Nobel Prize winners in the field of Human Physiology.docx

1. Faculty of Biosciences,
Institute of Biosciences and Technology,
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University
Teacher’s Assessment – 1
Nobel Prize winners in the field of
Human Physiology
By Abhinav Baranwal
202110902120035
Submitted to
Dr. Sapna Sharma

2. Nobel Prize winners in the field of Human Physiology
Digestion, it is the phenomenon of breakdown of large complex insoluble food molecule into
small, simple, soluble diffusible molecule by enzyme action. Many scientists/Nobel laureates
have made exquisite discoveries and findings in the field of digestion and shared their
knowledge about the physiology of digestion. Here we will talk about some Nobel
personalities who had presented mankind with their discoveries:
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in September 26, 1849 in Ryazan and died 27th of February
1936 in Leningrad.
He was a Russian scientist and physiologist who founded the science ofhigher nervous activity
and the study of digestion regulatory mechanisms. He is the founder of the largest
physiological schoolin Russia. In 1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov got Nobel Prize in Medicine
and Physiology “for his work on the physiology of digestion".
He stated that the basis of mental activity is physiological processes in the cerebral cortex,
according to the conditioned reflex technique. Pavlov's Research in physiology of higher
nervous activity, had a great influence on the development of physiology, medicine,
psychology and pedagogy.

3. Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren
Dr. Barry J. Marshall, 54, and Dr. J. Robin Warren, 68 were awarded Nobel Prize in
Physiology in 2005 concertedly for their discovery of “the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and
its part in gastritis and peptic ulcer ailment”.
Up until their discovery in 1982, the long-held view was that spicyfoods orstress caused ulcer
trouble. According to the Nobel Foundation, Dr. Robin Warren, a pathologist from Perth,
Australia, observed small curled bacteria populating the lower part of the stomach in about 50
ofcases who had their abdomens biopsied. He observed that Inflammation was usually present
in the gastric mucosanear where he noticed the microorganisms. Barry Marshall, a co-worker,
got interested in Warren’s findings and together they initiated a study of autopsies from 100
cases. Marshall succeeded in cultivating a preliminarily unknown bacterial species – after
named Helicobacter pylori – from several of these autopsies. They establish that the organism
was present in nearly all cases with gastric inflammation, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer.
Grounded on these results, they proposed that this recently linked bacterium caused these
conditions. Until that time, so settled was the belief that lifestyle caused ulcers that, indeed
with their substantiation, it was delicate for these two experimenters to move the world of H.
pylori’s part in ulcer complaint.
The H. pylori infection rate among grown-ups in developing countries is well over 80 and it
falls between 20-50 in industrialized countries. H. pylori infection is associated with an
increased threat of developing gastric cancer, one of the most current conditions world-wide.
Ulcers are painful and, if left undressed can lead to severe complications including stomach
perforation and bleeding. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori has led to an increased
understanding of the connection between habitual infection, inflammation, and cancer.

4. John H. Northrop
John Howard Northrop, born July 5, 1891, Yonkers, New York, U.S. — died May 27, 1987,
Wickenberg, Arizona. American biochemist who took (with James B. Sumner and Wendell
M. Stanley) the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1946 for successfully purifying and crystallizing
certain enzymes, therefore enabling him to determine their chemical nature.
Fig: Structure of Pepsin
During World WarI Northrop conducted studyonfermentation procedures fit forthe industrial
production of acetone and ethyl alcohol. This work led to a study of enzymes necessary for
digestion, respiration, and general life processes. At that time the chemical nature of enzymes
was unknown, but through his exploration Northrop was able to prove that enzymes obey the
laws of chemical reactions. He crystallized pepsin, a digestive enzyme present in gastric juice,
in 1930 and establish that it's a protein, therefore figuring the controversy over what enzymes
are. exercising the same chemical methodologies, he isolated in 1938 the first bacterial virus
(bacteriophage), which he demonstrated to be a nucleoprotein. Northrop also helped isolate
and prepare in crystalline form pepsin’s inactive precursor pepsinogen (which is converted to
the active enzyme through a response with hydrochloric acid in the stomach); the pancreatic
digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, and their inactive precursors trypsinogen and
chymotrypsinogen respectively. His work led to further understanding ofprotein digestion via
pepsin activity.

5. Heinrich Otto Wieland
Heinrich Otto Wieland, (born June 4, 1877, Pforzheim, Germany — died August 5, 1957,
Munich, Germany), German chemist, winner of the 1927 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his
purposefulness of the molecular structure of bile acids.
Fig: Molecular Structure of Bile acid
Wieland attained his doctorateat the University of Munich in 1901 and remained in that town
to educate and carry on his research. He got the job as professor of chemistry at the University
of Munich in 1925 and kept that post until his retirement in 1950. Wieland made significant
contributions to structural organic chemistry with his findings (1911) that other forms of
nitrogen in organic compounds can be detected and differentiated from one another. The
coming year he began his research on bile acids, which are produced by the liver. He
established that the three acids he'd isolated were steroids of same structure that were related
to cholesterol.
His subsequent work led him to think that oxidation in living tissues is a matter of removing
hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) and not of adding oxygen. This hypothesis proved of great
significance to physiology, biochemistry, and medicine.