Network Security Lec5
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The document discusses network security and techniques for providing message authentication and integrity, including message digests, message authentication codes, and hash functions. It describes how message digests and MACs can detect modifications to messages and prevent masquerading by using secret keys. It also covers attacks like preimage attacks and collision attacks that aim to undermine these integrity protections.
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Message Authentication: MAC, Hashes
Message authentication codes (MACs) and cryptographic hashes can be used to authenticate messages. MACs use a secret key and cryptographic hash function to produce an authenticator value for a message. Cryptographic hashes map messages of arbitrary length to fixed-length hash values. Both MACs and hashes allow a recipient to verify that a message was not altered by reproducing the authenticator value, but hashes do not provide a digital signature as they do not involve a secret key. MACs and hashes are useful for authenticating messages without encryption when confidentiality is not required.
Message Authentication Code & HMAC
This document discusses message authentication codes (MACs). It explains that MACs use a shared symmetric key to authenticate messages, ensuring integrity and validating the sender. The document outlines the MAC generation and verification process, and notes that MACs provide authentication but not encryption. It then describes HMAC specifically, which applies a cryptographic hash function to the message and key to generate the MAC. The key steps of the HMAC process are detailed.
5. message authentication and hash function
1) Message authentication can be achieved through message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), or hash functions.
2) MACs provide authentication by appending a fixed-size block that depends on the message and a secret key. Receivers can verify messages by recomputing the MAC.
3) Hash functions map variable-length data to fixed-length outputs and are easy to compute but infeasible to reverse or find collisions. Common hash functions include MD5 and SHA-512.
Message Authentication
Message authentication provides a way to verify that a received message is from the alleged source and has not been altered. It includes mechanisms for non-repudiation by the source. Authentication functions include lower level authenticators and higher level functions that use authenticators to verify message authenticity. Message authentication codes are appended to messages by the sender and verified by the receiver recomputing the code. MAC attacks aim to find the key or authenticate incorrect messages without finding the key. Hash functions map messages to fixed length values to verify integrity.
MACs based on Hash Functions, MACs based on Block Ciphers
This document discusses message authentication codes (MACs) based on hash functions and block ciphers. It describes Hash-based MACs (HMAC) which uses a cryptographic hash function combined with a secret key to authenticate messages. HMAC provides integrity and authentication using public/private keys. The document also covers MACs based on block ciphers, specifically the Data Authentication Algorithm (DAA) which is based on DES-CBC, and Cipher-based MAC (CMAC) which fixes security issues with CBC-MAC and can use existing encryption functions to resist attacks. CMAC chains the cipher and XORs the message blocks to generate the authentication tag.
Is unit 5_message authentication and hash functions
This document provides an overview of message authentication and hash functions. It discusses the requirements for message authentication, including protecting integrity and validating identity. It describes different authentication functions like message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It explains how MACs work by using a secret key to generate a cryptographic checksum of the message. Requirements for hash functions and MACs are outlined, such as being difficult to find collisions. Popular hash functions like MD5, SHA-1, and RIPEMD-160 are described at a high level. The document also covers topics like brute force attacks and cryptanalysis of hash functions and MACs.
Message authentication
1. MESSAGE SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
2. MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION
3. MESSAGE ENCRYPTION
4. HASH FUNCTIONS
5. MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION CODE (MAC)
6. HMAC
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Message authentication codes (MACs) and cryptographic hashes can be used to authenticate messages. MACs use a secret key and cryptographic hash function to produce an authenticator value for a message. Cryptographic hashes map messages of arbitrary length to fixed-length hash values. Both MACs and hashes allow a recipient to verify that a message was not altered by reproducing the authenticator value, but hashes do not provide a digital signature as they do not involve a secret key. MACs and hashes are useful for authenticating messages without encryption when confidentiality is not required.
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This document discusses message authentication codes (MACs). It explains that MACs use a shared symmetric key to authenticate messages, ensuring integrity and validating the sender. The document outlines the MAC generation and verification process, and notes that MACs provide authentication but not encryption. It then describes HMAC specifically, which applies a cryptographic hash function to the message and key to generate the MAC. The key steps of the HMAC process are detailed.
5. message authentication and hash function
1) Message authentication can be achieved through message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), or hash functions.
2) MACs provide authentication by appending a fixed-size block that depends on the message and a secret key. Receivers can verify messages by recomputing the MAC.
3) Hash functions map variable-length data to fixed-length outputs and are easy to compute but infeasible to reverse or find collisions. Common hash functions include MD5 and SHA-512.
Message Authentication
Message authentication provides a way to verify that a received message is from the alleged source and has not been altered. It includes mechanisms for non-repudiation by the source. Authentication functions include lower level authenticators and higher level functions that use authenticators to verify message authenticity. Message authentication codes are appended to messages by the sender and verified by the receiver recomputing the code. MAC attacks aim to find the key or authenticate incorrect messages without finding the key. Hash functions map messages to fixed length values to verify integrity.
