The document is Muhammad Muzammil's final proposal on the topic of Agile vs. Prescriptive Software Engineering. It includes an abstract thanking his teacher for guidance. The proposal contains sections on software processes, prescriptive and agile approaches, comparing the two, and references. It provides definitions of prescriptive processes and agile methodology, explaining that prescriptive processes prescribe set activities while agile is more adaptive. It also compares the waterfall and agile methodologies.
The document compares prescriptive and agile software engineering approaches. Prescriptive approaches describe how software should be developed through defined processes and guidelines. They aim to facilitate planning, improve quality and control. However, they can be rigid and inappropriate for environments where requirements change rapidly. Agile approaches emphasize adaptability, speed, and informal processes suited for unpredictable environments. While prescriptive models strive for structure and control, agile prioritizes vales like communication and feedback to enable flexibility. The choice of approach depends on factors like requirement volatility and need for structure versus flexibility.
The document discusses adaptive software development. It is a technique for building complex software that focuses on human collaboration and team self-organization. It involves a life cycle of speculation, collaboration, and learning. During speculation, the project is initiated and planning is conducted. Collaboration emphasizes communication, teamwork, and individualism. Learning challenges stakeholders to examine assumptions and use results from each development cycle to learn directions for the next cycle. The process involves speculating, collaborating, and learning in an iterative way.
This document provides information about an IT project management presentation on Agile software development lifecycle. It contains the following key points:
- The presentation was created by 4 students and discusses the Agile model of software development.
- Agile follows an iterative approach where working software is delivered in increments after each iteration to meet customer requirements.
- It emphasizes principles like early delivery of value to customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, and face-to-face collaboration between business and development teams.
- Advantages of Agile include rapid delivery, minimal upfront planning, flexibility, and suitability for changing environments. Disadvantages include risk to sustainability and lack of documentation.
Agile software development is an iterative approach that emphasizes collaboration between self-organizing teams. It promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development, and rapid response to change. Key characteristics include breaking work into small increments, short iterations of 1-4 weeks with full development cycles, cross-functional teams without hierarchy, and face-to-face communication. Agile differs from traditional methods by focusing more on collaboration and working software than documentation. Common challenges to adopting agile include getting individuals to work as cohesive teams and increasing transparency.
The document describes the Extreme Programming (XP) model, an agile software development methodology created by Kent Beck. It discusses the key assumptions and practices of XP, including short iterative development cycles, frequent integration and testing, pair programming, and prioritizing customer feedback. The advantages are reducing costs and risks through simplicity, spreading work across the team. Disadvantages include potential lack of upfront design and measurement of quality assurance.
What agile teams think about agile principlesJaguaraci Silva
The document discusses the history and development of agile principles. It summarizes a survey that was conducted in 2010 to understand views on agile principles and practices. 326 respondents with extensive agile experience participated in the survey. The survey found general agreement with most of the original 12 agile principles, but also identified areas for revision. Based on the survey results, some principles were updated to better reflect modern agile approaches and address issues like "Flaccid Scrum" where code quality is overlooked. The conclusions emphasize that principles and practices must be aligned, and principles need to evolve with changes to remain relevant.
The document provides an outline and introduction for a term paper on Agile Software Development. It discusses key aspects of Agile development including the Agile Manifesto, values and principles, methodologies like Extreme Programming (XP) and Scrum, and how Agile development compares to the Waterfall model. The outline covers topics such as the Agile Manifesto, Agile vs Waterfall, methodologies, a case study, performance evaluation, and conclusion.
The document compares prescriptive and agile software engineering approaches. Prescriptive approaches describe how software should be developed through defined processes and guidelines. They aim to facilitate planning, improve quality and control. However, they can be rigid and inappropriate for environments where requirements change rapidly. Agile approaches emphasize adaptability, speed, and informal processes suited for unpredictable environments. While prescriptive models strive for structure and control, agile prioritizes vales like communication and feedback to enable flexibility. The choice of approach depends on factors like requirement volatility and need for structure versus flexibility.
The document discusses adaptive software development. It is a technique for building complex software that focuses on human collaboration and team self-organization. It involves a life cycle of speculation, collaboration, and learning. During speculation, the project is initiated and planning is conducted. Collaboration emphasizes communication, teamwork, and individualism. Learning challenges stakeholders to examine assumptions and use results from each development cycle to learn directions for the next cycle. The process involves speculating, collaborating, and learning in an iterative way.
This document provides information about an IT project management presentation on Agile software development lifecycle. It contains the following key points:
- The presentation was created by 4 students and discusses the Agile model of software development.
- Agile follows an iterative approach where working software is delivered in increments after each iteration to meet customer requirements.
- It emphasizes principles like early delivery of value to customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, and face-to-face collaboration between business and development teams.
- Advantages of Agile include rapid delivery, minimal upfront planning, flexibility, and suitability for changing environments. Disadvantages include risk to sustainability and lack of documentation.
