Orcas have been my passion from a very young age. I created this slideshow in eleventh grade and have since graduated with a BSc in marine biology. I am currently pursuing a career as a marine wildlife veterinarian and hope to specialize in orca health and conservation. Please contact me for use.
coastal water resoueces, this issue really great, because of day by in coastal region population increses but main problems are that area s water is almost salty so thats why majors problems are created about water.
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
coastal water resoueces, this issue really great, because of day by in coastal region population increses but main problems are that area s water is almost salty so thats why majors problems are created about water.
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna sanctuary that hosts thousands of birds, especially during the winter season. Over 230 species of birds are known to be resident. It is also a major tourist centre with scores of ornithologists arriving here in the hibernal season. It was declared a protected sanctuary in 1971. It is also a World Heritage Site.[3]
Species diversity and abundance of avifauna in and around an urbanized lake s...Isuru Priyaranga Silva
Abstract: Avifauna species diversity and abundance in and around of an urbanized lake called Peralanda Lake were recorded using point transect technique from January 2015 to December 2016. The lake is situated at North Colombo area adjacent to Ragama city in Gampaha District. Three Different habitat types were identified as Water body habitat, Terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body and Disturbed habitat. Bird census was performed on 20 sampling points with a radius of 25m which were fixed by using a Global Positioning System device (GPS) (Garmin e Trex). Each point was visited 3 times per month at different times of the day between 0600h to 1000h and 1500h to 1900h. Sixty-two species belonging fourteen orders and thirty-seven families were recorded during the study. These include three globally near threatened species Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocepha-lus); three locally near threatened species, Cotton Pygmy-goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), Oriental Honey-Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) and Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis); one critically endangered species, Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus); two endemic species, Sri Lanka Small Barbet (Megalaima rubricapilla) and Sri Lanka Swallow (Hirundo hyper-ythra) and four migrant species, Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi paradisi), Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) and Forest Wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus). Highest species diversity was recorded in terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body followed by Disturbed habitat while least species diversity was recorded in Water body habitat.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
A presentation about frog conservation. It was a presentation by me for raising awareness at my community.
--- Dr. Monzur Kader Chowdhury, DVM
Email: monzur.sau@gmail.com
Oceanic islands are those islands that never had a connection with the main continent. They may have volcanic origin or may be formed by building up coral reefs or a combination of both.
the presentation provides the various fungal pathogens of fish and shell fish along with their lifecycles, the pathology, histology, epizootiology, prevention and treatment measures
Asian Elephants are awesome creatures in this world :)
They've been threatened by many risk factors. Most of them are anthropogenic.
Here are some conservation strategies at national and global level and what an individual can do.
Suitable design for elephant habitat is also discussed. Have a look and know more about this cute and heaviest animal ! ^.^
Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna sanctuary that hosts thousands of birds, especially during the winter season. Over 230 species of birds are known to be resident. It is also a major tourist centre with scores of ornithologists arriving here in the hibernal season. It was declared a protected sanctuary in 1971. It is also a World Heritage Site.[3]
Species diversity and abundance of avifauna in and around an urbanized lake s...Isuru Priyaranga Silva
Abstract: Avifauna species diversity and abundance in and around of an urbanized lake called Peralanda Lake were recorded using point transect technique from January 2015 to December 2016. The lake is situated at North Colombo area adjacent to Ragama city in Gampaha District. Three Different habitat types were identified as Water body habitat, Terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body and Disturbed habitat. Bird census was performed on 20 sampling points with a radius of 25m which were fixed by using a Global Positioning System device (GPS) (Garmin e Trex). Each point was visited 3 times per month at different times of the day between 0600h to 1000h and 1500h to 1900h. Sixty-two species belonging fourteen orders and thirty-seven families were recorded during the study. These include three globally near threatened species Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocepha-lus); three locally near threatened species, Cotton Pygmy-goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), Oriental Honey-Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) and Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis); one critically endangered species, Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus); two endemic species, Sri Lanka Small Barbet (Megalaima rubricapilla) and Sri Lanka Swallow (Hirundo hyper-ythra) and four migrant species, Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi paradisi), Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) and Forest Wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus). Highest species diversity was recorded in terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body followed by Disturbed habitat while least species diversity was recorded in Water body habitat.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
A presentation about frog conservation. It was a presentation by me for raising awareness at my community.
