Peter Newmark was a pioneering figure in Translation Studies in the 20th century. He was influential in establishing Translation Studies programs and was associated with the founding of the Centre for Translation Studies at Surrey. Newmark proposed two main approaches to translation: communicative translation, which aims to produce the same effect on readers as the original, and semantic translation, which focuses on closely following the semantic and syntactic structures of the original. Communicative translation is usually clearer and simpler while semantic translation maintains more of the original meaning.