Agile software development is an iterative approach that emphasizes collaboration between self-organizing teams. It promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development, and rapid response to change. Key characteristics include breaking work into small increments, short iterations of 1-4 weeks with full development cycles, cross-functional teams without hierarchy, and face-to-face communication. Agile differs from traditional methods by focusing more on collaboration and working software than documentation. Common challenges to adopting agile include getting individuals to work as cohesive teams and increasing transparency.
The document describes the Extreme Programming (XP) model, an agile software development methodology created by Kent Beck. It discusses the key assumptions and practices of XP, including short iterative development cycles, frequent integration and testing, pair programming, and prioritizing customer feedback. The advantages are reducing costs and risks through simplicity, spreading work across the team. Disadvantages include potential lack of upfront design and measurement of quality assurance.
What agile teams think about agile principlesJaguaraci Silva
The document discusses the history and development of agile principles. It summarizes a survey that was conducted in 2010 to understand views on agile principles and practices. 326 respondents with extensive agile experience participated in the survey. The survey found general agreement with most of the original 12 agile principles, but also identified areas for revision. Based on the survey results, some principles were updated to better reflect modern agile approaches and address issues like "Flaccid Scrum" where code quality is overlooked. The conclusions emphasize that principles and practices must be aligned, and principles need to evolve with changes to remain relevant.
The document provides an outline and introduction for a term paper on Agile Software Development. It discusses key aspects of Agile development including the Agile Manifesto, values and principles, methodologies like Extreme Programming (XP) and Scrum, and how Agile development compares to the Waterfall model. The outline covers topics such as the Agile Manifesto, Agile vs Waterfall, methodologies, a case study, performance evaluation, and conclusion.
Agile development focuses on effective communication, customer collaboration, and incremental delivery of working software. The key principles of agile development according to the Agile Alliance include satisfying customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery, collaboration between business and development teams, and self-organizing teams. Extreme Programming (XP) is an agile process model that emphasizes planning with user stories, simple design, pair programming, unit testing, and frequent integration and testing.
This document discusses agile software development methods. It outlines the agile manifesto which values individuals and interactions over processes, working software over documentation, and customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Some key agile principles include customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, and frequent delivery of working software. Common agile methods like extreme programming and scrum are also summarized. Advantages include improved customer satisfaction and responsiveness to change, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation.
Ramji Sridaran is seeking a Production Analyst position offering professional growth. He has skills in programming languages like HTML/CSS, JavaScript, Java, and software like Microsoft Office, ServiceNow, and Adobe tools. He has a Bachelor's degree in IT and certifications in Production Management and Java. His previous role as a Production Support Analyst involved shift lead responsibilities, change management, service improvement, problem and incident management, reporting, knowledge management, and application support. He also has experience as an Aptitude Trainer preparing students for tests and conducting personality development training.
Með tilkomu agile hugbúnaðargerðar er hætt á að forritarar fórni hlutum sem voru sjálfsagðir í aðferðum eins og Waterfall og RUP en eiga fullt erindi í agile þó svo með öðrum hætti. Má nefna skjölun, en margir misskildu agile á þann veg að ekkert þarf að skjala. Skjölun er nauðsynleg þótt hún sé með örðum hætti, en svo er einnig með architecture. Í agile er nauðsynlegt að huga vel að architecture en einnig að átta sig hvað það er sem við skilgreinum sem architecture og hvað ekki.
Í þessum fyrirlestri er fjallað um architecture og agile og hvernig þessir hlutir geta fallið vel saman. Með aglie teymum flyst mikið af ábyrgð á architecture til teymanna, en samt þarf að vera einhver sameinlegur strúktúr og sýn.
Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) is an agile project framework that emphasizes continuous user involvement, frequent delivery of working software, and responding to change. It consists of seven phases: feasibility study, functional model iteration, design and build iteration, implementation, which are organized into iterative increments. Key principles include active user involvement, empowered and collaborative teams, frequent delivery, and reversibility of changes.
This document discusses and compares several software development methodologies and their life cycle stages. It describes the waterfall, iterative, RAD, agile, spiral, and incremental models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases without overlap or iterations, while agile is iterative with rapid cycles. RAD divides a project into parallel mini-projects. The spiral model is a combination of prototyping and waterfall, evaluating risk at each phase. Each methodology has advantages and disadvantages depending on the project's needs, risks, and requirements stability. The document provides details on the stages and processes involved in different methodologies.
This document discusses various agile software development approaches. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing agile development and explaining the Extreme Programming approach. It then summarizes the Manifesto for Agile Software Development. The rest of the document describes key concepts of agile development such as agility, principles of agility, and human factors important for agile teams. It also provides details on other agile processes including Adaptive Software Development, Dynamic Systems Development Method, Scrum, Crystal, Feature Driven Development, and Agile Modeling.
software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.
This document provides an overview of Agile software development. It begins by defining Agile development as empowering people through constant feedback and acknowledging change. It then outlines the history of Agile methods from the 1970s to today. Key figures who developed methods like Scrum, Extreme Programming, and others are mentioned. The Agile Manifesto values individuals, working software, customer collaboration and responding to change. Core Agile principles are also outlined. Common Agile practices around design, testing, planning and communication are then explored. Finally, it discusses popular Agile methodologies like Scrum, XP, FDD and Lean and key themes across methods.
