Brief description of History of Microbiology and their inventions towards the science

1. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

2. A Brief History of
Microbiology
Microbiology has had a long, rich history, initially centered in the causes of
infectious diseases but now including practical applications of the science.
Many individuals have made significant contributions to the development
of microbiology. A Brief History of Microbiology has had a long, rich
history, initially centered in the causes of infectious diseases but now
including practical applications of the science. Many individuals have
made significant contributions to the development of microbiology.

3. Early history of microbiology.
The first observations of microorganisms, but the microscope was available during
the mid‐1600s, and an English scientist named Robert Hooke made key
observations.
Robert Hooke (28 July [O.S. 18 July] 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an
English scientist and architect, a polymath, recently called
"England's Leonardo" who, using a microscope, was the first to
visualize a microorganism.

4. ROBERT HOOKE DISCOVERY IN
MICROBIOLOGY
The existence of microscopic organisms was
discovered during the period 1665-83 by two Fellows
of The Royal Society, Robert Hooke and Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek. In Micrographia (1665), Hooke
presented the first published depiction of a
microganism, the microfungus Mucor. Later,
Leeuwenhoek observed and described microscopic
protozoa and bacteria. These important revelations
were made possible by the ingenuity of Hooke and
Leeuwenhoek in fabricating and using simple
microscopes that magnified objects from about 25-fold
to 250-fold. After a lapse of more than 150 years,
microscopy became the backbone of our
understanding of the roles of microbes in the
causation of infectious diseases and the recycling of

5. AFTER ROBERT HOOKE
(ANTONIE VAN LEEWENHOEK)
In the 1670s and the decades thereafter, a Dutch merchant
named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of
microscopic organisms, which he called animalcules. Until his
death in 1723, van Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world
to scientists of the day and is regarded as one of the first to
provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria.

6. ANTONIE VAN LEEVENHOEK
Van Leeuwenhoek discovered "protozoa" - the single-
celled organisms and he called them "animalcules". He
also improved the microscope and laid foundation
for microbiology. He is often cited as the
first microbiologist to study muscle fibers, bacteria,
spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, (born October 24,
1632, Delft, Netherlands—died August 26, 1723, Delft),
Dutch microscopist who was the first to
observe bacteria and protozoa. His researches on lower
animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation,
and his observations helped lay the foundations for the
sciences of bacteriology and protozoology.

7. AFTER ANTONIE VAN LEEVENHOEK
After van Leeuwenhoek died, the study of microbiology did not develop rapidly
because microscopes were rare and the interest in microorganisms was not high. In
those years, scientists debated the Theory of spontaneous generation, which
stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth
which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter
such as beef broth. This theory was disputed by Francesco
Redi, who showed that fly maggots do not arise from decaying
meat (as others believed) if the meat is covered to prevent the
entry of flies.

8. FRANCESCO REDI
The son of Gregorio Redi and Cecilia de Ghinci, Francesco
Redi was born in Arezzo on 18 February 1626. His father
was a renowned physician at Florence. Francesco Redi
attended the University of Pisa from where he obtained his
doctoral degrees in medicine and philosophy in 1647, at the
age of 21. He was also a member of the Accademia del
Cimento (Academy of Experiment) from 1657 to 1667. He
died in his sleep on 1 March 1697 in Pisa and his remains
were returned to Arezzo for interment A collection of his
letters is held at the National Library of Medicine in
Bethesda, Maryland

9. JOHN NEEDHAM
An English cleric named John Needham advanced
spontaneous generation, but Lazzaro Spallanzani disputed
the theory by showing that boiled broth would not give rise to
microscopic forms of life.
John Turberville Needham (10 September 1713 – 30
December 1781) was an English biologist and Roman
Catholic priest. He was first exposed to natural philosophy while
in seminary school and later published a paper which, while the
subject was mostly about geology, described the mechanics of
pollen and won recognition in the botany community.
He did experiments with gravy and later, tainted wheat, in
containers. This was in order to experiment with spontaneous
generation.

10. Lazzaro Spallanzani
Lazzaro Spallanzani (12 January 1729 – 11 February 1799)
was an Italian Catholic biologist and physiologist who made
important contributions to the experimental study of bodily
functions, animal reproduction, and animal echolocation. His
research on biogenesis paved the way for the downfall of
spontaneous generation, a prevailing idea at the time that
organisms develop from inanimate matters, though the final
death blow to the idea was dealt by French scientist Louis
Pasteur a century later.

