Dolphin hearing capabilities far exceed those of humans, with a hearing range of 1 kHz to 150 kHz compared to the human range of 0.02 to 17 kHz. Dolphins lack outer ears and instead have fatty tissues that aid in sound conduction. Research is needed to understand how hearing loss impacts dolphin behavior and could explain phenomena like mass strandings. Studying dolphin hearing could also help humans and ocean conservation efforts.
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
1) Define deafness2) State the etiology of hearing loss
3) Explain the pathophysiology of hearing loss
4) State the clinical manifestation of hearing loss
5) Explain the types of hearing loss
6) Discuss the investigations of hearing loss
7) Describe the treatment of hearing loss patient
8) Carried out nursing care plan for the patient
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
1) Define deafness2) State the etiology of hearing loss
3) Explain the pathophysiology of hearing loss
4) State the clinical manifestation of hearing loss
5) Explain the types of hearing loss
6) Discuss the investigations of hearing loss
7) Describe the treatment of hearing loss patient
8) Carried out nursing care plan for the patient
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Comparative Anatomy of teeth and evolutionary aspects of teeth.
From where did the teeth come from? How did they evolve? Which factors have contributed to this process?
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Comparative Anatomy of teeth and evolutionary aspects of teeth.
From where did the teeth come from? How did they evolve? Which factors have contributed to this process?
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
INTRODUCTION:
The relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny is a recurring theme in developmental, systematic, and evolutionary biology (e.g., Gould, 1977; Alberch et al., 1979; Fink, 1982; Humphries, 1988)
All growth is the result of cell division of pre- existing cells, through a process known as mitosis. The cell and nucleus then subdivided into 2 identical daughter cells. one of the earliest organizational developments in the embryo is the differentiation of cells into 3 super- imposed, cellular plates called germ layers. These germ layers are known as ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Ectoderm is generally responsible for development of the outer skin layers but also gives rise to the nervous system and the sense organs.
The outer and inner portions of the ear develop from ectodermal tissue, while the M.E ossicles and the bone surrounding the inner ear originate from mesodermal tissue. The ear begins its development during the early life of the embryo. The embryonic disk is split by a primitive streak at about 25 hours, which leads the way for development of the ectodermal lined primitive groove
and primitive fold. The primitive groove deepens into a primitive pit, which in turn becomes the neural groove and neural fold. The ectodermal lined neural folds come together to close off the neural groove, which is now known as the neural tube. It is during the stage of the neural tube that the earliest beginning of the ear is seen.
The ear is contained within the temporal bone. The cochlea as well as the middle and external ear, vestibular apparatus, and seventh and eighth cranial nerves are all housed in the temporal bone. Temporal bone is a hard bone that has myriad cavities, channels, and canals that subserve the organs of hearing and balance. Temporal bone is paired: RIGHT TEMPORAL BONE & LEFT TEMPORAL BONE. The ear is the organ that detects sounds. It not only acts as a receiver for sound, but also plays a major role in the sense of balance and body position. The ear is the part of auditory system.
The word ear may be used correctly to describe the entire organ or just the visible portion. In most animals the visible ear is a flap of tissue that is also called the pinna and is the first of many steps in hearing. In people the pinna is often called the auricle. Vertebrates have a pair of ears placed symmetrically on opposite side of the face. This arrangement aids in the ability to localize sound source.
We humans hear the way we do because of at least three major forces. The first is phylogeny, the evolutionary changes in the auditory system since its beginnings. Another is embryology, the development of the system in each individual before birth. Finally, there is the biologically determined auditory mechanism we are born with and our interaction with the environment in early postnatal life.
, 20130104, published 27 March 20139 2013 Biol. Lett. Matt.docxmercysuttle
, 20130104, published 27 March 20139 2013 Biol. Lett.
Matthew L. Niemiller, Dennis M. Higgs and Daphne Soares
Evidence for hearing loss in amblyopsid cavefishes
References
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Research
Cite this article: Niemiller ML, Higgs DM,
Soares D. 2013 Evidence for hearing loss in
amblyopsid cavefishes. Biol Lett 9: 20130104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0104
Received: 1 February 2013
Accepted: 5 March 2013
Subject Areas:
evolution, neuroscience, ecology
Keywords:
auditory, evolution, fish, subterranean
Author for correspondence:
Daphne Soares
e-mail: [email protected]
& 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
Neurobiology
Evidence for hearing loss in amblyopsid
cavefishes
Matthew L. Niemiller1, Dennis M. Higgs2 and Daphne Soares3
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
3Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
The constant darkness of caves and other subterranean habitats imposes sen-
sory constraints that offer a unique opportunity to examine evolution of
sensory modalities. Hearing in cavefishes has not been well explored, and
here we show that cavefishes in the family Amblyopsidae are not only
blind but have also lost a significant portion of their hearing range. Our
results showed that cave and surface amblyopsids shared the same audio-
gram profile at low frequencies but only surface amblyopsids were able to
hear frequencies higher than 800 Hz and up to 2 kHz. We measur ...
Aquatic mammals & their adaptation.fully aquatic mammal and amphibian aquatic...Anand P P
this slide animation and videos work mainly in power point 2013 version.the slide contain aquatic mammals and their evolutions.mainly evolutions and their adaptive mechanisms are also listed
Briefly discuss the adaptive changes seen in the chordates over the o.pdfmonikajain201
Briefly discuss the adaptive changes seen in the chordates over the other animal phyla?
Solution
Animals in the phylum Chordata reveal four key features that appear at some point all through
their development.
a. Notochord - The chordates are called for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped design that is
found within the embryonic stage of most chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate
species. It is found between the intestinal pipe and the nerve cord, providing skeletal help
through along the body. In some chordates, the notochord acts while the primary axial support of
the human body throughout the animal\'s lifetime. In vertebrates, the notochord is provide during
embryonic development, of which time it induces the development of the neural pipe which acts
as an assistance for the developing embryonic body. The notochord, however, is replaced by the
vertebral column (spine) in most adult vertebrates.
b.Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord - The dorsal hollow nerve cord derives from ectoderm that sheets
into a worthless pipe all through development. In chordates, it is found dorsally (at the top of the
animal) to the notochord. In contrast to the chordates, other animal phyla are known by strong
nerve cables which are positioned either ventrally or laterally. The nerve cord within most
chordate embryos develops into the brain and spinal cord, which include the main anxious
system.
c.Pharyngeal Slits - Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx (the place just posterior to the
mouth) that expand to the surface environment. In organisms that are now living in aquatic
surroundings, pharyngeal slits allow for the quit of water that enters the mouth all through
feeding. Some invertebrate chordates use the pharyngeal slits to filtration food out of the water
that enters the mouth. In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits develop into gill arches, the bony
or cartilaginous gill supports. In most terrestrial animals, including mammals and birds,
pharyngeal slits are providing just during embryonic development. In these animals, the
pharyngeal slits develop into the jaw and inner ear bones.
d.Post-anal Tail - The post-anal tail is a posterior elongation of the human body, increasing
beyond the anus. The trail contains skeletal things and muscles, which give a way to obtain
locomotion in aquatic species. In some terrestrial vertebrates, the trail also assists with stability,
courting, and signaling when risk is near. In individuals and other apes, the post-anal tail is
provide during embryonic development, but is vestigial as an adult..
![Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Infant Risso dolphin undergoing hearing tests](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)