The document discusses Agile methodology, which is an iterative software development approach based on self-organizing teams. It describes when Agile is useful, such as for complicated projects or when requirements are unclear. Specific Agile methods like Scrum are outlined, including Scrum roles, sprints, and meetings. Advantages include rapid delivery and adaptation, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation. Tools can help with requirements, planning, tracking, and quality assurance in Agile projects.
Requirements Engineering in an Agile Environmentsunil1993
This document discusses requirements engineering in an agile environment. It introduces requirements engineering and agile software development. The problem is that traditional requirements engineering is not applicable to the quick changes of agile. The purpose is to investigate how two teams at SEMC manage requirements currently, identify problems, design improvements, and test them through pilots to propose a methodology. It discusses agile development methods, context of the two teams, and tools that could help with requirements engineering in agile.
Software Development Model for StartupsMartin Verrev
This document presents a software development model tailored for startups. It analyzes key constraints and success factors for startups. The model formalizes a development process from initial idea to successful company. It incorporates agile practices, validated learning to reduce uncertainty, and archetype patterns to provide architectural stability. The result is a SPEM-compliant process model that supports a startup lifecycle through formalized business processes and repeatable components to minimize various uncertainties.
Agile software development values individuals, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change over processes, documentation, contract negotiation, and following a plan. The key principles are satisfying customers through early delivery, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, business and developers working daily together, trusting motivated individuals, face-to-face communication, working software as the primary measure, sustainable development, technical excellence, simplicity, self-organizing teams, and continuous improvement. Agility means effective communication and responsibility to profit from change, and agile processes are driven by customer requirements, adapt to changes, deliver software iteratively, and adapt continuously. Major agile methodologies include Scrum, DSDM, Crystal Methods, FDD,
DSDM is a software development methodology based on RAD that emphasizes iterative development, user involvement, and adaptability. It aims to deliver working software frequently within budget and schedule while allowing changing requirements. DSDM was developed in the 1990s in the UK and uses principles like active user involvement, empowered decision-making teams, and reversible changes to facilitate iterative and collaborative development.
PRESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MODEL(SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)IrtazaAfzal3
A prescriptive process model is a model that describes "how to do" according to a certain software process system. ... Prescriptive models are used as guidelines or frameworks to organize and structure how software development activities should be performed, and in what order.
OO Development 2 - Software Development MethodologiesRandy Connolly
Course material from my Object-Oriented Development course. This presentation discusses methodologies, development processes, the waterfall model and interative development.
The document discusses software engineering and provides an overview of key concepts. It defines software engineering and discusses its need. It describes characteristics of good software and lists factors like operational, transitional, and maintenance characteristics. It also covers software development life cycles and models like the classical waterfall model. The classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into phases like feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, coding/unit testing, and integration/system testing.
Agile development focuses on effective communication, customer collaboration, and incremental delivery of working software. The key principles of agile development according to the Agile Alliance include satisfying customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery, collaboration between business and development teams, and self-organizing teams. Extreme Programming (XP) is an agile process model that emphasizes planning with user stories, simple design, pair programming, unit testing, and frequent integration and testing.
This document discusses agile software development methods. It outlines the agile manifesto which values individuals and interactions over processes, working software over documentation, and customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Some key agile principles include customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, and frequent delivery of working software. Common agile methods like extreme programming and scrum are also summarized. Advantages include improved customer satisfaction and responsiveness to change, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation.
Ramji Sridaran is seeking a Production Analyst position offering professional growth. He has skills in programming languages like HTML/CSS, JavaScript, Java, and software like Microsoft Office, ServiceNow, and Adobe tools. He has a Bachelor's degree in IT and certifications in Production Management and Java. His previous role as a Production Support Analyst involved shift lead responsibilities, change management, service improvement, problem and incident management, reporting, knowledge management, and application support. He also has experience as an Aptitude Trainer preparing students for tests and conducting personality development training.
Með tilkomu agile hugbúnaðargerðar er hætt á að forritarar fórni hlutum sem voru sjálfsagðir í aðferðum eins og Waterfall og RUP en eiga fullt erindi í agile þó svo með öðrum hætti. Má nefna skjölun, en margir misskildu agile á þann veg að ekkert þarf að skjala. Skjölun er nauðsynleg þótt hún sé með örðum hætti, en svo er einnig með architecture. Í agile er nauðsynlegt að huga vel að architecture en einnig að átta sig hvað það er sem við skilgreinum sem architecture og hvað ekki.
Í þessum fyrirlestri er fjallað um architecture og agile og hvernig þessir hlutir geta fallið vel saman. Með aglie teymum flyst mikið af ábyrgð á architecture til teymanna, en samt þarf að vera einhver sameinlegur strúktúr og sýn.
Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) is an agile project framework that emphasizes continuous user involvement, frequent delivery of working software, and responding to change. It consists of seven phases: feasibility study, functional model iteration, design and build iteration, implementation, which are organized into iterative increments. Key principles include active user involvement, empowered and collaborative teams, frequent delivery, and reversibility of changes.
This document discusses and compares several software development methodologies and their life cycle stages. It describes the waterfall, iterative, RAD, agile, spiral, and incremental models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases without overlap or iterations, while agile is iterative with rapid cycles. RAD divides a project into parallel mini-projects. The spiral model is a combination of prototyping and waterfall, evaluating risk at each phase. Each methodology has advantages and disadvantages depending on the project's needs, risks, and requirements stability. The document provides details on the stages and processes involved in different methodologies.
This document discusses various agile software development approaches. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing agile development and explaining the Extreme Programming approach. It then summarizes the Manifesto for Agile Software Development. The rest of the document describes key concepts of agile development such as agility, principles of agility, and human factors important for agile teams. It also provides details on other agile processes including Adaptive Software Development, Dynamic Systems Development Method, Scrum, Crystal, Feature Driven Development, and Agile Modeling.
software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.software design and architecture and its brief description about software patterns as well.
This document provides an overview of Agile software development. It begins by defining Agile development as empowering people through constant feedback and acknowledging change. It then outlines the history of Agile methods from the 1970s to today. Key figures who developed methods like Scrum, Extreme Programming, and others are mentioned. The Agile Manifesto values individuals, working software, customer collaboration and responding to change. Core Agile principles are also outlined. Common Agile practices around design, testing, planning and communication are then explored. Finally, it discusses popular Agile methodologies like Scrum, XP, FDD and Lean and key themes across methods.
The document discusses Agile methodology, which is an iterative software development approach based on self-organizing teams. It describes when Agile is useful, such as for complicated projects or when requirements are unclear. Specific Agile methods like Scrum are outlined, including Scrum roles, sprints, and meetings. Advantages include rapid delivery and adaptation, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation. Tools can help with requirements, planning, tracking, and quality assurance in Agile projects.
Requirements Engineering in an Agile Environmentsunil1993
This document discusses requirements engineering in an agile environment. It introduces requirements engineering and agile software development. The problem is that traditional requirements engineering is not applicable to the quick changes of agile. The purpose is to investigate how two teams at SEMC manage requirements currently, identify problems, design improvements, and test them through pilots to propose a methodology. It discusses agile development methods, context of the two teams, and tools that could help with requirements engineering in agile.
Software Development Model for StartupsMartin Verrev
This document presents a software development model tailored for startups. It analyzes key constraints and success factors for startups. The model formalizes a development process from initial idea to successful company. It incorporates agile practices, validated learning to reduce uncertainty, and archetype patterns to provide architectural stability. The result is a SPEM-compliant process model that supports a startup lifecycle through formalized business processes and repeatable components to minimize various uncertainties.
Agile software development values individuals, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change over processes, documentation, contract negotiation, and following a plan. The key principles are satisfying customers through early delivery, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, business and developers working daily together, trusting motivated individuals, face-to-face communication, working software as the primary measure, sustainable development, technical excellence, simplicity, self-organizing teams, and continuous improvement. Agility means effective communication and responsibility to profit from change, and agile processes are driven by customer requirements, adapt to changes, deliver software iteratively, and adapt continuously. Major agile methodologies include Scrum, DSDM, Crystal Methods, FDD,
DSDM is a software development methodology based on RAD that emphasizes iterative development, user involvement, and adaptability. It aims to deliver working software frequently within budget and schedule while allowing changing requirements. DSDM was developed in the 1990s in the UK and uses principles like active user involvement, empowered decision-making teams, and reversible changes to facilitate iterative and collaborative development.
PRESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MODEL(SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)IrtazaAfzal3
A prescriptive process model is a model that describes "how to do" according to a certain software process system. ... Prescriptive models are used as guidelines or frameworks to organize and structure how software development activities should be performed, and in what order.
OO Development 2 - Software Development MethodologiesRandy Connolly
Course material from my Object-Oriented Development course. This presentation discusses methodologies, development processes, the waterfall model and interative development.
The document discusses software engineering and provides an overview of key concepts. It defines software engineering and discusses its need. It describes characteristics of good software and lists factors like operational, transitional, and maintenance characteristics. It also covers software development life cycles and models like the classical waterfall model. The classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into phases like feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, coding/unit testing, and integration/system testing.
A Pattern-Language-for-software-DevelopmentShiraz316
The document discusses the Scrum framework for agile software development. It notes that traditional defined process approaches make incorrect assumptions that requirements, solutions, developers, and environments can be fully defined and repeated. Scrum addresses this by dividing projects into short "Sprints" of fixed time periods, usually 1 month or less. Each Sprint pulls tasks from a prioritized backlog and aims to deliver working software. Daily Scrum meetings help teams self-organize and resolve issues. At the end of each Sprint, teams demonstrate progress to customers and prioritize new tasks for the next Sprint. By continually adapting requirements and quickly delivering working software, Scrum allows for the uncertainties of software development.
