This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals including IPv4 addressing, subnetting, routing protocols, and VPN technologies. Some key points:
- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and come in binary and dotted-decimal notation. Subnetting allows dividing large address blocks into smaller subgroups using flexible net masks.
- Common routing protocols include RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP. Interior Gateway Protocols like RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF are used within autonomous systems, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
- VPNs create secure tunnels over public networks using protocols like IPSec which provides encryption and authentication. IPSec can operate in
This slide contains the basic and advanced concept of OSPF routing protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books, and I presented it at IRAN TIC company. In the next slide, I will upload an attractive advanced feature about OSPF.
Layer 3 Protocols
This document provides an overview of various layer 3 protocols and techniques, including routing protocols (BGP, IS-IS, OSPF, RIP), multicasting protocols (IGMP), and loop avoidance techniques. It describes the purpose and key features of each protocol. BGP exchanges routing information between autonomous systems. IS-IS and OSPF are intra-AS routing protocols that use link-state algorithms. RIP is a distance vector protocol best suited to small networks. IGMP manages multicast group membership. NDP provides address resolution and neighbor discovery for IPv6. HIP separates host identity from IP addresses to enable mobility.
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol, including that it is an interior gateway protocol that uses link state routing to establish neighbor relationships and exchange routing information within an autonomous system in order to determine the shortest path between any two routers on a network. OSPF detects changes in network topology quickly and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds, and it has been widely implemented in large enterprise networks to provide efficient routing.
This document discusses bonding interfaces in Mikrotik routers. It begins with an overview of bonding and its benefits of higher throughput and failover. It then covers the different options for link monitoring and bonding modes, including active-backup, load balancing, and broadcast modes. It provides an example configuration of bonding two Ethernet interfaces together. Finally, it proposes testing the bonded bandwidth and provides references for further reading.
BFD is a protocol that can quickly detect failures in the forwarding path between two adjacent routers, including interfaces, data links, and forwarding planes. It operates in two modes: asynchronous mode where it periodically sends control packets, and demand mode where it only sends packets when needed. When a failure is detected, BFD triggers routing protocol actions to recalculate the routing table and reduce convergence time. It provides fast failure detection independently of media, encapsulation, topology, or routing protocol. Configuring BFD involves setting intervals at the interface level and enabling it for routing protocols.
The document discusses the link-state routing protocol OSPF. It provides an overview of distance vector routing versus link-state routing, and describes OSPF operations including flooding link state advertisements, building the link state database, calculating the shortest path tree using the Dijkstra algorithm, and configuring and verifying OSPF on Cisco routers. Key aspects of OSPF covered include areas, costs, router types, and debug and show commands for troubleshooting.
The document discusses OSPF link-state routing protocol. It describes OSPF's use of link-state databases containing topology information and Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path to all destinations. It also explains OSPF's hierarchical area-based network structure and use of link-state advertisements to exchange routing information between neighbors.
This slide contains the basic and advanced concept of OSPF routing protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books, and I presented it at IRAN TIC company. In the next slide, I will upload an attractive advanced feature about OSPF.
Layer 3 Protocols
This document provides an overview of various layer 3 protocols and techniques, including routing protocols (BGP, IS-IS, OSPF, RIP), multicasting protocols (IGMP), and loop avoidance techniques. It describes the purpose and key features of each protocol. BGP exchanges routing information between autonomous systems. IS-IS and OSPF are intra-AS routing protocols that use link-state algorithms. RIP is a distance vector protocol best suited to small networks. IGMP manages multicast group membership. NDP provides address resolution and neighbor discovery for IPv6. HIP separates host identity from IP addresses to enable mobility.
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol, including that it is an interior gateway protocol that uses link state routing to establish neighbor relationships and exchange routing information within an autonomous system in order to determine the shortest path between any two routers on a network. OSPF detects changes in network topology quickly and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds, and it has been widely implemented in large enterprise networks to provide efficient routing.
This document discusses bonding interfaces in Mikrotik routers. It begins with an overview of bonding and its benefits of higher throughput and failover. It then covers the different options for link monitoring and bonding modes, including active-backup, load balancing, and broadcast modes. It provides an example configuration of bonding two Ethernet interfaces together. Finally, it proposes testing the bonded bandwidth and provides references for further reading.