--- Dr. Monzur Kader Chowdhury, DVM
Email: monzur.sau@gmail.com
Oceanic islands are those islands that never had a connection with the main continent. They may have volcanic origin or may be formed by building up coral reefs or a combination of both.
the presentation provides the various fungal pathogens of fish and shell fish along with their lifecycles, the pathology, histology, epizootiology, prevention and treatment measures
Asian Elephants are awesome creatures in this world :)
They've been threatened by many risk factors. Most of them are anthropogenic.
Here are some conservation strategies at national and global level and what an individual can do.
Suitable design for elephant habitat is also discussed. Have a look and know more about this cute and heaviest animal ! ^.^
La più Grande vetrina immobiliare della Sicilia e non solo, Passaporto Immobiliare non è un semplice Portale immobiliare, Passaporto Immobiliare è un Gestionale per Agenzie Immobiliari in rete sincronizzato con la rivista e con una molteplicità di contenuti e servizi inclusi.
North Shore Audio-Vestibular Lab - Full service audiologist with the best selection of hearing aids in Highland Park, IL. See us for hearing tests, custom ear protection, tinnitus treatment, ear wax removal, hearing aid repair.
North Shore Audio-Vestibular Lab briefly explains echoes.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Introduction
• What Is Echolocation?
• Killer Whale Classification
• Orca Anatomy
• Killer Whales Up Close
• Whale called “Killer”
3. What is Echolocation?
the sophisticated, biological, sonar-like system used by dolphins, bats
and other animals to detect and locate objects by emitting highpitched sounds that reflect off the object and return to the animal's
sensory receptors
used in navigation, hunting and communication
killer whales and other dolphins can determine the location, direction,
speed, size, shape and internal structure of another object or animal
6. Killer Whales Up Close
Largest member of the dolphin family
Average Male: 8-10 tonnes, 7-10 metres, 50-60+ years
Average Female: 4-6 tonnes, 6-8 metres, 80-90+ years
Average 1.8 metres
Average 0.9 metres
Extremely intelligent, social animals
General activities: foraging, socializing, travelling, resting
Found in all of the the world’s oceans
Top of the food chain
The most polluted animal on Earth
(PBTs such as PCBs and DDT bioaccumulate in an orca’s body)
Status: some populations ENDANGERED, some THREATENED
8. Whale called “Killer”
Efficient, deadly predators
40-52 teeth: 3-5 inches long, 1 inch diameter
Diet includes fish, birds, Cephalopods (octopi and squid), turtles, seals,
sea lions, sharks, whales, porpoises, dolphins, deer, moose
A deliberate, fatal attack on a human by an orca in the wild has never been
documented
Sleek, streamlined body ensures sheer speed (sometimes 45+ km/h)
Known as the “Wolves of the Sea” because they hunt in packs called PODS
Members of a pod stay together for life
Individuals per pod ranges from 2-100+
Two or more maternal groups may travel in SUBPODS
Two or more pods with similar dialects may travel in CLANS
Numerous pods have been spotted travelling in COMMUNITIES (500+)
12. Distinct Pod Categories
Resident
Transient
Offshore
General Vicinity
near shore, coastal
waters
off shore, coastal
waters
open ocean
Average Count
5-50+
2-7
30-60
Basic Diet
primarily fish
primarily marine
mammals
turtles, sharks, follow
migratory patterns of
salmon
Vocal Expression
frequent, loud
very silent,
single/cryptic clicks
instead of many clicks
frequent, loud
Leader
eldest female
dominant male
N/A
Genetics
unique from Transient
unique from Resident
some correspondence
to Southern Residents
Dorsal Fin
curved and tapering
tip
straight tip
rounded tip and
multiple nicks
Saddle Patch
five patterns
two patterns
N/A
18. Sound
SOUND is a compressed wave in a medium (air,
water).
Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
In other words, the particles in the
medium vibrate parallel to the
direction of the motion of the
wave.
19. Wave
A WAVE is a disturbance that transfers energy
through a medium.
Waves are repeated over and over again.
20. Wavelength/Cycle
• A WAVELENGTH or CYCLE is the shortest
distance between any two points in the
medium that are in phase.