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Agile Unified Process (AUP) is based on Rational Unified Process (RUP). AUP uses an agile approach which focuses on both the larger life-cycle and the iterations within each step to deliver incremental releases over time.
Estimation of agile functionality in software developmentBashir Nasr Azadani
Estimation of Agile Functionality in Software Development - ISBN: 978-988-98671-8-8
Publication date: Mar 21, 2008 presented at International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2008 Vol I
Scrum an extension pattern language for hyperproductive software developmentShiraz316
Scrum is an agile software development framework that utilizes daily stand-up meetings called Scrum Meetings to manage unpredictable processes. During short, 15-minute Scrum Meetings, team members report on tasks completed since the previous meeting, any issues encountered, and their plan for the next 24 hours. This allows for continuous monitoring and adjustment of small, flexible assignments. Scrum Meetings foster transparency, knowledge sharing, and a collaborative culture within self-organizing teams. By frequently inspecting and adapting their process, teams can respond effectively to unpredictability and complexity inherent in software development.
* What is Engineering?
* Who is an Engineer?
* The reasons to become an Engineer
* What is Software Engineering?
* Software Engineering: History
* The principles of Software Engineering
* Who is a Software Engineer?
* The reasons to become Software Engineer
* Requirements of being Software Engineer
* The Areas of Software Engineers
* The working areas of Software Engineers
* Difference between Computer Science and Software Engineering
* Pros and Cons of being Software Engineer
* A Software Engineer Responsibilities
* The Most Popular Software Development Methodologies(Waterfall, Rapid Application, Agile and DevOps) Development Methodology
* Version control
* Centralized Version Control
Introduction To Software Concepts Unit 1 & 2Raj vardhan
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an introduction to software concepts course. It covers the following topics: definitions of software, importance of software, types of software, software components, members involved in software development, and an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Specifically, it defines software, discusses why it is important, lists common software types and components. It also outlines the roles of various members in software development projects, such as subject matter experts, functional analysts, developers, testers, and project managers. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of the waterfall model for the SDLC.
A Survey Of Agile Development MethodologiesAbdul Basit
In this Article,
we provide an introduction to agile development methodologies and an overview of four
specific methodologies:
• Extreme Programming
• Crystal Methods
• Scrum
• Feature Driven Development
Five benefits of agile practices in software intensive systems developmentIBM Rational software
This document discusses five benefits of adopting agile practices for software development teams, including those developing software-intensive systems. It states that agile practices can (1) reduce process overhead while still allowing teams to demonstrate compliance with industry standards, (2) improve predictability through iterative planning and risk management, (3) increase productivity through whole-team collaboration and regular delivery of working software, and (4) enhance quality by limiting technical debt and incorporating early stakeholder feedback. The document argues that with the right tools, agile methods can deliver successful solutions for both traditional IT software teams and those developing software-intensive systems.
This document provides an overview of process models and agile development approaches. It discusses the Unified Process (UP) and its phases including inception, elaboration, and more. Agile methods like Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP) are also summarized. Scrum uses sprints, daily stand-ups, sprint reviews and retrospectives. XP practices pair programming, test-driven development, and frequent small releases. The document emphasizes that agile prioritizes individuals, working software, customer collaboration and responding to change over processes and tools.
MODULE 1 :
Software Product and Process
Introduction –FAQs About Software Engineering,
Definition Of Software Engineering,
Difference Between Software Engineering And Computer Science,
Difference Between Software Engineering And System Engineering,
Software Process,
Software Process Models,
The Waterfall Model,
Incremental Process Models,
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Development, Prototyping,
Component Based Software Engineering ,
The Unified Process, Attributes Of Good Software,
Key Challenges Facing By Software Engineering,
Verification – Validation,
Computer Based System,
Business Process Engineering,
The document discusses key aspects of Agile software development including the Agile Manifesto, values, principles, practices, and approaches. It describes that the Agile Manifesto was created in 2001 and emphasizes individuals, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Common Agile practices mentioned include daily stand-ups, early feedback, user story creation, retrospectives, and continuous integration. Specific Agile approaches like Scrum, Kanban, and Extreme Programming are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the need for software engineering, professional software development, software engineering ethics, and the essence of software engineering practice. It discusses the core principles of the software development life cycle including understanding problems, planning solutions, implementing plans, and testing results. It also summarizes various software process models like the waterfall model and its classical and iterative variations as well as evolutionary models like prototyping and the spiral model.
The document provides an overview of agile development and several agile methodologies. It defines agility as building software incrementally using short iterations to align with changing business needs. Extreme Programming (XP) is described as emphasizing business results, incremental development, and continual testing. Other methodologies discussed include Adaptive Software Development, Scrum, and Dynamic Systems Development Method.
The document discusses agile project management and agile software development methodologies. It defines agile management as an iterative, incremental approach that aims to provide flexible development of new products or services. Some key points made include:
- Agile methods complete small portions of deliverables in short iterations, while iterative methods evolve all deliverables over time.
