This document provides an overview of an international business course, including:
- An outline of topics to be covered in each class meeting ranging from the history of trade and globalization to international investment, trade agreements, and assessing foreign markets.
- Definitions and examples of key concepts like exporting, importing, foreign direct investment, licensing, and franchising.
- Discussion of why international business differs from domestic business and the importance of cultural literacy when operating globally.
- Tables listing the world's largest corporations and sources of international trade data.
The Philippines is currently in 35 Bilateral Investment Treatises, wherein most of those are either unutilized to the fullest or unutilized at all. This is due mainly to the lack of resources and researcher on trade and investment in the Philippines to help policy makers in deciding and forging sounds strategies. Another is because of the country characteristics
The Philippines is currently in 35 Bilateral Investment Treatises, wherein most of those are either unutilized to the fullest or unutilized at all. This is due mainly to the lack of resources and researcher on trade and investment in the Philippines to help policy makers in deciding and forging sounds strategies. Another is because of the country characteristics
Open source adalah suatu istilah yang digunakan untuk softwere (perangkat lunak) yang membuka atau membebaskan source codenya dapat dilihat oleh pengunanya, dan membiarkan penggunanya dapat melihat bagaimana cara kerja dari software
Kekuatan Keuangan PengaruhnyaTerhadap Bisnis Internasional
Ada beberapa penyebab yang bisa mempengaruhi kekuatan keuangan, seperti inflasi, fluktuasi nilai mata uang, dan perpajakan.
Jadi banyak hal yang harus diperhatikan sebelum menjalin kerja sama bisnis dalam lingkup nasional maupun internasional.
Semoga bermanfaat
Open source adalah suatu istilah yang digunakan untuk softwere (perangkat lunak) yang membuka atau membebaskan source codenya dapat dilihat oleh pengunanya, dan membiarkan penggunanya dapat melihat bagaimana cara kerja dari software
Kekuatan Keuangan PengaruhnyaTerhadap Bisnis Internasional
Ada beberapa penyebab yang bisa mempengaruhi kekuatan keuangan, seperti inflasi, fluktuasi nilai mata uang, dan perpajakan.
Jadi banyak hal yang harus diperhatikan sebelum menjalin kerja sama bisnis dalam lingkup nasional maupun internasional.
Semoga bermanfaat
The Global
Economic
Environment
1
Interesting The Guardian story about Italy that combines Culture (population) + Political (govt business subsidies) + Economic environments
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/11/underpopulated-italian-region-molise
Global Economic Environment
1 of 2
International Trade Theory
firms expanding internationally must appreciate how their international activities match with a country’s goals for international trade
Balance of Payments
a leading indicator of the international economic health of a country and may directly influence a firm’s expansion decisions https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/balance-of-trade
Government Policy and Trade
firms are directly impacted by government policies in areas such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers
3
Global Economic Environment
2 of 2
Institutions in the World Economy
institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the World Bank greatly influence trade policies, and ultimately can influence a firm’s global strategy
Regional Economic Integration
firms generally benefit from economic integration through lower costs of doing business. However it can also lead to stronger competitors
4
International Trade Theory
Why do nations trade?
Key international trade theories:
Absolute Advantage and Comparative Advantage
Product Life Cycle – Trade patterns and production over time
5
Comparative Advantage
“Different countries have dissimilar prices and costs on goods because different goods require a different mix of factors in their production and because countries differ in their supply of these factors.” (Ohlin)
e.g., Can you grow salmon in Texas?
6
Product Life Cycle
Four Phases of the Product Life Cycle:
Phase 1: the U.S. exports the product
Phase 2: foreign production starts
Phase 3: foreign production becomes competitive in export markets
Phase 4: import competition begins
The Product Life Cycle may not explain trade and production patterns as well anymore due to:
Short gap between phases
“Born globals” may skip some phases
7
Product Life Cycle
1 of 3
Developed Nation (strong economy)
Produces more than consumes at the beginning, then a switch
8
Product Life Cycle
2 of 3
Emerging Nation
Consumes more than produces at the beginning, then a switch
9
The Consumer PLC
Extending a Product in Other Markets
Balance of Payments 1 of 2
The Balance of Payments (BOP) is a summary of a country's economic transactions w/the world, for a specified period of time.