11. Louis Pasteur and the germ theory
Louis Pasteur worked in the middle and late 1800s. He
performed numerous experiments to discover why wine and
dairy products became sour, and he found that bacteria
were to blame. Pasteur called attention to the importance of
microorganisms in everyday life and stirred scientists to
think that if bacteria could make the wine “sick,” then
perhaps they could cause human illness.
Louis Pasteur was born on Dec. 27, 1822, in Dole, France.
Pasteur’s father was a tanner and the family was not
wealthy, but they were determined to provide a good
education for their son. At 9 years old, he was admitted to
the local secondary school where he was known as an
average student with a talent for art.

12. GERM CELL THEROY
Pasteur had to disprove spontaneous generation to sustain his theory, and he therefore
devised a series of swan‐necked flasks filled with broth. He left the flasks of broth open to the
air, but the flasks had a curve in the neck so that microorganisms would fall into the neck, not
the broth. The flasks did not become contaminated (as he predicted they would not), and
Pasteur's experiments put to rest the notion of spontaneous generation. His work also
encouraged the belief that microorganisms were in the air and could cause disease. Pasteur
postulated the germ theory of disease, which states that microorganisms are the causes of
infectious disease.

13. Robert Koch
Pasteur's attempts to prove the germ theory were unsuccessful.
However, the German scientist Robert Koch provided the proof by
cultivating anthrax bacteria apart from any other type of organism. He
then injected pure cultures of the bacilli into mice and showed that
the bacilli invariably caused anthrax. The procedures used by Koch
came to be known as Koch's postulates (Figure ). They provided a
set of principles whereby other microorganisms could be related to
other diseases.

14. Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch German11 December 1843 – 27
May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist. As one of
the main founders of modern bacteriology, he identified the specific
causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and also
gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease,
which included experiments on humans and animals. Koch created
and improved laboratory technologies and techniques in the field of
microbiology, and made key discoveries in public health. His
research led to the creation of Koch's postulates, a series of four
generalized principles linking specific microorganisms to specific
diseases that proved influential on subsequent epidemiological
principles such as the Bradford Hill criteria. For his research on
tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1905 The Robert Koch Institute is named in his honour.

15. Koch's Postulates
Four criteria that were established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of
a particular disease, these include:
1. The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the
disease
2. The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure
culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated
into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
4. The pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the
same as the originally inoculated pathogen

16. EDWARD JENNER
Edward Jenner, (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an
English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines
including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine The
terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae
vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote
cowpox. He used it in 1798 in the long title of his Inquiry into the
Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the
protective effect of cowpox against smallpox. Jenner is often called "the
father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives
than the work of any other human".

17. ÉLIE METCHNIKOFF
Metchnikoff is rightly famous for his recognition of the
biological significance of leukocyte recruitment and
phagocytosis of microbes in host defence against
infection, inflammation and immunity. As a comparative
zoologist he utilised a broad range of model organisms
for microscopic studies in vivo and in vitro.
Élie Metchnikoff, Russian in full Ilya Ilich Mechnikov,
(born May 16, 1845, Kharkov, Ukraine, Russian Empire died July
16, 1916, Paris, France), Russian-born zoologist and
microbiologist who received (with Paul Ehrlich) the 1908 Nobel
Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery in animals of
amoeba-like cells that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria—a
phenomenon known as phagocytosis and a fundamental part of
the immune response.

18. Hans Christian Gram
Hans Christian Gram, the inventor of the Gram staining
technique, was a pioneering biologist who devised the system
of classification which led to as many as 30,000 formally named
species of bacteria being investigated. He’s the subject of the
latest Google doodle, created to honour his birth date of 13
September 1853. Gram, working with German pathologist and
microbiologist Carl Friedlander, devised the technique in Berlin
in the early 1880s. It is still known as one of the most important
staining techniques used in microbiology to identify bacteria
under a microscope.

19. ALEXANDER FLEMING
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish physician-scientist who was recognised for
discovering penicillin. The simple discovery and use of the antibiotic agent has
saved millions of lives, and earned Fleming – together with Howard Florey and
Ernst Chain, who devised methods for the large-scale isolation and production
of penicillin – the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.
Penicillin V potassium is used to treat certain
infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia
and other respiratory tract infections, scarlet fever,
and ear, skin, gum, mouth, and throat infections