- Adaptive project life cycles use very rapid 2-4 week iterations with fixed time and resources.
- Scrum is an agile framework that uses short sprints, daily stand-ups, and emphasizes self-organizing teams and responding quickly to change.
- Scrum roles include the Product Owner who prioritizes work, the Scrum Master who facilitates
A study of critical success factors for adaption of agile methodologyIAEME Publication
This document discusses critical success factors for adopting agile methodology. It conducted a survey of 200 IT professionals, though only 40 responded. The survey found that management involvement, team member readiness, and organization size significantly impact adopting agile software methodology. The document also reviews various agile methods like extreme programming, scrum, crystal and feature driven development, and compares them to traditional waterfall methods. It notes advantages of agile include short cycles, test-first development, and empowering teams, while waterfalls struggle with changing requirements.
The document provides information about Muhammad Muzammil and his role at National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) in Islamabad, Pakistan. It then summarizes NTC's profile, including its establishment in 1996 to meet government communication needs, initial infrastructure of 5 exchanges and analog microwave, and ongoing upgrades to its fiber backbone, switching network, billing system, and multi-service data network. Current services offered by NTC include telephone, internet, intranet solutions, and wireless local loop services.
The document summarizes network security at the seven layers of the OSI model. It describes attacks that can occur at each layer, from the application layer down to the physical layer. It also lists some common countermeasures that can be implemented at each layer to enhance security, such as virus scanners, encryption protocols, access control systems, and virtual private networks. Overall, implementing additional security controls and limiting unnecessary access helps strengthen defenses across all layers of the OSI model.
The document discusses the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its encryption process. It then summarizes the Rijndael cipher, which was selected as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in 2001. The AES uses a block cipher structure of iterative rounds involving byte substitution, shifting rows of bytes, mixing columns of bytes, and adding round keys.
The document discusses network security and techniques for providing message authentication and integrity, including message digests, message authentication codes, and hash functions. It describes how message digests and MACs can detect modifications to messages and prevent masquerading by using secret keys. It also covers attacks like preimage attacks and collision attacks that aim to undermine these integrity protections.
The document discusses network security and cryptography. It covers symmetric encryption, public key cryptography, cryptographic algorithms like DES and AES, and cryptanalysis techniques. It also describes the Feistel cipher structure, which partitions the plaintext into blocks and performs multiple rounds of substitutions and permutations using subkeys. Feistel ciphers include algorithms like DES.
The document discusses memory management techniques used in early UNIX operating systems, noting that pre-3BSD systems used swapping exclusively to handle memory contention among processes. It then describes how later Berkeley UNIX systems primarily used paging and demand paging, where when a process needs a page not in memory a page fault occurs and a frame is allocated to load the page from disk. The document also provides details on the data structures used to manage paging, including page table entries, disk block descriptors, and tables to track page frames and swap space usage.
The document summarizes Linux memory management. It discusses that Linux uses a three-level page table structure for virtual memory management. It implements a demand paging system with no working set concept. For physical memory management, it uses buddy allocation and maintains different memory zones. It employs clock replacement policy for page replacement and uses modified LRU to determine which pages to replace.
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The document from the G4 Group welcomes students and wishes them a happy future life after they are divided into specializations for their programs. The group apologizes if they have hurt anyone and thanks all the students from the BSCS 4th batch.
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Overview
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Muzammil Agile Vs Prescriptive
1. Final
Proposal
Agile vs. Prescriptive
Software Engineering 1
Muhammad Muzammil
BSCS 4th B
Reg # 17104/Aut-07/M
Submitted to: Mr. Abdul Rasheed
Federal Urdu University, of Arts, Science & Technology
G-7/1, Near Zero Point, Islamabad
2. Abstract:
It is a very glad full moment that I am submitting my final
proposal documentation. It is not easy and first attempt work to complete this,
but in the whole time my respected teacher MR. Abdul Rasheed has given me
full of confidence and some important guideline to complete this document.
So this is the result of all of his effort. According to me this topic is quite
difficult but I enjoy a lot.
Muhammad Muzammil
Table of Contents:
Software Processes...........................................................................................................................3
Prescriptive Approach......................................................................................................................3
Agile.................................................................................................................................................4
Agile VS Prescriptive.........................................................................................................................5
Principle Based VS Rule Based..........................................................................................................6
To be Prescriptive or Less prescriptive..............................................................................................6
Prescriptive VS Agile Process Models................................................................................................7
Waterfall VS Agile Methodology.......................................................................................................7
References .....................................................................................................................................12
Agile VS Prescriptive
Page 2
3. Software Processes:
• A set of interrelated activities, which transform inputs into outputs
• A function that must be performed in the software life cycle.
• A Process is composed of activities
Definition of Prescriptive
• Indicating how things should be , rather than how things are
• Making or giving injunctions, directions, laws, or rules
• A prescriptive process model is a model that describes "how to do" according to a
certain software process system.
