Night terrors
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Night terrors, also called sleep terrors, occur during deep non-REM sleep within an hour of falling asleep. During a night terror, the person may sit up and appear terrified with their eyes open but are still asleep. They usually do not remember the episode and cannot be comforted. Night terrors are more common in children aged 2 to 6 and occur due to increased brain activity, often being triggered by stress, illness, or tiredness. Parents should comfort and ensure the safety of a child having a night terror without waking them up.
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Night Terrors
Night terrors are episodes that occur during stages 3 and 4 of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, usually within the first 90 minutes after falling asleep. During a night terror, the person appears awake but is not fully conscious and cannot be easily comforted. Symptoms include screaming, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and confusion. Night terrors are most common in children ages 3 to 5 and typically disappear with adolescence. The cause is unknown but may involve sleep deprivation, fever, stress, or certain medications. Reassurance is usually the best treatment rather than medication.
Sleep Walking
Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is a sleep disorder where people walk or do other activities while asleep. It most commonly affects children aged 6-12 years old, but can also occur in adults and the elderly due to factors like alcohol, drugs, anxiety, or underlying medical conditions. Symptoms include roaming around the house and being difficult to wake up while engaged in routine activities. Treatments may include medication, relaxation techniques, or anticipatory awakenings. Sleepwalkers should take safety precautions like sleeping on the ground floor and avoiding dangerous objects. One case study involved a man who murdered his mother-in-law while asleep due to severe insomnia. Maintaining good sleep hygiene can help
Sleepwalking
Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, is a parasomnia disorder where individuals engage in activities like walking, eating, or cleaning while asleep and unaware. Sleepwalkers arise from slow-wave sleep in a state of low consciousness and can perform complex tasks with their eyes open, but will be unaware and have no memory of their actions upon fully waking. Experts advise not waking sleepwalkers as it could startle them and cause injury. Treatment may involve addressing breathing issues during sleep to reduce episodes.
Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, occurs during non-REM deep sleep and involves walking or other activities while asleep and without memory of it upon waking. It is more common in children under 12 and males than females. Episodes can last from seconds to over 30 minutes. Management focuses on safety and not waking the sleepwalker, instead gently returning them to bed. Medications may help reduce episodes.
Sleep terrors (night terrors)
What are sleep terrors and how are they different from nightmares.
Definition and diagnosis criteria.
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Nightmares
This document provides information on nightmares, including their definition, common causes, and spiritual significance. It discusses physical, psychological, and spiritual factors that can contribute to nightmares, such as stress, past trauma, medical conditions, and exposure to disturbing media. The document recommends applying the blood of Jesus, filling one's environment with worship music, praying for protection during sleep, and seeking counseling if nightmares persist. The overall message is that God provides protection from nightmares and can give restful sleep.
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Night Terrors
Night terrors are episodes that occur during stages 3 and 4 of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, usually within the first 90 minutes after falling asleep. During a night terror, the person appears awake but is not fully conscious and cannot be easily comforted. Symptoms include screaming, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and confusion. Night terrors are most common in children ages 3 to 5 and typically disappear with adolescence. The cause is unknown but may involve sleep deprivation, fever, stress, or certain medications. Reassurance is usually the best treatment rather than medication.
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Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is a sleep disorder where people walk or do other activities while asleep. It most commonly affects children aged 6-12 years old, but can also occur in adults and the elderly due to factors like alcohol, drugs, anxiety, or underlying medical conditions. Symptoms include roaming around the house and being difficult to wake up while engaged in routine activities. Treatments may include medication, relaxation techniques, or anticipatory awakenings. Sleepwalkers should take safety precautions like sleeping on the ground floor and avoiding dangerous objects. One case study involved a man who murdered his mother-in-law while asleep due to severe insomnia. Maintaining good sleep hygiene can help
Sleepwalking
Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, is a parasomnia disorder where individuals engage in activities like walking, eating, or cleaning while asleep and unaware. Sleepwalkers arise from slow-wave sleep in a state of low consciousness and can perform complex tasks with their eyes open, but will be unaware and have no memory of their actions upon fully waking. Experts advise not waking sleepwalkers as it could startle them and cause injury. Treatment may involve addressing breathing issues during sleep to reduce episodes.
Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, occurs during non-REM deep sleep and involves walking or other activities while asleep and without memory of it upon waking. It is more common in children under 12 and males than females. Episodes can last from seconds to over 30 minutes. Management focuses on safety and not waking the sleepwalker, instead gently returning them to bed. Medications may help reduce episodes.
Sleep terrors (night terrors)
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Definition and diagnosis criteria.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
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These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Acute Gout Care & Urate Lowering Therapy .pdf
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Diagnosis and Staging
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Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Night terrors
- 2. A night terror can also be called a sleep terror because they can happen even just in a daytime nap. A night terror is similar to a night mare but with a lot more drama. They are more common in children then they are in adults with about 15% of younger children having a night terror every now and then. Night terrors are most common in children aged between 2 and 6, although they can occur at almost any age. They are also more common in boys then girls. They occur due to increased brain activity.
- 3. • Some people think that nightmares and night terrors are the same thing , they are similar but there is a difference. Nightmares happen during the dream phase which is known as the REM sleep. You usually enter the REM stage of sleep after about 90 minutes of sleeping. Nightmares are dreams that frighten or scare the sleeper and when they wake up they will have a good memory of a long dream. Where as night terrors occur during the phase of deep non-REM sleep, usually within an hour after the person goes to bed. During a night terror the person will usually sit up right with their eyes wide open and can look like they are in fear or panicking. They can scream and are usually also sweating, breathing fast and have a rapid heart rate. They will appear confused and won’t recognise you. It seems like the person is awake during a night terror but they are actually still asleep. When the person wakes up they usually don’t remember the episode at all other than a sense of fear. Although some people do recall some parts of the night terror and a few people even remember the whole thing.
- 4. • The cause of night terrors is not known but there are some things that can trigger them. They can happen when a child is going through something stressful, when they are unwell or over tired, or sometimes for no reason at all. They are also more likely to have this sleep disturbance if there is a history of it in the family. • Night terrors seem to be a temporary phase which children grow out of. They are not linked to psychological problems latter in life. • Night terrors do not happen during dreams.
- 5. • Even thought they may not recognise you or let you comfort them, as a parent you need to go and comfort your child and make sure they are all right and safe if they are having a night terror, and stay with them until they relax fall back asleep. Talking gently to your child and cuddling them may help them to become calm, but if this does not seem to help and they become more stressed just sit near by. If they are doing something like climbing on furniture which is not safe you need to go stop them even if they fight with you. Try not to wake the child up as this can be unsettling and make the child agitated.
- 6. • - (2002) “Physical therapies” Abnormal psychology, Brown Parkworks limited, Singapore, Vol 6 pp.131-134 • About.com (2010), (Online) “Night terrors” http://pediatrics.about.com/cs/sleep/a/night_terrors.htm • Nemours (2010), (Online) “What are night terrors?” http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sleep/terrors.html • NightTerrors.org (2006), (Online) “Night Terrors” http://www.nightterrors.org/ • Children, Youth and Women’s Help Service (2008), (Online) “Night terrors and other sleep disturbances” http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&np=141&id=2241