This document discusses the need to consider clinical effectiveness and patient outcomes when measuring healthcare quality. It notes that in the past, too little attention has been paid to effectiveness. The document provides several examples of indicators that could be used, such as hospital mortality ratios, postoperative mortality rates, and patient-reported outcome scores. These examples showcase data from various clinical areas like critical care, cancer, and diabetes to illustrate how effectiveness metrics can evaluate issues like adherence to clinical guidelines and patient experiences. The final section lists current national clinical audits underway in England across multiple medical domains.