Prescriptive Process Models:
A prescriptive model prescribes how a new software system should be
developed. Prescriptive models are used as guidelines or frameworks to organize and
structure how software development activities should be performed, and in what order.
Typically, it is easier and more common to articulate a prescriptive lifecycle model for how
system should be developed. This is possible since most such models are intuitive or well
reasoned. This means that many idiosyncratic details that describe how a software system is
built in practice can be ignored, generalized, or deferred for later consideration. This, of
course, should raise concern for the relative validity and robustness of such life cycles models
when developing different kinds of applications systems, in different kinds of development
settings, using different programming languages, with differentially skilled staff, etc.
However, prescriptive models are also used to package the development tasks and techniques
for using a given set of software engineering tools or environment during a development
project.
Within prescriptive software process models, any explicit element which
constraints the process performance.
People dealing with software processes may adopt a prescriptive attitude of mind.
They define desired processes to answer the question "how software should be developed?
Page 3
4. They may aim at:
• Guiding Software process performers (developers, managers,) receive indirect
support through information which helps them to perform their work, such as the
current status of the process, the appropriate next steps to be executed, the decision
points and their meanings, etc. Guidance is provided through manual or mechanical
interpretation of software process descriptions simultaneously and synchronously with
the actual software process performance.
• Enforcing Software process performers (developers, managers, ...) receive direct
support .through enact able software process descriptions which are mechanically
interpreted by process engines within a process-centered software engineering
environment, to orchestrate the performance of the actual development and to
automatism it as far as possible. What cannot be programmed for machine
interpretation is left for humans to perform; for instance, the support system can await
represent able results of the intermediate human process.
Definition of Agile:
Characterized by quickness, lightness, and ease of movement; nimble.
Mentally quick or alert: an agile mind
Agility:
o Agility is the ability to change the body's position efficiently, and requires the
integration of isolated movement skills using a combination of balance,
coordination, speed, reflexes, strength, endurance, and stamina.
o In sports, agility is described in terms of response to an opposing player,
moving target, as seen in field sports and racket sports. Sheppard and Young
(2006) define agility as "a rapid whole body movement with change of
velocity or direction in response to a stimulus."
Page 4
5. o In business, agility means the capability of rapidly and cost efficiently
adapting to changes. Recently agility has been applied e.g. in the context
of agile software development and agile enterprise
Need for agile approach:
In certain business environment, it is often difficult (or impossible) to predict as to how a
software product will evolve over time
• Market conditions change
• Users needs evolve
• Competitive forces prevail
• Technology keeps changing
Under the above mentioned environment, it is not possible to define all the software
requirements in early stages of the project.
• The developer, therefore, needs to be agile enough to respond to this fluid
business environment.
Weakness of prescriptive approaches includes:
• Emphasis on discipline (not a strong point for people)
• Lack of realization that all developers are not alike
Agile approaches, however, are not applicable to all projects, products, people, and situations.
Agile vs. prescriptive processes overview:
• In general agile method promotes empirical rather than defined processes, a
categorization used by industrial process experts.
Page 5
6. • A defined process (also known as a prescriptive process) has many predefined and
ordered activities to be followed during development.
• Defined process is suitable for predictable manufacturing domains.
• Empirical processes are used for high change and unstable domains: rather than many
sequenced activities, they are based on frequent measurement and dynamic response
to variable events.
• For example, scrum is silent on the activities of iteration, other than the daily scrum
meeting as the measurement and response mechanism. The up, on the other hand,
strikes a middle way; it list common activities (e.g. write release notes), but the team
is welcome to ignore or do them in any order.
• Agile methodologies understand that the degree of “method weight” and predefinition
of ordered activities are functions of the project type. An agile method or project lies
on a continuum of more or less empirical, driven by need. A medical device under
FDA approval requires more formal, predefined activities.
Principle based vs Rule-based:
Agile methods are more principle-based than rule-based. Rather than a predefined
set of rules regarding the many roles, team organization, responsibilities, relationships, and
activities, the team and manager are primarily guided by the principles embodied in the agile
manifesto and principles. Agile project management is more than a set of practices – it is a
mindset.
To be prescriptive or less prescriptive:
Generic framework for software process encompasses the following:
• Communication
• planning
• modeling
• construction
• deployment
Page 6
7. Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly approach to software engineering.
• In reality, these models “need to be adapted” to meet the unique needs of a
project.
An old contradictory questions about software development…
• If a prescriptive process models strive for structure and other, are they
inappropriate for a software (creative) world?
• If “less structures” models are used for software development will it be possible to
coordinate and manage this work?
There are no easy answers to these questions.
• Each approach may be appropriate under certain circumstances.
Note: When in doubt, be more prescriptive.
Prescriptive vs. agile process models:
• Prescriptive models:
They are indicated
• Facilitating planning
• Improving system quality
• Improving control
• Guiding project teams
If they are applied dogmatically and without adaption, they tend to be bureaucratic.
• Agile models:
• They are tending to be informal.
• They are emphasizing on maneurability, adaptability, and speed.
• They are appropriate for many types of projects, e.g. web based development.
