 232305 “PROSPAWN”.
elicit an acute stress response in Atlantic cod eggs and egg size was comparable between
(Gadus morhua) juveniles. Fish exposed to broodstocks that were both exposed, and
sound in the 100-1000Hz range for 10 min- not exposed, to sound though in the sound References
utes, using suspended underwater loudspeak- exposed population fertilisation rates were
Buscaino, G., F. Filiciotto, et al. (2010). "Impact of
ers, showed a significant increase of plasma reduced by almost half. an acoustic stimulus on the motility and blood
cortisol concentrations within 10 minutes of Work is currently underway to investigate parameters of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus
exposure. why sound perturbations result in such a sig- labrax L.) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata
Furthermore, the response was dose nificant reduction in fertilisation success with L.)." Marine Environmental Research 69(3): 136-
dependent as sound pressure levels were direct- one possibility being the maternal transfer 142.
30 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | July-August 2012
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