• A wavelength is measured from crest to
crest or trough to trough.
Pressure
wavelength
crest
trough
Time
21. Frequency
FREQUENCY is the number of complete wavelengths that
pass a point in a given amount of time.
Units: Hertz (Hz) or Kilohertz (kHz).
Pitch is perceived frequency.
The higher the frequency of the tone, the higher the audible pitch.
Tone I: low pitch
Tone II: high pitch
22. Converting Hertz to
Kilohertz and Vice Versa
Kilohertz = kHz
Hertz = Hz
1 Kilohertz = 1 000 Hertz
Therefore:
3.7
3 700 Hertz is _________ Kilohertz.
22 000
22 Kilohertz is _________ Hertz.
23. Amplitude
The AMPLITUDE is the distance from the
rest position to the maximum point of the
crest or minimum point of the trough.
The magnitude of a sound is associated
with the size of its amplitude.
Loud = high amplitude
Quiet = low amplitude
24. Decibels
BELS and DECIBELS are a unit of sound
intensity.
0.1 bel = 1.0 decibel
The smallest increase in sound intensity level
that humans can distinguish is 1.0 decibel.
Therefore, we measure sound intensity in
decibels.
25. Spectrogram
A SPECTROGRAM is a visual record of a
vocalization illustrating its power, frequency, and
timing per phrase.
26. Oscillogram
An OSCILLOGRAM is a visual illustration of the
variations in a vocalization produced using an
oscilloscope.
28. The Blowhole
The BLOWHOLE is the nostril located on the top of the
rostrum. The blowhole is closed by the nasal plug
when the orca dives underwater. When the orca
surfaces, the the nasal plug retracts, enabling the
whale to take a breath of air.
30. The Orca & Echolocation
Killer whales do not possess vocal chords in the larynx.
Clicking sounds are produced by the movement of air
between the nasal passages and the blowhole. Some
whistles and calls are produced by the movement of air
in the larynx.
Located below the orca’s blowhole are nasal sacs which
produce clicks that are focused by the thick oil in the
melon. The melon is then shaped to form an acoustic
lens, which enables the orca to direct clicks towards a
particular object. Echoes then reflect off of the object
and are received through the lower jaw which focuses
the image and sends it to the middle ear bones. This
process allows the orca to form an acoustic image in its
brain of its surroundings.
33. Purpose
Is there a correlation between the
acoustics and behaviours of Orcinus orca?
34. Questions
How is it possible to distinguish between orca pods by analyzing
their acoustics?
Is there a difference between the hunting vocalizations of Resident
and Transient orcas?
Do orcas possess a distinct vocabulary?
Do orca clans possess a distinct dialect?
How do acoustics play a role in maintaining the structure of a pod?
Is it possible to identify an individual orca by its acoustics?
Do male orcas produce different sounds than female orcas?
Are distinct sounds produced between a mother orca and her calf?
Do orcas produce a specific sound when pursuing their prey?
35. FOCUS
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HUNTING
VOCALIZATIONS OF RESIDENT AND TRANSIENT ORCAS?
36. Variables
Independent
*Hunting Vocalization Style
(Resident versus Transient)
Dependent
*Frequency (kHz)
*Power (dB)
*Average Time per Whistle (s)
*Average Time Between
Whistles (s)
*Clicks (present or absent)
38. Procedure
Obtain digital-audio recordings of both Resident and
Transient orcas pursuing prey (source: internet).
Use software (Raven Lite 1.0 – source: Cornell
Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, New
York) to create spectrograms and oscillograms.
Determine the frequency, power, and timing of the
vocalizations from the spectrograms and oscillograms.
Compare the observations to one another.
Analyze and explain the differences and similarities.
Draw conclusions and summarize.
39. The Hydrophone
The digital-audio sounds were recorded by scientists
and researchers using a HYDROPHONE or
“underwater microphone”.
43. Vocalizations Of Transient Orcas
Communication Within A Pod
Maximum Frequency:
6800 Hz
Power Range:
85 dB – 115 dB
Timing:
0.5 – 1.0 s whistles separated by 3-5 s of silence
44. Vocalizations Of Transient Orcas
Foraging and Echolocating
Maximum Frequency:
17000 Hz
Power Range:
69 dB – 106 dB
Timing:
continuous, loud clicking and ten short whistles of
0.5 s, separated by 3 – 12 s of silence
45. Vocalizations Of Transient Orcas
Foraging and Echolocating … a sea lion has been located!