BFD is a protocol that can quickly detect failures in the forwarding path between two adjacent routers, including interfaces, data links, and forwarding planes. It operates in two modes: asynchronous mode where it periodically sends control packets, and demand mode where it only sends packets when needed. When a failure is detected, BFD triggers routing protocol actions to recalculate the routing table and reduce convergence time. It provides fast failure detection independently of media, encapsulation, topology, or routing protocol. Configuring BFD involves setting intervals at the interface level and enabling it for routing protocols.
The document discusses the link-state routing protocol OSPF. It provides an overview of distance vector routing versus link-state routing, and describes OSPF operations including flooding link state advertisements, building the link state database, calculating the shortest path tree using the Dijkstra algorithm, and configuring and verifying OSPF on Cisco routers. Key aspects of OSPF covered include areas, costs, router types, and debug and show commands for troubleshooting.
The document discusses OSPF link-state routing protocol. It describes OSPF's use of link-state databases containing topology information and Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path to all destinations. It also explains OSPF's hierarchical area-based network structure and use of link-state advertisements to exchange routing information between neighbors.
This document provides an overview of OSPF including terminology, router types, link state advertisements (LSAs), network types, and the steps of OSPF operation. It discusses establishing adjacencies, electing designated routers, discovering routes, selecting routes, and maintaining routing information. It also covers configuring and verifying OSPF within a single area, over non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) networks, and across multiple areas. Special area types like stub, totally stubby, and not-so-stubby areas are explained as well as using virtual links.
OSPF is an interior gateway protocol that uses link state routing and the Shortest Path First algorithm to calculate the best routes between destinations in a router network. It elects a Designated Router and Backup Designated Router on each multi-access network that distribute routing information to other routers through link state advertisements. OSPF supports authentication, manual route summarization, and metric adjustments to optimize routing behavior.
VXLAN BGP EVPN is a technology that uses VXLAN, BGP and EVPN to build multi-tenant IP fabrics. The document discusses VXLAN and EVPN concepts and acronyms, as well as providing sample configurations and outputs for a VXLAN BGP EVPN setup on Arista switches. Key technologies covered include VXLAN, VTEPs, VNIs, EVPN instances, MAC learning in the control plane, and the advantages of EVPN over traditional VXLAN.
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
VXLAN is a point to point, UDP-based "tunneling" protocol, that enables L2 encapsulation over an L3 "undernet", while also allowing up to 16 million Virtual Networks. One challenge with deploying VXLAN is that by default VXLAN requires multicast support for Broadcast, Unknown and Multi-cast packets. Often this is not possible in customer networks. An alternative approach is to use the Service Node concept where dedicated node(s)/process(es) are responsible for flooding Broadcast, Unknown, and Multicast packets throughout a network.
This removes the need for multi-cast, and greatly simplifies network configuration. However, it does require a scalable, and highly available implementation.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
1) OSPF is a link-state routing protocol where each router maintains an identical database describing the network topology by flooding link-state advertisements (LSAs) throughout the network.
2) The routers run the Dijkstra shortest path first algorithm on their link-state database to determine the optimal route to all reachable networks.
3) OSPF routers establish neighbor relationships by multicasting hello packets to discover one another, then exchange and synchronize their full link-state databases.
This document provides an overview and design guide for implementing VXLAN and vCNS networks. It begins with an introduction to VXLAN including competing solutions, why it was created, and current adoption status. It then discusses the key components needed for a VXLAN deployment including vCNS Edge, vSphere Distributed Switch, and VTEPs. The document reviews multicast configuration options and considerations, as well as high-level logical and physical deployment diagrams. It concludes with a discussion of VXLAN performance overhead and using VXLAN with HP Virtual Connect.
Operationalizing EVPN in the Data Center: Part 2Cumulus Networks
In the second of our two-part series on EVPN, Cumulus Networks Chief Scientist Dinesh Dutt dives into more technical details of network routing, EVPN use cases, and best practices for operationalizing EVPN in the data center.