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This document discusses message authentication codes (MACs) based on hash functions and block ciphers. It describes Hash-based MACs (HMAC) which uses a cryptographic hash function combined with a secret key to authenticate messages. HMAC provides integrity and authentication using public/private keys. The document also covers MACs based on block ciphers, specifically the Data Authentication Algorithm (DAA) which is based on DES-CBC, and Cipher-based MAC (CMAC) which fixes security issues with CBC-MAC and can use existing encryption functions to resist attacks. CMAC chains the cipher and XORs the message blocks to generate the authentication tag.
Is unit 5_message authentication and hash functions
This document provides an overview of message authentication and hash functions. It discusses the requirements for message authentication, including protecting integrity and validating identity. It describes different authentication functions like message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It explains how MACs work by using a secret key to generate a cryptographic checksum of the message. Requirements for hash functions and MACs are outlined, such as being difficult to find collisions. Popular hash functions like MD5, SHA-1, and RIPEMD-160 are described at a high level. The document also covers topics like brute force attacks and cryptanalysis of hash functions and MACs.
Message authentication
1. MESSAGE SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
2. MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION
3. MESSAGE ENCRYPTION
4. HASH FUNCTIONS
5. MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION CODE (MAC)
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This document discusses hash and MAC algorithms. It provides details on hash functions, the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), and HMAC.
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This document summarizes message authentication techniques including message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It discusses the security requirements of message authentication such as integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. It then describes how message encryption, MACs, and hash functions provide message authentication and their properties and security considerations.
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6.hash mac
Cryptographic hash functions, message authentication codes (MACs), and digital signatures are discussed.
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1. Digital signatures provide authentication of digital documents by using asymmetric cryptography techniques. A digital signature is generated using a private key and can be verified by anyone using the corresponding public key.
2. There are various types of attacks against digital signature schemes like key-only attacks, generic chosen message attacks, and adaptive chosen message attacks. The security goals are to prevent total key breaks or the ability to forge signatures selectively or existentially.
3. A secure digital signature scheme must produce signatures that depend on the message, use secret information to prevent forgery and denial, be efficient to generate and verify, and make forgery computationally infeasible. Timestamps can be included to require message freshness.
Cryptography and Network Security Principles and PracticeSeve.docx
Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice
Seventh Edition
Chapter 11
Cryptographic Hash Functions
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Lecture slides prepared for “Cryptography and Network Security”, 7/e, by William Stallings, Chapter 11 – “Cryptographic Hash Functions”.
This chapter begins with a discussion of the wide variety of applications for
cryptographic hash functions. Next, we look at the security requirements for such
functions. Then we look at the use of cipher block chaining to implement a cryptographic
hash function. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the most important
and widely used family of cryptographic hash functions, the Secure Hash Algorithm
(SHA) family.
Hash Functions
A hash function H accepts a variable-length block of data M as input and produces a fixed-size hash value
Principal object is data integrity
Cryptographic hash function
An algorithm for which it is computationally infeasible to find either:
(a) a data object that maps to a pre-specified hash result (the one-way property)
(b) two data objects that map to the same hash result (the collision-free property)
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
A hash function H accepts a variable-length block of data M as input and produces
a fixed-size hash value h = H(M ). A “good” hash function has the property that the
results of applying the function to a large set of inputs will produce outputs that are
evenly distributed and apparently random. In general terms, the principal object of a
hash function is data integrity. A change to any bit or bits in M results, with high probability,
in a change to the hash code.
The kind of hash function needed for security applications is referred to as a
cryptographic hash function . A cryptographic hash function is an algorithm for which
it is computationally infeasible (because no attack is significantly more efficient than
brute force) to find either (a) a data object that maps to a pre-specified hash result
(the one-way property) or (b) two data objects that map to the same hash result (the
collision-free property). Because of these characteristics, hash functions are often used
to determine whether or not data has changed.
2
Figure 11.1 Cryptographic Hash Function h = uppercase h left parenthesis m right parenthesis
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 11.1 depicts the general operation of a cryptographic hash function.
Typically, the input is padded out to an integer multiple of some fixed length
(e.g., 1024 bits), and the padding includes the value of the length of the original message
in bits. The length field is a security measure to increase the difficulty for an
attack.
Cryptography and netwrk securityunit 4
Cryptographic hash functions are used for message authentication, digital signatures, and other applications. They take a variable-length input and produce a fixed-length output. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) is a cryptographic hash function designed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash. SHA-2 includes SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512, which produce hashes of 256, 384, and 512 bits respectively. SHA-512 processes the message in 1024-bit blocks through 80 rounds, updating buffer values in each round using a 64-bit value derived from the block and an additive constant.
Unit 4
This document discusses cryptographic hash functions and their applications in message authentication and digital signatures. It begins by defining hash functions and their properties, such as producing a fixed-size output from a variable-length input. It then discusses cryptographic hash functions and their security properties like one-wayness and collision resistance. Applications like message authentication using hash functions and digital signatures by encrypting a hash with a private key are covered. Finally, it discusses requirements and analysis of hash functions.
