This document provides an overview of various theories and approaches to literary criticism from the 20th century. It discusses formalism/New Criticism, which focuses on analyzing the internal elements of a work without external context. Reader-response criticism examines how each unique reader interprets a text. Biographical criticism analyzes an author's life in relation to their work. Sociological criticism situates literary works within their social context, including feminist criticism and Marxist criticism. New historicism views literature as an expression of historical forces. Psychoanalytic criticism analyzes works to reveal insights about the human mind, drawing from Freudian concepts. The mythological approach examines archetypes in literature through the ideas of Carl Jung.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Noe-classical Literature Department of M.A. English M.k.Bhavnagar university and it is submitted to Pro. Dr. Dilip Barad.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Noe-classical Literature Department of M.A. English M.k.Bhavnagar university and it is submitted to Pro. Dr. Dilip Barad.
Characteristics of Victorian literature .... Niyati Pathak
This presentation is as a part of my academic activity in sem 2 masters degree .... Victorian age paper ....
What are the cheaf characteristics of the literature is my subject so ple have a lok at this and if u have any of the doubt than contact me ... Give comment and suggestion if u aishi can... Thanks for visite .....
Difference between Theoretical and Practical CriticismHema Goswami
Theoretical criticism, practical criticism, theories,experimental or applied criticism, dof perspective, mint to world and world to mind direction of fit
This Presentation is about Modern Century literaure, Modernism, Poetry and Modern Novel. and Stream of Consiousness. also discuss about Poets and Novelists. This era started from 1900 to 1961
Characteristics of Victorian literature .... Niyati Pathak
This presentation is as a part of my academic activity in sem 2 masters degree .... Victorian age paper ....
What are the cheaf characteristics of the literature is my subject so ple have a lok at this and if u have any of the doubt than contact me ... Give comment and suggestion if u aishi can... Thanks for visite .....
Difference between Theoretical and Practical CriticismHema Goswami
Theoretical criticism, practical criticism, theories,experimental or applied criticism, dof perspective, mint to world and world to mind direction of fit
This Presentation is about Modern Century literaure, Modernism, Poetry and Modern Novel. and Stream of Consiousness. also discuss about Poets and Novelists. This era started from 1900 to 1961
Int. to Literary Theory & Literary Criticism
Compiled By Belachew W/Gebriel (bellachew@gmail.com)
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Introduction to Literary
Criticism
Literary criticism has two main
functions:
1. To analyze, study, and evaluate
works of literature.
2. To form general principles for the
examination of works of literature.
3. Common Characteristics
M.H. Abrams points out in The Mirror and
the Lamp that “any reasonably adequate
theory takes some account of . . . four
elements” (6). These elements are
1. The work itself
2. The artist who creates the work
3. The universe or the nature that is being
imitated by the work
4. The audience of the work
4. 20th Century Literary
Theories
The following slides discuss specific 20th century
literary theories. As we discuss these, you may
find yourself agreeing with one or two theories
while disagreeing heartily with another. Keep in
mind that no single theory offers the “right”
answer about a work of literature; good literature
is simply too varied. Keeping an open mind and
listening to other points of view can enrich your
own insights; that is the purpose of criticism.
5. Formalism
• Has the advantage of forcing writers
to evaluate a work on its own terms
rather than to rely on “accepted”
notions of the writer’s work
• Works best when applied to poetry
and short fiction.
6. Formalism
• Attempts to discover meaning by close reading of
a work of literature. Focus is on:
– Form, organization, and structure
– Word choice and language
– Multiple meanings
• Considers the work in isolation, disregarding
author’s intent, author’s background, context, and
anything else outside of the work itself.
7. Formalism/New Criticism
• The formalist movement began in England
with the publication of I.A. Richards’
Practical Criticism (1929).
• American critics (such as John Crowe
Ransom, Robert Penn Warren, and Cleanth
Brooks) adapted formalism and termed
their adaptation “New Criticism.”
8. Formalism/New Criticism
• New Criticism varied from formalism in
that New Criticism focuses on image,
symbol, and meaning. Traditional
formalists often attacked New Critics for
their lack of attention to the form of the
work.
• Seminal works on New Criticism include
John Crowe Ransom’s The New Criticism
(1941) and Cleanth Brooks’ The Well
Wrought Urn (1947).
9. Impact of Formalism
Today, few critics adhere only to the
formalist or New Criticism theory.
However, its back-to-the-basics
approach pervades many other
critical theories.
10. Reader-Response
Criticism
• Sees the reader as essential to the interpretation of a
work.
– Each reader is unique, with different educations,
experiences, moral values, opinions, tastes, etc.
– Therefore, each reader’s interaction with a work is
unique.
• Analyzes the features of the text that shape and
guide a reader’s reading.
• Emphasizes recursive reading—rereading for new
interpretations.
11. Reader-Response
Criticism
• Reader-response theory has been
criticized as being overly impressionistic
and guilty of the affective fallacy (too
focused on the emotional effect of the
work). Less tactful critics have plainly
said that it is not intellectual.