To view the recording of this webinar, visit http://go.cumulusnetworks.com/l/32472/2017-09-23/95t7xh
Building DataCenter networks with VXLAN BGP-EVPNCisco Canada
The session specifically covers the requirements and approaches for deploying the Underlay, Overlay as well as the inter-Fabric connectivity of Data Center Networks or Fabrics. Within the VXLAN BGP-EVPN based Overlay, we focus on the insights like forwarding and control plane functions which are critical to the simplicity operation of the architecture in achieving scale, small failure domains and consistent configuration. To complete the overlay view on VXLAN BGP-EVPN, we are going to the insides of BGP and its EVPN address-familiy and extend to about how multiple DC Fabric can be interconnected within, either as stretched Fabrics or with true DCI. The session concludes with a brief overview of manageability functions, network orchestration capabilities and multi-tenancy details. This Advanced session is intended for network, design and operation engineers from Enterprises to Service Providers.
- Scaleway uses VXLAN with BGP EVPN to build an overlay fabric on their network infrastructure. This provides multi-tenancy, encapsulation of Ethernet frames over UDP, and support for both bridging and routing.
- The underlay fabric uses Clos topology with IPv4 and eBGP for high bandwidth and resilience. Edge devices run as VTEPs to connect virtual networks over the overlay.
- A virtual route reflector provides the control plane for the overlay fabric, decoupling it from the underlying hardware. This allows routing between subnets and multi-homing of hosts between VTEPs.
This document provides an overview and configuration guide for VxLAN routing and control plane capabilities on Nexus 9000 series switches. It begins with an introduction to VxLAN and MP-BGP EVPN technologies. It then covers MP-BGP EVPN control plane functions and design options for VXLAN deployment. The document concludes with instructions for configuring MP-BGP EVPN VXLAN on Nexus 9000 switches and an overview of their VxLAN capabilities.
VXLAN is a protocol that allows large numbers of virtual LANs to be overlaid on a physical network by encapsulating Ethernet frames within UDP packets and transporting them over an IP network. It addresses the scalability limitations of VLANs in large multi-tenant cloud environments by using a 24-bit segment ID rather than a 12-bit VLAN ID. The document provides an overview of VXLAN, why it is used, key concepts like VTEPs and VNIs, and demonstrations of VXLAN configuration on Cisco and Arista switches.
- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that can be used for both small and large networks. It uses areas and hierarchical network design to reduce routing overhead and improve performance as the network scales.
- OSPF establishes neighbor relationships to exchange routing information. It elects a Designated Router and Backup Designated Router to optimize this exchange on multi-access networks. Link-state databases are synchronized between neighbors to calculate the shortest paths.
- Basic OSPF configuration involves enabling OSPF on interfaces and networks, setting authentication, and adjusting metrics and timers. Loopback interfaces ensure router IDs remain stable. Verification commands display neighbor relationships and routing tables.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on VXLAN BGP EVPN technology. It begins with an introduction to VXLAN and EVPN concepts. It then outlines the agenda which includes explaining VXLAN configuration, EVPN configuration, underlay configuration, overlay configuration, and EVPN VXLAN service configuration. It also provides a sample migration from a legacy device configuration to a VXLAN BGP EVPN configuration. Various networking acronyms related to VXLAN and EVPN are defined. Sample vendor supported data center technologies and a VXLAN test topology are shown.
In Internet of things network stack don't support IPV6 packet of length 1280 Bytes. there for 6LowPAN being an adaptation layer create chunks of IPV6 packet and make it compatible with Network stack. and on communicating with outer world 6LowPAN transform it into full length IPV6 Packet.
Basically it contains information about the OSPF routing protocol. As much as possible the information was tried to be summarized and a slideshow of visual weight was made.
A novel way of creating overlay networks for OpenNebula is presented here. Using BGP Ethernet VPN (EVPN) with VXLAN data-plane encapsulation. This provides scalable Layer 2 over IP networks.
The document discusses designing a network for a software development organization using OSPF routing. It requires dividing the network into different areas for three departments - development, testing, and trainee. The trainee department should not have internet browsing access but all other communication should be allowed. ACLs will be configured on the routers to restrict access according to requirements.
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes how OSPF routers exchange link state advertisements to maintain a synchronized topological database. The database allows each router to calculate the shortest path to all destinations within the autonomous system. The document also discusses OSPF packet types, the process of forming adjacencies between neighbors, and the election of designated routers on multi-access networks.