Maximum Frequency:
7000 Hz
Power Range:
54 dB – 100 dB
Timing:
quiet, continuous clicking, two rising phrases: each
2 – 3 s in length, separated by 15 s of clicking
46. Vocalizations Of Transient Orcas
Echolocating and Chasing Prey
Maximum Frequency:
8500 Hz
Power Range:
90 dB – 112 dB
Timing:
loud 1 – 2 s of tonal sounds separated by 3 – 5 s of
quiet clicking
47. Vocalizations Of Transient Orcas
Attacking and Killing Prey
Maximum Frequency:
9000 Hz
Power Range:
85 dB – 115 dB
Timing:
2 s whistles separated by 3 – 4 s of silence
48. Transient Data
Behaviour
Presence /
Absence of
Clicking Sounds
Maximum
Frequency
Minimum Power
Maximum Power
Average Length
of Whistles
Average Time
Between
Whistles
(P / A)
(kHz)
(dB)
(dB)
(s)
(s)
1
Communicating
A
6.8
85
115
0.8
4.0
2
Foraging/
Echolocating
P
(Loud)
17
65
106
0.5
7.5
3
Foraging/
Echolocating…
Prey Located
P
(Quiet)
7.0
54
100
2.5
15
4
Chasing Prey
P
(Quiet)
8.5
90
113
2.0
4.0
5
Attacking Prey
A
9.0
85
115
2.0
3.5
49. Transients - A Summary
clicking sounds are present while orcas forage, when prey has been
located, and when orcas chase their prey
clicking sounds are absent while orcas communicate and when orcas
attack their prey
Foraging/Echolocating: high frequency (17 kHz)
Communicating/Prey Located/Attacking Prey: lower frequency (6.8 – 9.0
kHz)
Power is lower when orcas are foraging and when prey has been located
Power is higher when orcas are communicating or attacking prey
When communicating and foraging, the time per whistle is shorter and
the time interval between whistles is longer
When chasing prey and attacking prey, the time per whistle is longer and
the time interval between whistles is shorter
50.
51. Vocalizations Of Resident Orcas
Communication Within A Pod
Maximum Frequency:
22000 Hz
Power Range:
97 dB – 120 dB
Timing:
constant pulsed calls, whistles and clicks
52. Vocalizations Of Resident Orcas: A1, A4, A5 Subpods
Foraging and Echolocating
Maximum Frequency:
3700 Hz
Power Range:
104 dB – 121 dB
Timing:
continuous whistles of 1.0 – 3.0 s, isolated and
infrequent clicking
53. Vocalizations Of Resident Orcas: A Clan
Foraging, Echolocating, and Feeding
Maximum Frequency:
9500 Hz
Power Range:
101 dB – 115 dB
Timing:
continuous 1.0 – 2.0 s whistles, isolated clicking
54. Vocalizations Of Resident Orcas: G Clan
Foraging, Echolocating, and Feeding
Maximum Frequency:
8500 Hz
Power Range:
92 dB – 111 dB
Timing:
continuous whistles of 1.0 – 2.0 s
55. Vocalizations Of Resident Orcas: R Clan
Foraging, Echolocating, and Feeding
Maximum Frequency:
9000 Hz
Power Range:
90 dB – 125 dB
Timing:
constant whistling of 1.0 – 3.0 s
56. Resident Data
Behaviour
Presence /
Absence of
Clicking Sounds
Maximum
Frequency
Minimum Power
Maximum Power
Average Length
of Whistles
Average Time
Between
Whistles
(P / A)
(kHz)
(dB)
(dB)
(s)
(s)
A
22
97
120
1.0
0.0
(Constant)
2
Foraging &
Echolocating
P
(Isolated and
Infrequent)
3.7
104
121
2.0
0.0
(Constant)
3 Foraging,
Echolocating,
and Feeding
P
(Isolated)
9.5
101
115
1.5
0.0
(Constant)
4 Foraging,
Echolocating,
and Feeding
A
8.5
92
111
1.5
0.0
(Constant)
5 Foraging,
Echolocating,
and Feeding
A
9.0
90
125
2.0
0.0
(Constant)
1
Communicating
57. Residents - A Summary
Clicking sounds are present while orcas forage/echolocate,
and occasionally when they feed
Communicating: high frequency (22 kHz)
Foraging/Echolocating/Feeding: lower frequency (3.7 – 9.5 kHz)
Power varies while orcas forage, use echolocation, and feed
Power is highest when orcas communicate
When communicating, whistling is constant and the the length of the
individual whistles is shorter
When foraging, echolocating, and feeding, whistling is constant and the
length of individual whistles is longest
60. Presence and Absence of Clicking
RESIDENTS
Absent: communication,
feeding
Present: echolocation, foraging
(isolated and infrequent)
TRANSIENTS
Absent: communication,
attacking/killing prey
Present: echolocation, foraging (loud); chasing prey - (quiet)
OBSERVATION:
Both Resident and Transient orcas use echolocation to
locate their prey, whether it be a school of fish or a
humpback whale.
