The document provides a comprehensive overview of neuroanatomy, detailing the structure and function of various neuronal cells, nerve types, and brain region functions. It also discusses the organization of sensory and motor pathways, highlighting specific areas and their roles in the nervous system. Additionally, it examines blood supply to the central nervous system and implications of various lesions and syndromes.

1. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
NEURO ANATOMY
 Schwann cells - Myelin production in cns
 Oligodendrocytes - Myelin production in cns
 The fastest conduncting fibres are TYPE-A fibres
 TYPE-A:-
 α – Muscle spindle { Extra fusal muscle fibres }
 γ – Intra fusal muscle fibres
 δ – Collaterls to Aα
 Type-B:-
 Supplies preganglionic autonomic fibres and receives information
from skin,viscera,connective tissue .
 TYPE-C:-
 These are unmyelinated
 Sends efferents to post ganglionic autonomic fibres
 Jumping of AP from one node to other is Saltatory condunction
 Fibrous Astrocytes – Blood Brain Barrier {BBB}
 Spinal cord ends at L2 Verterbra
 Laminae I – Marginal cell
 Laminae II – Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
 Laminae III – Chief – sensory cells
 Laminae IV – Clrake’s cells
 Laminae IX –Substantia gelatinosa centralis
 The occulomotor nerve emergsfrom medial aspect of crus cerebri
 The Trochlear nerve emergs from lateral aspect of crus cerebri
 A pair of superior and inferior colliculi forms corpora quadrigemina
 Telencephalon – Cerebral cortex , Basal ganglia
 Diencephalon – Thalamus , Hypothalamus
 Mesencephalon – Midbrain , cerebral penduncles
 Rhombcephalon – Pons , cerebellum , Medulla
 Spinal cord develops from the downward Continuation of Neural Tube
 Anterior Spinothalamic Tract – Crude touch sensations , Chief-Sensory cell
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2. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
 Lateral Spincothalamic Tract – Substantia geltinosa , Pain and
Temperature
 Renshaw cell –Laminae VII
 Laminae -IX – α OR γ Motor neurons
 Medulla oblongata –3cm length , 2cm width
 Anterior surface of pons is marked in the midline by shallow groove which
contains Basilar Artery
 Cerebello pontine angle has Facial Nerve , Vestibulo cochlear Nerve and
Glossopharyngeal Nerve emergs from Medial To Lateral
 Spinal nucleus of trigeminus presents on the Lateral aspect of medulla ,
More medially nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
 Medial lemniscus is formed by fibres arising from nucleus gracilis and
nucleus cuneatus
 Cerebrum and cerebellum are separated by Tentrioum cerebella
 Cerebellar nuclei – Dentate , Emboli form , Globose ,Fastigeal
 Dentate is the largest form of cerebellar nuclei
 Anterior spinal artery – Anterior 2/3 of spinal cord
 Posterior spinal artery – Posterior 1/3 of spinal cord
 Greater Anterior segmental medullary artery – Adam Kiewilz
 Directly arising from aorta
 Major source of blood to lower third of spinal cord
 Spinal shock is more common in Lower Third Of Spinal cord
 Anterior Longitudinal artery and Intra medullary arteries are end arteries
of spinal cord
 Spinal shock is seen Most common in Thoracic and Lumbar Area
 Lumbar spinal shock - Most common Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
 Synaptic cleft - 20 - 40 nm Wide
 Subconscious Kinesthetic sensations from upperlimb – Cuneocerebellar
Tract
 Toxin induced neuronal degeneratiob – Injury to dorsal columns
 Lateral spinothalamic and anterior spinothalamic ascends in the form
Of spinal Lemniscus
 Dorsal spino cerebellar tract – Clarke’s column
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3. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
 Ventral spino cerebellat tract – Marginal cell
 Spino cerebellar tract carries Subconscious kinesthetic sensations
 Syringomyeliea – Dorsal Column Injury – Sensory Loss
 ARAS – Conscious And Awarness
 Upper motor neuron { UMN } – Spastic Paralysis
 Lower motor neuron { LMN } - Flaccid Paralysis
 Babinski sign positive – UMN Lesions
 CSF – 150 Ml
 Globus Pallidus + putamen = Lentiform Nucleus
 Lentiform Nucleus + Caudate Nucleus = Corpus Striatum
 Corpus striatum is important for Intelligence and Longterm Memory
and Development of IQ
 Flow of CSF from Lateral 2/3 rd ventricle – Foramen of Monro
 CSF from 3rd – 4th ventricle – Aqueduct of sylvius
 Area 4 – Primary Motor Area
 Area 6 – Pre Motor Area { Association Area }
 Area 8– Frontal eye field { Conjugate Movements of eye ball }
 Area 9,10,11 – Controls personality and intellect
 Area 3,2,1 – Primary sensory area
 Damage to somato sensory area causes deficit in fine touch ,position
and vibration sense ( Dorsal columns are more commonly involved )
 Area 17,18,19 – Visual Cortex
 Area 17 – Primary Visual Area
 Area 18 – Visual Association Area
 Area 19 – Identification and Analyzing
 Area 41 – Primary Auditory Area
 Area 42 – Auditory Association Area
 Area 22 – Wernicke’s Area
 Area 44,45 – Broca’s Area
 The posterior limb of internal capsule contains Cortico spinal tract
 Blood supply of internal capsule – Middle cerebral artery
 Specific Gravity of CSF – 1.005
 Concentration of Nacl is high in CSF when compared to plasma
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4. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
 Production of CSF – 0.3 ml / min
 Thalamus is supplied by Posterior cerebral Artery (75%) , Middle
Cerebral Artery (25%)
 Thalamus - Striate Vein - Venous Drianage of thalamus
 Lateral Hypothalamic Area considered as feeding ccentre
 Hypoglossal nucleus – Innervates Styloglossus and Genioglossus
 Arterial Supply Of Medulla
 Anterior spinal artery – Branch of veretebral artery
 Posterior spinal artery – Branch of veretebral artery
 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery –Branch of verterbral artery
 Substantia Nigra :-
 Dorsal part – Pars Compacta
 Ventral part –Pars Reticularis
 Pars Compacta contains Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Neurons
 Pars Reticularis contains Dopaminergic Neurons
 Trochlear Nerve is the only cranial nerve arises from Dorsal aspect of
brain { Posteriorly }
 Lesion in red nucleus causes Benedict’s syndrome
 Paranaud’s syndrome – Tumor at superior collicular which
compresses pineal body
 Blood supply of pons – Superior Cerebellar Artery , Posterior –
Inferior Cerebellar Artery
 Archicerebellum – Lingula + Floculla
 Function : Equilibrium – Tone and Posture of trunk muscles
 Paleo cerebellum – Tone and Posture of Anti gravity muscles
 Neopallial cortex – Skilled Movements
 Climbing Fibers , Mossy Fibers , Granular Fibers – { Excitatory
Neurotransmitters are Aspartate , Glutamate }
 Purkinjie cell – Neurotransmitter – GABA
 BBB is absent in Posterior Pituitary , Median Eminence , Pineal
Gland
 Putamen – Anterior Cerebral Artery
 Anterior Chorodial Artery – Optic Tract , Optic Chiasma
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5. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
 Globus pallidus – Straite Arteries – Branch of middle cerebral artery
 Tail of caudate nucleus and amygdaloid body are perforating
branches of middle cerebral artery
 Lesions in corpus striatum – Parkinsonism
 The cranial nerve which does not have parasympathetic component
–Abducens Nerve
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