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
Static routing is inflexible and cannot adapt to network changes, while dynamic routing automatically adapts to topology changes. Dynamic routing protocols include distance vector protocols like RIP that use hop counts as metrics and link-state protocols like OSPF that use link costs. These protocols exchange routing information to build and maintain routing tables and converge on consistent views of the network topology.
This document provides an overview of OSPF including terminology, router types, link state advertisements (LSAs), network types, and the steps of OSPF operation. It discusses establishing adjacencies, electing designated routers, discovering routes, selecting routes, and maintaining routing information. It also covers configuring and verifying OSPF within a single area, over non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) networks, and across multiple areas. Special area types like stub, totally stubby, and not-so-stubby areas are explained as well as using virtual links.
OSPF is an interior gateway protocol that uses link state routing and the Shortest Path First algorithm to calculate the best routes between destinations in a router network. It elects a Designated Router and Backup Designated Router on each multi-access network that distribute routing information to other routers through link state advertisements. OSPF supports authentication, manual route summarization, and metric adjustments to optimize routing behavior.
VXLAN BGP EVPN is a technology that uses VXLAN, BGP and EVPN to build multi-tenant IP fabrics. The document discusses VXLAN and EVPN concepts and acronyms, as well as providing sample configurations and outputs for a VXLAN BGP EVPN setup on Arista switches. Key technologies covered include VXLAN, VTEPs, VNIs, EVPN instances, MAC learning in the control plane, and the advantages of EVPN over traditional VXLAN.
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
VXLAN is a point to point, UDP-based "tunneling" protocol, that enables L2 encapsulation over an L3 "undernet", while also allowing up to 16 million Virtual Networks. One challenge with deploying VXLAN is that by default VXLAN requires multicast support for Broadcast, Unknown and Multi-cast packets. Often this is not possible in customer networks. An alternative approach is to use the Service Node concept where dedicated node(s)/process(es) are responsible for flooding Broadcast, Unknown, and Multicast packets throughout a network.
This removes the need for multi-cast, and greatly simplifies network configuration. However, it does require a scalable, and highly available implementation.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
1) OSPF is a link-state routing protocol where each router maintains an identical database describing the network topology by flooding link-state advertisements (LSAs) throughout the network.
2) The routers run the Dijkstra shortest path first algorithm on their link-state database to determine the optimal route to all reachable networks.
3) OSPF routers establish neighbor relationships by multicasting hello packets to discover one another, then exchange and synchronize their full link-state databases.
This document provides an overview and design guide for implementing VXLAN and vCNS networks. It begins with an introduction to VXLAN including competing solutions, why it was created, and current adoption status. It then discusses the key components needed for a VXLAN deployment including vCNS Edge, vSphere Distributed Switch, and VTEPs. The document reviews multicast configuration options and considerations, as well as high-level logical and physical deployment diagrams. It concludes with a discussion of VXLAN performance overhead and using VXLAN with HP Virtual Connect.
Operationalizing EVPN in the Data Center: Part 2Cumulus Networks
In the second of our two-part series on EVPN, Cumulus Networks Chief Scientist Dinesh Dutt dives into more technical details of network routing, EVPN use cases, and best practices for operationalizing EVPN in the data center.
To view the recording of this webinar, visit http://go.cumulusnetworks.com/l/32472/2017-09-23/95t7xh
Building DataCenter networks with VXLAN BGP-EVPNCisco Canada
The session specifically covers the requirements and approaches for deploying the Underlay, Overlay as well as the inter-Fabric connectivity of Data Center Networks or Fabrics. Within the VXLAN BGP-EVPN based Overlay, we focus on the insights like forwarding and control plane functions which are critical to the simplicity operation of the architecture in achieving scale, small failure domains and consistent configuration. To complete the overlay view on VXLAN BGP-EVPN, we are going to the insides of BGP and its EVPN address-familiy and extend to about how multiple DC Fabric can be interconnected within, either as stretched Fabrics or with true DCI. The session concludes with a brief overview of manageability functions, network orchestration capabilities and multi-tenancy details. This Advanced session is intended for network, design and operation engineers from Enterprises to Service Providers.
- Scaleway uses VXLAN with BGP EVPN to build an overlay fabric on their network infrastructure. This provides multi-tenancy, encapsulation of Ethernet frames over UDP, and support for both bridging and routing.
- The underlay fabric uses Clos topology with IPv4 and eBGP for high bandwidth and resilience. Edge devices run as VTEPs to connect virtual networks over the overlay.