• These attacks resulted in an adaptation of
reader-response criticism called reception
theory.
12. Reader-Response/Reception
Theory
Reception theory is applied to the
general reading public rather than an
individual reader.
• Each generation has different
experiences, values, issues, etc.
• Therefore, each generation will read
a work differently.
13. Biographical Criticism
• Analyzes an author’s life in regard to
their work
• Can enhance the understanding of a
work
• Must be used carefully—example:
Kate Chopin
14. Sociological Criticism
Maintains that the literary work cannot be
separated from the social context in which
it was created. In general, sociological
criticism examines one of these two
aspects:
– Conditions of production, such as schools,
magazines, publishers, and fashions.
– The applicability of a given work—fiction
especially—in studying the dynamics of a given
society.
15. Types of Sociological
Criticism
Sociological theory is so broad that it
can be subdivided in many different
categories. Two dominant theories
we’ll study are
• Feminist criticism
• Marxist criticism
16. Feminist Criticism
• Feminist criticism grew out of the women’s
movement that followed World War II.
• Feminist critics analyze the role of gender
in works of literature. Leading critic
Elaine Showalter describes two purposes
of feminist criticism:
– Feminist critique: The analysis of works by
male authors, especially in the depiction of
women’s writing
– Gynocriticism: The study of women’s writing
17. Feminist Criticism
Feminist critics have been responsible for
recovering neglected works by women
authors through the ages and creating a
canon of women’s writing.
A case in point is Kate Chopin. She was
fairly widely published in the 1890s, but
her work was largely neglected by literary
critics until the 1960s, when Chopin was
“rediscovered” by feminist critics.
18. Marxist Criticism
• Marxist criticism is based on the social and
economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels. Their beliefs include the following:
– Value is based on labor.
– The working class will eventually overthrow the capitalist
middle class.
– In the meantime, the middle class exploits the working
class.
– Most institutions—religious, legal, educational, and
governmental—are corrupted by middle-class capitalists.
19. Marxist Criticism
• Marxist critics apply these economic and
social theories to literature by analyzing:
– Ideologies that support the elite and place the
working class at a disadvantage
– Class conflict
• Marxism strongly influenced fiction,
particularly American fiction, in the 1930s.
20. New Historicism
• New historicist critics view literature as
part of history, and furthermore, as an
expression of forces on history.
• New historicism compares literary analysis
to a dynamic circle:
– The work tells us something about the
surrounding ideology (slavery, rights of women,
etc.)
– Study of the ideology tells us something about
the work.
21. New Historicism
• New historicism takes two forms:
– Analysis of the work in the context in which it
was created
– Analysis of the work in the context in which it
was critically evaluated.
• New historicists assert that literature
“does not exist outside time and place and
cannot be interpreted without reference
to the era in which it was written”
(Kirszner and Mandell 2038).
22. New Historicism
• Readers are influenced by their
culture, so no objective reading of a
work is possible.
• Critics should consider how their own
culture affects their interpretation
of the historical influence on a work.
23. Psychoanalytic Criticism
• Analyzes literature to reveal insights
about the way the human mind works.
• Is based on the work of Sigmund
Freud and his disciples.
• Works well as a method of analyzing
characters’ actions and motivations.
24. Basic Freudian Concepts
• All actions are influenced by the
unconscious.
• Human beings must repress many of
their desires to live peacefully with
others.
• Repressed desires often surface in
the unconscious, motivating actions.
25. Basic Freudian Concepts
• The mind has three major areas of
activity:
– Id: Area in the unconscious that works for
gratification through the pleasure principle
– Superego: An internal censor bringing social
pressures to bear on the id.
– Ego: Area in the consciousness that mediates
among demands of social pressure, the id, and
the superego.
26. Mythological Approach
• Largely attributed to Carl Jung, a
disciple of Sigmund Freud
• Archetype: a model or pattern from
which all other things of a similar
nature are made
27. Mythological Approach
• Collective Unconscious--there are certain
basic and central images and experiences
that are inherent in the human psyche
• Analyzes what in a work evokes a similar
response in people, regardless of culture
• Concerned with enduring patterns and how
they are reflected in literature
28. Examples of Archetypes
Common Themes:
• Stories of quest and initiation
• Descents into the underworld
• Ascents into heaven
• Search for father/mother
• Fall from innocence
30. Works Consulted
Abrams, M.H. The Mirror and the Lamp. London: Oxford UP, 1953.
Arnold, Matthew. “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time.”
Selected Prose. Ed. P.J. Keating. London: Penguin, 1970. 130-157.
Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon. A Handbook to Literature. 6th
ed. New York: Macmillan, 1992.
Keating, P.J. Introduction. Selected Prose. By Matthew Arnold. Ed.
Keating. London: Penguin, 1970. 9-36.
Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Literature: Reading,
Reacting, Writing. 3rd ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1997.
Pope, Alexander. An Essay on Criticism. The Norton Anthology of
English Literature. 7th Major Authors ed. Ed. M.H. Abrams and
Stephen Greenblatt. New York: Norton, 2001. 1123-1134.