Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
Anatomy of thalamus,Nuclei of thalamus,functional classification of thalamic nuclei,afferent and efferent connections of thalamus,motor function of thalamus,alertness and arousal in thalamus,thalamus and emotional behavior,Thalamic syndrome,Korsakoff's Syndrome
White matter of cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum Dr Lovely Jain
White matter of cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum is a very imporant topic for theory & viva in neuroanatomy.i try to made easy to understand for all student of medical field.
Anatomy of thalamus,Nuclei of thalamus,functional classification of thalamic nuclei,afferent and efferent connections of thalamus,motor function of thalamus,alertness and arousal in thalamus,thalamus and emotional behavior,Thalamic syndrome,Korsakoff's Syndrome
White matter of cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum Dr Lovely Jain
White matter of cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum is a very imporant topic for theory & viva in neuroanatomy.i try to made easy to understand for all student of medical field.
Internal Medicine Board Review - Rheumatology Flashcards - by KnowmedgeKnowmedge
Internal Medicine Board Review Flashcards - This eBook contains 50 Rheumatology
Flashcards. The Flashcards are review questions and can be used to study for medical board exams including the USMLE Step Exams and the ABIM Internal Medicine Exam. More questions can be found at www.knowmedge.com
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Neuro anatomy High yield - fmge
1. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
NEURO ANATOMY
Schwann cells - Myelin production in cns
Oligodendrocytes - Myelin production in cns
The fastest conduncting fibres are TYPE-A fibres
TYPE-A:-
α – Muscle spindle { Extra fusal muscle fibres }
γ – Intra fusal muscle fibres
δ – Collaterls to Aα
Type-B:-
Supplies preganglionic autonomic fibres and receives information
from skin,viscera,connective tissue .
TYPE-C:-
These are unmyelinated
Sends efferents to post ganglionic autonomic fibres
Jumping of AP from one node to other is Saltatory condunction
Fibrous Astrocytes – Blood Brain Barrier {BBB}
Spinal cord ends at L2 Verterbra
Laminae I – Marginal cell
Laminae II – Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
Laminae III – Chief – sensory cells
Laminae IV – Clrake’s cells
Laminae IX –Substantia gelatinosa centralis
The occulomotor nerve emergsfrom medial aspect of crus cerebri
The Trochlear nerve emergs from lateral aspect of crus cerebri
A pair of superior and inferior colliculi forms corpora quadrigemina
Telencephalon – Cerebral cortex , Basal ganglia
Diencephalon – Thalamus , Hypothalamus
Mesencephalon – Midbrain , cerebral penduncles
Rhombcephalon – Pons , cerebellum , Medulla
Spinal cord develops from the downward Continuation of Neural Tube
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract – Crude touch sensations , Chief-Sensory cell
Global Institute Of Medical Sciences – www.gims-org.com
2. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
Lateral Spincothalamic Tract – Substantia geltinosa , Pain and
Temperature
Renshaw cell –Laminae VII
Laminae -IX – α OR γ Motor neurons
Medulla oblongata –3cm length , 2cm width
Anterior surface of pons is marked in the midline by shallow groove which
contains Basilar Artery
Cerebello pontine angle has Facial Nerve , Vestibulo cochlear Nerve and
Glossopharyngeal Nerve emergs from Medial To Lateral
Spinal nucleus of trigeminus presents on the Lateral aspect of medulla ,
More medially nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
Medial lemniscus is formed by fibres arising from nucleus gracilis and
nucleus cuneatus
Cerebrum and cerebellum are separated by Tentrioum cerebella
Cerebellar nuclei – Dentate , Emboli form , Globose ,Fastigeal
Dentate is the largest form of cerebellar nuclei
Anterior spinal artery – Anterior 2/3 of spinal cord
Posterior spinal artery – Posterior 1/3 of spinal cord
Greater Anterior segmental medullary artery – Adam Kiewilz
Directly arising from aorta
Major source of blood to lower third of spinal cord
Spinal shock is more common in Lower Third Of Spinal cord