- A virtual route reflector provides the control plane for the overlay fabric, decoupling it from the underlying hardware. This allows routing between subnets and multi-homing of hosts between VTEPs.
This document provides an overview and configuration guide for VxLAN routing and control plane capabilities on Nexus 9000 series switches. It begins with an introduction to VxLAN and MP-BGP EVPN technologies. It then covers MP-BGP EVPN control plane functions and design options for VXLAN deployment. The document concludes with instructions for configuring MP-BGP EVPN VXLAN on Nexus 9000 switches and an overview of their VxLAN capabilities.
VXLAN is a protocol that allows large numbers of virtual LANs to be overlaid on a physical network by encapsulating Ethernet frames within UDP packets and transporting them over an IP network. It addresses the scalability limitations of VLANs in large multi-tenant cloud environments by using a 24-bit segment ID rather than a 12-bit VLAN ID. The document provides an overview of VXLAN, why it is used, key concepts like VTEPs and VNIs, and demonstrations of VXLAN configuration on Cisco and Arista switches.
- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that can be used for both small and large networks. It uses areas and hierarchical network design to reduce routing overhead and improve performance as the network scales.
- OSPF establishes neighbor relationships to exchange routing information. It elects a Designated Router and Backup Designated Router to optimize this exchange on multi-access networks. Link-state databases are synchronized between neighbors to calculate the shortest paths.
- Basic OSPF configuration involves enabling OSPF on interfaces and networks, setting authentication, and adjusting metrics and timers. Loopback interfaces ensure router IDs remain stable. Verification commands display neighbor relationships and routing tables.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on VXLAN BGP EVPN technology. It begins with an introduction to VXLAN and EVPN concepts. It then outlines the agenda which includes explaining VXLAN configuration, EVPN configuration, underlay configuration, overlay configuration, and EVPN VXLAN service configuration. It also provides a sample migration from a legacy device configuration to a VXLAN BGP EVPN configuration. Various networking acronyms related to VXLAN and EVPN are defined. Sample vendor supported data center technologies and a VXLAN test topology are shown.
In Internet of things network stack don't support IPV6 packet of length 1280 Bytes. there for 6LowPAN being an adaptation layer create chunks of IPV6 packet and make it compatible with Network stack. and on communicating with outer world 6LowPAN transform it into full length IPV6 Packet.
Basically it contains information about the OSPF routing protocol. As much as possible the information was tried to be summarized and a slideshow of visual weight was made.
A novel way of creating overlay networks for OpenNebula is presented here. Using BGP Ethernet VPN (EVPN) with VXLAN data-plane encapsulation. This provides scalable Layer 2 over IP networks.
The document discusses designing a network for a software development organization using OSPF routing. It requires dividing the network into different areas for three departments - development, testing, and trainee. The trainee department should not have internet browsing access but all other communication should be allowed. ACLs will be configured on the routers to restrict access according to requirements.
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes how OSPF routers exchange link state advertisements to maintain a synchronized topological database. The database allows each router to calculate the shortest path to all destinations within the autonomous system. The document also discusses OSPF packet types, the process of forming adjacencies between neighbors, and the election of designated routers on multi-access networks.
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
Static routing is inflexible and cannot adapt to network changes, while dynamic routing automatically adapts to topology changes. Dynamic routing protocols include distance vector protocols like RIP that use hop counts as metrics and link-state protocols like OSPF that use link costs. These protocols exchange routing information to build and maintain routing tables and converge on consistent views of the network topology.
Basic Introduction to Technology (networking).pdftthind
The document provides an overview of networking concepts and components. It begins with basic definitions of networks and networking. It then describes common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and network cards. It covers networking cables, IPv4 addressing, routing protocols like RIP and EIGRP, redistribution between protocols, ACLs, NAT, VPN tunnels, and Frame Relay. It concludes with an example implementation of a VPN tunnel between two routers.
1. Today, an internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot handle the task of updating the routing tables of all routers. For this reason, an internet is divided into autonomous systems.
2. An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration. Routing inside an autonomous system is called intra-domain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is called inter-domain routing.
3. Popular intra-domain routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an example of an exterior gateway protocol used for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems.