Current Account
Goods (Merchandise)
Services
Unilateral Transfers
http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/glance.htm
http://tse.export.gov/TSE/
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/indian-rupee-hits-an-all-time-low-of-72-69-versus-us-dollar/videoshow/65769296.cms
11
U.S. Imports
vs. Exports
https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/balance-of-trade
Financial considerations
Reflects a country’s solvency/economic health
Steady loss of foreign exch.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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3. 8
Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi dan pengaruhnya
terhadap Bisnis Internasional
BKW I Hal : 299
- 330
9 Faktor Pendorong Bisnis Internasional
BKW I Hal : 332-
369
10 Sosiokultural dan Bisnis Internasional
BKW I Hal : 370-
423
11
Kekuatan Politik dan Pengaruhnya terhadap
Bisnis Internasional
BKW I Hal : 424-
459
12 Tarif, Proteksi dan Counter Trade
BKW II Hal : 76
- 111
13 Menilai dan Menganalisis Pasar
BKW I (jilid 2)
Hal : 230-261
14 Praktik ekspor dan impor
BKW I (jilid 2)
Hal : 321-375
UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER (UAS)
1-3
6. Komponen yang terlibat
Lebih dari satu negara
– Pemerintah
– Swasta
– Rumah tangga
Organisasi Perdagangan Internasional
7. 1-7
How Does International Business
Differ from Domestic?
Currency conversion
Legal systems
Culture
Availability of resources
8. 1-8
Why Study International Business?
Large organizations
Foreign-owned subsidiaries
Small businesses
Competitors
Business techniques and tools
Cultural literacy
10. 1-10
Exporting and Importing
Exporting: selling of products made in
one’s own country for use or resale in
other countries
Importing: buying of products made in
other countries for use or resale in
one’s own country
11. 1-11
53% of Boeing’s
aircraft sales are
to foreign airlines
Perlu diketahuiPerlu diketahui
12. 1-12
Visible and Invisible Trade
Trade in Goods
– Merchandise exports and imports
– Visible trade
Trade in Services
– Service exports and imports
– Invisible trade
13. 1-13
International Investments
Capital supplied by residents of one
country to residents of another
2 categories:
– Foreign direct investments
– Portfolio investments
14. 1-14
Other Forms of
International Business Activity
Licensing: firm in one country licenses
the use of its intellectual property to a
firm in a second country in return for a
royalty payment
Franchising: firm in one country
authorizes a firm in another country to
utilize its operating system and
intellectual property
15. 1-15
Management Contracts
A firm in one country agrees to operate
facilities or provide other management
services to a firm in another country
for an agreed-upon fee
Common in upper-end international
hotel industry
17. 1-17
Table 1.1 The World’s Largest
Corporations – 2002
Rank Name Country Revenues $Mil
1 Wal-Mart Stores U.S. 246,525
2 General Motors U.S. 186,763
3 Exxon Mobil U.S. 182,466
4 Royal Dutch/Shell Netherlands 179,431
5 BP Britain 178,721
6 Ford Motor U.S. 163,871
7 DaimlerChrysler Germany 141,421
8 Toyota Motor Japan 131,754
9 General Electric U.S. 131,698
10 Mitsubishi Japan 109,386
18. C1-18
Sources of International Commodity
Trade Data
Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)
– Commodity Trade Statistics
– Main Economic Indicators
U.S. Census Bureau report of exports and imports
– United States Commodity Imports and Exports as
Related to Output
19. Supply Curves of Wheat and Textiles Under
Constant Cost Conditions
FIGURE 2.1
C1-19
20. C1-20
Comparative Opportunity Cost
Who Exports What?
– Necessary to measure joint productivity of all
factors (in monetary value).
– Unit production cost = aggregate resources
used in production of one output unit
Limits to Mutually Beneficial Exchange
22. C1-22
Dynamic Gains from International Trade
Static effects—reallocation of resources
Dynamic benefits—additional resources available
Higher income from more efficient use of resources
Increased savings, more resources available for
investment
Technological spillover
Increased size of national market
Economies of scale and benefits to economy at large
– Competitive pressure on prices
– Product improvement
– Technological advancement
– Increased labor pool
– Infrastructure development
– Inflation dampening