Message Authentication and Hash Function.pdf
This document discusses message authentication techniques. It covers message authentication requirements such as preventing disclosure, modification, and repudiation of messages. It then describes various message authentication functions including hash-based MACs like HMAC, block cipher-based MACs like CMAC, and authenticated encryption modes like CCM and GCM. It also covers key wrapping and pseudorandom number generation using hash functions and MACs. The goal of message authentication codes and authenticated encryption is to verify that messages come from the alleged source and have not been altered.
Cns
This document discusses message authentication and hash functions. It begins by defining message authentication and its security requirements. It then describes three approaches to message authentication: message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It provides details on how MACs and hash functions work, including properties and requirements. Specific algorithms like MD5 are also covered. The document aims to explain the concepts and tradeoffs between different message authentication techniques.
A Modified approach for implementation of an efficient padding scheme in a di...
In order to provide secure transaction of documents over an insecure channel, Digital Signature Systems are made use of and Hash function is an eternal component of it. The requirement of devising an improved approach to reduce the impact of attacks in Cryptanalysis formed a driving force behind the emergence of changes in padding and parsing schemes used from time to time. However, it has been found that these schemes have not proved to be completely as efficient as this critical application demands. Therefore, there is always a scope for their improvement. The paper is organized into parts; in the first ones we give an overview of hash functions and a brief presentation of its use in Digital Signature. However the rest of parts are consecrated for our proposed improvement for padding structure and comparative results drawn from correlation coefficients obtained, finishing the paper by a conclusion and future extension of this work.
A Modified approach for implementation of an efficient padding scheme in a di...
In order to provide secure transaction of documents over an insecure channel, Digital Signature Systems are made
use of and Hash function is an eternal component of it. The requirement of devising an improved approach to
reduce the impact of attacks in Cryptanalysis formed a driving force behind the emergence of changes in padding
and parsing schemes used from time to time. However, it has been found that these schemes have not proved to be
completely as efficient as this critical application demands. Therefore, there is always a scope for their
improvement. The paper is organized into parts; in the first ones we give an overview of hash functions and a brief
presentation of its use in Digital Signature. However the rest of parts are consecrated for our proposed
improvement for padding structure and comparative results drawn from correlation coefficients obtained, finishing
the paper by a conclusion and future extension of this work.
Hash Techniques in Cryptography
Hash functions are used to compress variable length messages into fixed length digests. They provide compression, efficiency, and hide message content. Properties include one-way, weak collision, and strong collision resistance. Merkle-Damgard iteration is used to build cryptographic hash functions from compression functions. Applications include digital signatures, message authentication codes, and key derivation. Common hash functions are MD4, MD5, and SHA which use Boolean functions and updating rules in their algorithms. Hash functions provide security by making it difficult to find collisions or inputs that result in specific outputs.
27-SHA1.ppt
This document discusses hash functions and the Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1). It describes the goals of hash functions as providing a unique fingerprint of a message through fast computation of a digest in a way that is one-way and makes collisions difficult to find. SHA-1 is presented as iterating over message blocks to compress them into a 160-bit digest value through repeated applications of a compression function. The compression function expands each block before applying four rounds of nonlinear mixing via modular addition and bitwise operations. The document raises the prospect of birthday attacks finding collisions in SHA-1 and implies its security may degrade over time.
Cryptographic-Hash-Functions.ppt
This document discusses cryptographic hash functions and their applications. It begins by defining hash functions and their properties, such as compressing variable-length strings into fixed-length digests. Commonly, hash functions are constructed using the Merkle-Damgård iteration method. The document then discusses how hash functions are used for digital signatures, message authentication codes, and other applications. It notes that while random functions are ideal, real hash functions have non-random properties that can enable attacks. The document examines approaches to designing hash functions and applications that are resilient to weaknesses in the underlying hash function.
Message Authentication Requirement-MAC
This document discusses message authentication and summarizes several message authentication techniques. It covers the differences between message integrity and authentication, authentication requirements, and three main approaches to message authentication: message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It then provides more details on keyed MACs such as HMAC and CMAC, which apply a key to a hash function or block cipher to provide a cryptographic checksum for authenticating messages.
Hash crypto
The document discusses cryptographic hash functions, including an overview of their usage, properties, structures, attacks, and the need for a new secure hash standard. It describes how hash functions work by condensing arbitrary messages into fixed-size message digests. The properties of preimage resistance, second preimage resistance, and collision resistance are explained. Common hashing algorithms like MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2 are outlined along with vulnerabilities like birthday attacks. The document concludes by noting the need to replace standards like MD5 and SHA-1 due to successful cryptanalysis attacks.
Hash crypto
This document discusses cryptographic hash functions. It provides an overview of hash functions and their properties like producing a fixed-length digest from an arbitrary-length message. Common hash functions like MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2 are described along with attacks against them. The need for a new secure hash standard, SHA-3, is explained due to weaknesses found in earlier standards like MD5 and SHA-1. The timeline and process for the SHA-3 competition to select a new standard by 2012 is summarized.
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