The document provides an overview of basic network and routing concepts. It describes enterprise network infrastructure with campus and edge components. It discusses the roles of dynamic routing protocols in exchanging network reachability information. Interior gateway protocols are used within an organization while exterior protocols exchange routes between autonomous systems. Common routing protocols include distance vector, link-state, and protocols can be divided into interior and exterior groups. The document also covers concepts like convergence, route summarization, scalability, network technologies, and routing protocol configurations over different networks.
The document provides an overview of configuring the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and components of EIGRP, including its tables, metrics, neighbor discovery, and packet types. The objectives are to describe EIGRP functionality, plan and implement EIGRP routing, and configure and verify EIGRP implementations in enterprise networks.
This chapter discusses the configuration of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and terminology of EIGRP, including its tables, metrics, and routing behavior. The chapter also covers EIGRP packet types, neighbor discovery, route calculation using the DUAL algorithm, and key technologies such as reliable transport and protocol-dependent modules. The overall purpose is to explain how to plan, implement, configure and verify EIGRP routing.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate). It includes:
1. An introduction to CCNA, which stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate and provides information about networking, its types and applications. Networking is important for communication and resource sharing.
2. Descriptions of different types of networking including LAN, MAN, and WAN. It also lists common networking devices like LAN cards, bridges, hubs, switches, and routers.
3. Overviews of topics covered in CCNA including subnetting, supernetting, Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), the differences between hubs and switches, what routers are used for,
Network Interview Questions documents common networking concepts and protocols. It defines networking as interconnecting computers, describes bandwidth as the maximum data transfer rate of a connection, and VLAN as a logical grouping of ports on a switch. It also summarizes protocols like CIDR for IP address allocation, VLSM for subnetting, unicast for one-to-one transmission, multicast for one-to-many, and broadcast for one-to-all transmission. Key networking protocols like CDP, SNMP, OSPF, RIP, BGP, and PPPoE are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of configuring the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and components of EIGRP, including neighbor discovery, routing tables, route calculation using the DUAL algorithm, and packet types such as Hello, Update, Query and Reply. The objectives are to understand EIGRP functionality and configuration, and configure EIGRP routing in an enterprise WAN.
ccna summer training ppt ( Cisco certified network analysis) ppt. by Traun k...Tarun Khaneja
This document provides a summary of a presentation on CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate). It was trained by Ravinder Kumar from Gurukul Technical Institute and submitted by Tarun Khaneja with roll number 2110045 and contact number 09034406598. The presentation introduces CCNA and discusses networking types and applications. It also covers networking devices, subnetting, routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, ACLs, VLANs, and inter-VLAN routing. Configuration examples are provided for EIGRP and RIP routing on the same network.
This document provides an overview of OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols including how they work, configure, and troubleshoot. It describes key concepts such as how OSPF uses the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path and elect designated routers, and how EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm and has characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols. It also provides configuration examples and show commands for setting up and monitoring OSPF and EIGRP routing.
The document discusses a lecture on link-state routing protocols, specifically OSPF. It introduces OSPF, describing its advantages over distance vector routing protocols like RIP. The lecture covers OSPF concepts like neighbor establishment, the SPF algorithm, and building the OSPF routing table.
Relatore: Alessandro Legnani, Cisco CCIE e IP Network Architect di IT Global Consulting Srl
Sintesi e sinergia perfetta di un nuovo protocollo di routing (e non solo) con il caro vecchio e robusto IPsec (senza le problematiche ike). Perché inventarsi l’ennesima forma di tunnelig per il data plane?
Quanto sopra è la chiave del successo della soluzione sdwan Cisco/Viptela che la rende enormemente scalabile e unica sul mercato.
A router forwards packets between networks based on network layer information in its routing tables. It operates at layer 3 and can connect different networks, whether local or global. Routers have two primary functions: determining the best path and sharing routing details with other routers. Routers boot up by verifying components and can be configured through commands or graphical interfaces to perform functions like routing, switching, and network address translation.
The document discusses routing and routing protocols. It provides explanations of key routing concepts like routing tables, static routing, default routing, dynamic routing, distance vector routing protocols, link state routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols, and how routing loops occur and can be overcome. It also defines specific routing protocols like OSPF, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and compares features of these protocols.
