The high pathogenicity of Nipah virus from pteropus lylei fruit bats, combodia. By_A REAL KING
1. Hig Pathogenicit of Nipa viru Fro
pteropu lyle Frui Bat , Cambodi .
- by A REAL KING
arealking05@gmail.com
2. INTRODUCTION:
● Nipah virus is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae.
● Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging and serious viral zoonotic disease
that carries with it a high case (in the ballpark of 70% or more).
● NiV is an enveloped RNA virus and along with Hendra virus make up
the Henipahviruses.
● The natural host of the virus are fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family,
Pteropus genus.
● Nipah virus first time recognized in 1998 , in Kampung sungai Nipah
village , state of Perak , Malaysia .
4. ● Niv M : Plays a crucial role in virion assembly and budding. Forms a
shell at the inner face of the plasma membrane.
● Niv F : Fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane .
● Nin G : Interacts with host ephrin B2/EFNB2 or ephrin B3/EFNB3 to
provide virion attachment to target cell. This attachment induces virion
internalization predominantly through clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
● Niv N : Encapsidates the genome protecting it from nucleases. The
encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the Nucleocapsid (NC) and
serves as template for transcription and replication.
● Niv L : It useful for negative stranded viral RNA replication as well as
transcription.
6. Transmission Of The Nipah Virus.
1. Fruit bats acts as natural reservoir of Nipah viruses. Fruit bats with
NiV feeds on date palm sap. Virus can survive in solutions that are
rich in sugar, viz., fruit pulp.
2. Virus transmitted to human through the consumption of date palm
sap.
3. Fruit bats of Pteropus spp. which are NiV reservoirs visited such
fruit trees and got opportunity to naturally spill the drop containing
virus in the farm to contaminate the farm soil and fruits.
7. 4. Contaminated fruits are consumed by pigs and other animals. Pigs act
as intermediate as well as amplifying host. Combination of close
surroundings of fruiting trees, fruits-like date palm, fruit bats, pigs and
human altogether form the basis of emergence and spread of new
deadly zoonotic virus infection like Nipah.
5. Pork meat infected with NiV are exported to other parts.
6. Consumptionn of infected pork can act as a source of infection to
human.
7. Close contact with NiV affected human can lead to spread of Niv to
Others person.
8. SYMPTOMS :
The signs and symptoms of NiV infection begin with
● Coma
● Dizziness
● Nausea
● Vomiting
● Sore Throat
● Headache
● Fever
https://images.medicinenet.com/images/slideshouw/viral-infections-s2-overview.jpg
10. 1. Recombinant measles virus (rMV) vaccine that expresses
envelope glycoprotein of NiV has been found to be effective vaccine
candidate.
2. A recombinant vaccine based on vesicular stomatitis virus has
been developed in recent years encoding a glycoprotein of NiV.
3. Nipah virus-like particles (NiV-VLPs) composed of three NiV
proteins G, F and M derived from mammalian cells have been
produced and validated as vaccine in BALB/c mice.
4. Immunoinformatic advances have been utilized for developing
peptide-based NiV vaccine by prediction and modeling of T-cell
epitopes of NiV antigenic proteins.
Prevention of The Nipah virus.
11. • Treatment is limited to supportive care. Because Nipah virus
encephalitis can be transmitted person-to-person, standard infection
control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important
in preventing hospital-acquired infections.
• The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses
in vitro, but human investigations to date have been inconclusive and
the clinical usefulness of ribavirin remains uncertain.
• Passive immunization using a human monoclonal antibody targeting
the Nipah G glycoprotein has been evaluated in the post-exposure
therapy in the ferret model and found to be of benefit.
VACCINES :
12. CONCLUSION :
● NiV emerged as a new virus exactly 20 years ago, causing severe
morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals and destroyed
the pig-farming industry in Malaysia, and it continues to cause
outbreaks in Bangladesh and India. As the reservoir host Pteropus
bat is widespread, and NiV has been found in bats in various
countries, the potential for outbreaks to occur in new regions
remains significant.
13. ● REFERENCE :
● Balali-Mood M, Moshiri M, Etemad L. 2013.
Medical aspects of bio-terrorism. Toxicon
69:131–142.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.005.
● Chua KB. 2003. Nipah virus outbreak in
Malaysia. J Clin Virol 26:265–275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-6532(02)00268-8.
● American Journal of Pathology
2002;161(6):2153-67.
THANK
YOU