Anterior Longitudinal artery and Intra medullary arteries are end arteries
of spinal cord
Spinal shock is seen Most common in Thoracic and Lumbar Area
Lumbar spinal shock - Most common Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Synaptic cleft - 20 - 40 nm Wide
Subconscious Kinesthetic sensations from upperlimb – Cuneocerebellar
Tract
Toxin induced neuronal degeneratiob – Injury to dorsal columns
Lateral spinothalamic and anterior spinothalamic ascends in the form
Of spinal Lemniscus
Dorsal spino cerebellar tract – Clarke’s column
Global Institute Of Medical Sciences – www.gims-org.com
3. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
Ventral spino cerebellat tract – Marginal cell
Spino cerebellar tract carries Subconscious kinesthetic sensations
Syringomyeliea – Dorsal Column Injury – Sensory Loss
ARAS – Conscious And Awarness
Upper motor neuron { UMN } – Spastic Paralysis
Lower motor neuron { LMN } - Flaccid Paralysis
Babinski sign positive – UMN Lesions
CSF – 150 Ml
Globus Pallidus + putamen = Lentiform Nucleus
Lentiform Nucleus + Caudate Nucleus = Corpus Striatum
Corpus striatum is important for Intelligence and Longterm Memory
and Development of IQ
Flow of CSF from Lateral 2/3 rd ventricle – Foramen of Monro
CSF from 3rd – 4th ventricle – Aqueduct of sylvius
Area 4 – Primary Motor Area
Area 6 – Pre Motor Area { Association Area }
Area 8– Frontal eye field { Conjugate Movements of eye ball }
Area 9,10,11 – Controls personality and intellect
Area 3,2,1 – Primary sensory area
Damage to somato sensory area causes deficit in fine touch ,position
and vibration sense ( Dorsal columns are more commonly involved )
Area 17,18,19 – Visual Cortex
Area 17 – Primary Visual Area
Area 18 – Visual Association Area
Area 19 – Identification and Analyzing
Area 41 – Primary Auditory Area
Area 42 – Auditory Association Area
Area 22 – Wernicke’s Area
Area 44,45 – Broca’s Area
The posterior limb of internal capsule contains Cortico spinal tract
Blood supply of internal capsule – Middle cerebral artery
Specific Gravity of CSF – 1.005
Concentration of Nacl is high in CSF when compared to plasma
Global Institute Of Medical Sciences – www.gims-org.com
4. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
Production of CSF – 0.3 ml / min
Thalamus is supplied by Posterior cerebral Artery (75%) , Middle
Cerebral Artery (25%)
Thalamus - Striate Vein - Venous Drianage of thalamus
Lateral Hypothalamic Area considered as feeding ccentre
Hypoglossal nucleus – Innervates Styloglossus and Genioglossus
Arterial Supply Of Medulla
Anterior spinal artery – Branch of veretebral artery
Posterior spinal artery – Branch of veretebral artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery –Branch of verterbral artery
Substantia Nigra :-
Dorsal part – Pars Compacta
Ventral part –Pars Reticularis
Pars Compacta contains Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Neurons
Pars Reticularis contains Dopaminergic Neurons
Trochlear Nerve is the only cranial nerve arises from Dorsal aspect of
brain { Posteriorly }
Lesion in red nucleus causes Benedict’s syndrome
Paranaud’s syndrome – Tumor at superior collicular which
compresses pineal body
Blood supply of pons – Superior Cerebellar Artery , Posterior –
Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Archicerebellum – Lingula + Floculla
Function : Equilibrium – Tone and Posture of trunk muscles
Paleo cerebellum – Tone and Posture of Anti gravity muscles
Neopallial cortex – Skilled Movements
Climbing Fibers , Mossy Fibers , Granular Fibers – { Excitatory
Neurotransmitters are Aspartate , Glutamate }
Purkinjie cell – Neurotransmitter – GABA
BBB is absent in Posterior Pituitary , Median Eminence , Pineal
Gland
Putamen – Anterior Cerebral Artery
Anterior Chorodial Artery – Optic Tract , Optic Chiasma
Global Institute Of Medical Sciences – www.gims-org.com
5. High yield FMGE - Neuroanatomy
Globus pallidus – Straite Arteries – Branch of middle cerebral artery
Tail of caudate nucleus and amygdaloid body are perforating
branches of middle cerebral artery
Lesions in corpus striatum – Parkinsonism
The cranial nerve which does not have parasympathetic component
–Abducens Nerve
Global Institute Of Medical Sciences – www.gims-org.com