This document provides an overview of various networking concepts including:
- Types of networks like LAN, MAN, and WAN
- Networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and their functions
- Network addressing concepts like subnetting, supernetting, and CIDR
- Dynamic routing protocols like RIP and EIGRP
- Router configuration including accessing modes and deleting configurations
- VLAN concepts and how devices on different VLANs require a router to communicate
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes key OSPF concepts like link-state routing, shortest path first algorithm, areas, border routers, link-state advertisements, authentication, and route redistribution. It also covers OSPF configuration and design considerations for building large networks.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. IPv4 Addressing
The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal.
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An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
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The address space of IPv4 is 232 (4,294,967,296)
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2 Types of IPv4 Notations.
Binary notation
Dotted-decimal notation
3. SUBNETTING AND VLSM
Subnetting
Divide a large address block into smaller subgroups.
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Use of flexible net mask.
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VLSM-Variable Length Subnet Mask
Technique that allows network administrators to
divide an IP address space into subnets of different
sizes, unlike simple same-size Subnetting.
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Subnetting a subnet.
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4.
5. ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Routing Protocol
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Protocols used by routers to make path determination choices
and to share those choices with other routers
Autonomous system (AS)
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Uses Interior Gateway Protocols as routing protocols
A group of routers under the control of a single administration
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)
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Routing protocols used within an AS
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)
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Routing protocols used to route information between multiple
autonomous systems
6. ROUTING PROTOCOLS(continued)
Examples of IGPs
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP)
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
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Example of EGP
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
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7. ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL(RIP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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The easiest Interior Gateway Protocol to configure is RIPv1
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A distance-vector routing protocol that broadcasts entire routing
tables to neighbors every 30 seconds
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RIP has a maximum hop count of 15
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As a result, RIP does not work in large internetworks
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Enabling RIP Routing, the following commands are used,
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Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
To troubleshoot RIP Routing,
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Router#show ip rip
8. ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOL(EIGRP)
EIGRP is a Cisco-proprietary Hybrid routing protocol, incorporating
features of both Distance-Vector and Link-State routing protocols.
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It sends routing updates only when network topology changes instead
of its entire routing table at regular intervals.
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Its convergence is very fast
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It supports classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) and variable-length
subnet masks
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(VLSM)
EIGRP Major Drawback
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It is Cisco proprietary - it does not inter-operate with other vendors'
devices. This, of course, is the big one. If you are working in a mixed
environment, EIGRP doesn't make as much sense
9. EIGRP(Continued)
EIGRP uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)to determine
the best path among all “feasible” paths. DUAL also helps ensure
a loop-free routing environment.
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EIGRP will form neighbor relationships with adjacent routers in
the same Autonomous System (AS)
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EIGRP traffic is either sent as unicasts, or as multicasts on
address 224.0.0.10, depending on the EIGRP packet type.
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Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is used to ensure delivery of
most EIGRP packets.
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EIGRP packets are Hello,Update,Query,Reply and Ack
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10. EIGRP(Continued)
EIGRP, much like OSPF, builds three separate tables,
Neighbor table– list of all neighboring routers. neighbors must belong
to the same Autonomous System
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Topology table– list of all routes in the Autonomous System
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Routing table– contains the best route for each known network
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Enabling EIGRP Routing, the following commands are used,
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Router(config)#router eigrp 100
Router(config-router)#network 10.10.1.0
To troubleshoot EIGRP Routing,following commands are used,
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Router#show ip route eigrp
Router#show ip eigrp neighbor
Router#show ip eigrp traffic
11. OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST(OSPF) PROTOCOL
OSPF is a standardized Link-State routing protocol,designed to
scale efficiently to support larger networks
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Special routers (autonomous system boundary routers) or
backbone routers responsible to dissipate information about other
AS into the current system.
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It minimizes routing table entries by dividing AS into areas
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Fast convergence Protocol
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Low bandwidth requirements
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Supports different types of areas
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Route summarization and authentication
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Cisco's implementation is fully compliant with the specification
OSPF v2.