Resident clicking seems to be
infrequent whereas Transient clicking seems to be
abundant.
61. Frequency
RESIDENTS
3700 – 22000 Hz
highest when
communicating
TRANSIENTS
6800 – 17000 Hz
highest when foraging
and echolocating
EXPLANATION:
Resident orcas use frequencies beyond the detection
ability of their prey.
Transient orcas however use
frequencies at the low end of their prey’s frequency
detection range.
62. Average Length Of Whistles
RESIDENTS
1.0 – 2.0 s
TRANSIENTS
0.5 – 2.5 s
EXPLANATION:
The average time per whistle is very similar for both
Resident and Transient orcas. Resident and Transient killer
whales are the same species. Transient orcas however,
have adapted their behaviour and vocalizations due to their
different taste in prey. Their vocalizations are suited to
stalking their prey.
63. Comparing Average Time
Between Whistles
RESIDENTS
0.0 s (Constant)
Constant whistles and
calls.
TRANSIENTS
3.5 – 15 s of silence
between individual
whistles.
EXPLANATION:
Resident orcas feed primarily on fish, whereas Transient orcas
feed primarily on marine mammals.
Fish have poor
underwater hearing compared to marine mammals. Thus, it
makes sense that Transient orcas restrict their echolocation
because their prey is extremely acoustically-sensitive.
64. Maximum Power
RESIDENTS
Maximum Power:
111 – 125 dB
TRANSIENTS
Maximum Power:
100 – 115 dB
EXPLANATION:
The maximum power is slightly higher for Resident
orcas than Transient orcas. Fish, the primary prey of
Resident orcas, have poor hearing. Therefore, the
power of the Resident whales’ whistles, clicks, and calls
do not affect their ability to locate their prey.
65. Minimum Power
RESIDENTS
Minimum Power:
90 – 104 dB
TRANSIENTS
Minimum Power:
54 – 90 dB
EXPLANATION:
The minimum power is distinctly lower for Transient orcas
than Resident orcas. Marine mammals, the primary prey
of Transient orcas, are extremely acoustically-sensitive.
Therefore, the Transient whales restrict the power of their
vocalizations to avoid being detected by their prey.
67. Conclusion
According to the observations, Resident orcas tend to be very
vocal. Whistling and pulsed calls are fairly constant throughout
their activities. Clicking is limited to low frequencies and used only
for echolocation. Transient orcas are less vocal and tend only to
produce short whistles and pulsed calls when attacking prey.
Cryptic clicks (single, short) are abundant and produced at
magnitudes at the low end of the frequency detection range of
marine mammals. Therefore, Transients make an effort to conceal
themselves. Due to the poor acoustic-sensitivity of the Residents’
prey, it is not necessary that they drastically modify their
vocalizations.
Therefore, Resident and Transient orcas have unique hunting
vocalization styles.
68. Current Research
RESIDENTS
flamboyant vocalization
TRANSIENTS
restricted vocalization
EXPLANATION:
Compared to current projects performed by scientists and
researchers, my analysis coincides. Resident killer whales
tend to be more vocal than Transient killer whales due to
the difference in the acoustic-sensitivity of their prey.
70. REFERENCES
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