Page 7
8. Note: Excessively agile processes may be as risky as the excessively rigid processes
Waterfall VS Agile Methodology:
There is no IT meeting that does not talk and debate endlessly about Waterfall vs.
Agile development methodologies. Feelings run strong on the subject with many
considering Agile ‘so of the moment’, just so right, while Waterfall is thought to be
passé! But, before deciding which is more appropriate, it is essentially important to provide a
little background on both.
Prescriptive
Wate
r fall
XP,ASD
Agile
More value,
Lean Thinking Idea based
Waterfall
A classically linear and sequential approach to software design and systems development,
each waterfall stage is assigned to a separate team to ensure greater project and deadline
control, important for on-time project delivery. A linear approach means a stage by stage
approach for product building, e.g.
Page 8
9. 1. The project team first analyses, then determining and prioritizing business requirements /
needs.
2. Next, in the design phase business requirements are translated into IT solutions, and a
decision taken about which underlying technology i.e. COBOL, Java or Visual Basic, etc. etc.
is to be used.
3. Once processes are defined and online layouts built, code implementation takes place.
4. The next stage of data conversion evolves into a fully tested solution for implementation
and testing for evaluation by the end-user.
5. The last and final stage involves evaluation and maintenance, with the latter
ensuring everything runs smoothly.
However, in case a glitch should result, changing the software is not only a practical
impossibility, but means c. That’s Waterfall for us! Now, as for minimal risk Agile, it is a
low over-head method that emphasizes values and principles rather than
processes. Working in cycles i.e. a week, a month, etc., project priorities are re-evaluated and
at the end of each cycle. Four principles that constitute Agile methods are:
1. The reigning supreme of individuals and interactions over processes and tools.
2. As does, working software over comprehensive documentation.
3. Likewise, customer collaboration over contract negotiation.
4. And again, responding to change over plan follow-throughs.
To summarize the difference between the two, one can say the classic waterfall method
stands for predictability, while Agile methodology spells adaptability. Agile methods are
good at reducing overheads, such as, rationale, justification, documentation and meetings,
keeping them as low as is possible. And, that is why Agile methods benefit small teams with
constantly changing requirements, rather more than larger projects.
Page 9
10. Agile, based on empirical rather than defined methods (Waterfall) is all about light
maneuverability and sufficiency for facilitating future development. By defined methods
what one means is that one plans first and then enforces these plans. However, Agile
methods involve planning what one wants and then adapting these plans to the
results. Extreme Programming (XP) is an excellent example of Agile methodology i.e.:
1. Communication between customers and other team members;
2. Simple, clean designs;
3. Feedback given on Day 1 of software testing;
4. Early delivery and implementation of suggested changes.
Agile methodology means cutting down the big picture into puzzle size bits, fitting them
together when the time is right e.g. design, coding and testing bits. So, while there are
reasons to support both the waterfall and agile methods, however, a closer look clarifies why
many software and web design firms make the more appropriate choice of employing Agile
methodology. The following points define to choose Agile methodology over the Waterfall
method.
1. Once a stage is completed in the Waterfall method, there is no going back, since most
software designed and implemented under the waterfall method is hard to change according
to time and user needs. The problem can only be fixed by going back and designing an
entirely new system, a very costly and inefficient method. Whereas, Agile methods adapt to
change, as at the end of each stage, the logical program, designed to cope and adapt to new
ideas from the outset, allows changes to be made easily. With Agile, changes can be made
if necessary without getting the entire program rewritten. This approach not only reduces
overheads, it also helps in the upgrading of programmers.
2. Another Agile method advantage is one has a launch able product at the end of each tested
stage. This ensures bugs are caught and eliminated in the development cycle, and the
product is double tested again after the first bug elimination. This is not possible for
the Waterfall method, since the product is tested only at the very end, which means any
bugs found results in the entire program having to be re-written.
Page 10
11. 3. Agile’s modular nature means employing better suited object-oriented designs and
programs, which means one always has a working model for timely release even when it
does not always entirely match customer specifications. Whereas, there is only one main
release in the waterfall method and any problems or delays mean highly dissatisfied
customers.
4. Agile methods allow for specification changes as per end-user’s requirements, spelling
customer satisfaction. As already mentioned, this is not possible when the waterfall method
is employed, since any changes to be made means the project has to be started all over
again.
5. However, both methods do allow for a sort of departmentalization e.g. in waterfall
departmentalization is done at each stage. As for Agile, each coding module can be
delegated to separate groups. This allows for several parts of the project to be done at the
same time, though departmentalization is more effectively used in Agile methodologies.
In conclusion, though on the plus side, waterfall’s defined stages allow for thorough
planning, especially for logical design, implementation and deployment, Agile methodology
is a sound choice for software development and web design projects. More and more firms
are becoming Agile
Most agile methods share iterative development's emphasis on building releasable
software in short time periods. Agile methods differ from iterative methods in that their time
period is measured in weeks rather than months. Most agile methods also differ by treating
their time period as a strict time box.
Page 11