●
13. OSPF(Continued)
Enabling OSPF Routing, the following commands are used,
●
Router(config)#router ospf 1(process id)
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.1 0.255.255.255 area 1
To troubleshoot OSPF Routing,following commands are used,
●
Router# show ip route
Router# show ip ospf
Router# show ip ospf interface
Router# show ip ospf neighbor
Router# show ip ospf database
14. BORDERED GATEWAY PROTOCOL(BGP)
Routing Protocol used to exchange routing information between
Autonomous System
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Exterior gateway protocol and path vector protocol
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A Path vector protocol defines a route as a pairing between a
destination and the attributes of the path to that destination
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Types of BGP Messages are Open,update, Keep-alive and
Notification
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Two types of BGP
External BGP Peering (eBGP)
Internal BGP Peering (iBGP)
15. BGP(Continued)
Internal BGP (iBGP)
BGP peer within the same AS
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Not required to be directly connected
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iBGP speakers need to be fully meshed
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They originate connected networks
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They do not pass on prefixes learned from other iBGP
speaker
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External BGP Peering (eBGP)
Between BGP speakers in different AS
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Should be directly connected
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Do not run an IGP between eBGP peers
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17. SWITCHING IN VLAN'S
Switches also have enabled the creation of Virtual LANs (VLANs).
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VLANs provide greater opportunities to manage the flow of traffic on the
LAN and reduce broadcast traffic between segments.
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VLANs are groups of computers in an intelligent switched network.
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Allow us to split switches into separate (virtual) switches
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Only members of a VLAN can see that VLAN’s traffic
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VLAN'S Types,
Port-based VLANs
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MAC address based
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Protocol based VLANs
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Application based VLANs
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18. VIRTUAL TRUNKING PROTOCOL(VTP)
VTP reduces the complexity of managing and monitoring VLAN networks
●
VTP maintains VLAN configuration consistency across a common network
administration domain
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VTP allows VLANs to be trunked over mixed media
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VTP provides for accurate tracking and monitoring of VLANs
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VTP provides “Plug-and-Play” configuration when adding new VLANs
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VTP switches operate in one of three modes:
Server – default mode. Sends VLAN information to other switches.
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Client – receives VLAN information and forwards it to other switches.
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Transparent – forward VTP traffic but do not originate or use it. They can have their
own VLANs, not shared with other switches.
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19. VTP(Continued)
Command to set the VTP mode:
Switch(vlan)#vtp {client | server | transparent}
VTP Pruning-VTP pruning increases network available
bandwidth by restricting flooded traffic to those trunk
links that the traffic must use to reach the destination
devices
VLAN3
VLAN1
VLAN4
VLAN2
20. SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL(STP)
STP is a link management protocol that provides path
redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the
network
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Spanning Tree Algorithm
The switches use this algorithm to decide which ports
should be shut down.
Choose one switch to be “root bridge”
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Choose a “root port” on each other switch
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Choose a “designated port” on each segment.
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Close down all other ports.
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21.
22. STP TYPES
1.CSTP-Comman STP
2.RSTP(Rapid STP)-RSTP(Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol-802.1w
Standard): it is the enhanced protocol of STP,the main caracteristic
of this one is Faster than STP (it converge in less than 6 seconds).
3.MST(Multiple STP)-allows multiple spanning tree domains to be
configured in a network and on a switch.It is based on RSTP, and is
backwards-compatible with RSTP and STP.
4.PVST(Per VLAN STP)- Maintains a spanning-tree instance for
each VLAN configured in the network.
5.PVST+ -Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus is a Cisco
proprietary spanning tree protocol based on STP.
23. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK(VPN)
Creates a secure tunnel over a public network
●
Uses the Internet as the public backbone to access a
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secure private network
Remote employees can access their office network
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VPN Protocols
PPTP (Point-to-Point tunneling Protocol)
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L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol)
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L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)
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IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
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24. IPsec(IP security)
Provides Layer 3 security (RFC 2401)
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Transparent to applications (no need for integrated IPSec
support)
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A set of protocols and algorithms used to secure IP data at the
network layer
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Combines different components:
Security associations (SA)
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Authentication headers (AH)
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Encapsulating security payload (ESP)
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Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
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25. Ipsec Modes
Tunnel Mode
Entire IP packet is encrypted and becomes the data component
of a new (and larger) IP packet.
●
Frequently used in an IPsec site-to-site VPN
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Transport Mode
Ipsec header is inserted into the IP packet
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No new packet is created
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Works well in networks where increasing a packet’s size could
cause an issue
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Frequently used for remote-access VPNs
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