VoIP allows users to make voice calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. It works by converting voice into digital data packets that are transmitted over the IP network and then reconstructed at the receiving end. The key benefits of VoIP include lower costs compared to traditional phone service, open standards that ensure interoperability between vendors, and the ability to integrate voice and data onto a single network. Common VoIP protocols are H.323, SIP, and MGCP. VoIP sees broad use for internet calling and is widely used to provide phone services at a lower cost than traditional telephone networks.
Telecommunications and Network Security PresentationWajahat Rajab
This document provides an overview of telecommunications and network security concepts. It discusses data network types like LANs, WANs, intranets and extranets. It describes the OSI reference model and its layers. Wireless network technologies like FHSS, DSSS and OFDM are explained. Security issues with early WLAN standards like WEP are covered. Improved security protocols like WPA and WPA2 are also summarized. Common network attacks such as DNS poisoning, SYN floods, ARP poisoning and DDoS attacks are defined. Finally, the document outlines virtual private network concepts and components of intrusion detection systems and firewalls.
This document discusses Mobile IP and key concepts related to it. Mobile IP allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet as they move between different networks. It extends the IP protocol to make mobility transparent to applications. The key mechanisms in Mobile IP are discovering a device's care-of-address in a foreign network, registering that address with the home agent, and tunneling packets to the device's current location using that care-of-address.
A computer network allows computers to share resources and exchange information. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographical areas. Networks provide benefits like resource sharing, reliability, reduced costs, and improved communication. They connect using various wired and wireless technologies and different network topologies.
The document defines key network infrastructure concepts such as the Internet, intranets, extranets, virtual private networks, and security devices. It explains that the Internet connects computer networks globally using TCP/IP, while an intranet is a private network internal to an organization. An extranet extends an intranet to external partners. Virtual private networks use encryption tunnels to provide secure connections across public networks. Various firewall types and perimeter security devices like proxies help protect networks from outside threats.
This document discusses internet architecture and network security. It covers various services an organization may offer like mail, web, and FTP servers. It also discusses internal and external access to systems, including through virtual private networks (VPNs). The document outlines firewall configuration and types, including packet filtering and application layer firewalls. It describes network address translation (NAT) and private IP addresses. Finally, it discusses user VPNs and site VPNs, benefits and issues with user VPNs, and managing user VPN access.
The document defines key network infrastructure concepts including the Internet, intranets, extranets, virtual private networks, and security devices. The Internet connects worldwide computer networks using TCP/IP and contains resources like the World Wide Web and email. An intranet is a private network within an organization, while an extranet extends access to partners. A VPN uses encryption to create a secure "tunnel" between devices on different networks. Firewalls, proxies, and other security devices help protect networks from threats and control access.
The document provides an overview of wired and wireless networks. It discusses twisted-pair cable, including common cable types and tools used. It also covers fiber optic cable. For wireless networks, it describes wireless devices, wireless access points, wireless modes, standards, and encryption protocols. The objectives are to understand media types for recognizing wired networks and understand wireless networking.
VoIP allows users to make voice calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. It works by converting voice into digital data packets that are transmitted over the IP network and then reconstructed at the receiving end. The key benefits of VoIP include lower costs compared to traditional phone service, open standards that ensure interoperability between vendors, and the ability to integrate voice and data onto a single network. Common VoIP protocols are H.323, SIP, and MGCP. VoIP sees broad use for internet calling and is widely used to provide phone services at a lower cost than traditional telephone networks.
Telecommunications and Network Security PresentationWajahat Rajab
This document provides an overview of telecommunications and network security concepts. It discusses data network types like LANs, WANs, intranets and extranets. It describes the OSI reference model and its layers. Wireless network technologies like FHSS, DSSS and OFDM are explained. Security issues with early WLAN standards like WEP are covered. Improved security protocols like WPA and WPA2 are also summarized. Common network attacks such as DNS poisoning, SYN floods, ARP poisoning and DDoS attacks are defined. Finally, the document outlines virtual private network concepts and components of intrusion detection systems and firewalls.
This document discusses Mobile IP and key concepts related to it. Mobile IP allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet as they move between different networks. It extends the IP protocol to make mobility transparent to applications. The key mechanisms in Mobile IP are discovering a device's care-of-address in a foreign network, registering that address with the home agent, and tunneling packets to the device's current location using that care-of-address.
A computer network allows computers to share resources and exchange information. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographical areas. Networks provide benefits like resource sharing, reliability, reduced costs, and improved communication. They connect using various wired and wireless technologies and different network topologies.
The document defines key network infrastructure concepts such as the Internet, intranets, extranets, virtual private networks, and security devices. It explains that the Internet connects computer networks globally using TCP/IP, while an intranet is a private network internal to an organization. An extranet extends an intranet to external partners. Virtual private networks use encryption tunnels to provide secure connections across public networks. Various firewall types and perimeter security devices like proxies help protect networks from outside threats.
This document discusses internet architecture and network security. It covers various services an organization may offer like mail, web, and FTP servers. It also discusses internal and external access to systems, including through virtual private networks (VPNs). The document outlines firewall configuration and types, including packet filtering and application layer firewalls. It describes network address translation (NAT) and private IP addresses. Finally, it discusses user VPNs and site VPNs, benefits and issues with user VPNs, and managing user VPN access.
The document defines key network infrastructure concepts including the Internet, intranets, extranets, virtual private networks, and security devices. The Internet connects worldwide computer networks using TCP/IP and contains resources like the World Wide Web and email. An intranet is a private network within an organization, while an extranet extends access to partners. A VPN uses encryption to create a secure "tunnel" between devices on different networks. Firewalls, proxies, and other security devices help protect networks from threats and control access.
The document provides an overview of wired and wireless networks. It discusses twisted-pair cable, including common cable types and tools used. It also covers fiber optic cable. For wireless networks, it describes wireless devices, wireless access points, wireless modes, standards, and encryption protocols. The objectives are to understand media types for recognizing wired networks and understand wireless networking.
The document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) technologies and routing concepts. It defines static and dynamic routing, and covers common dynamic routing protocols like RIP and OSPF. The document also describes WAN technologies such as X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, SONET/SDH, FDDI, DSL, broadband cable, and POTS/PSTN. It provides details on T-carrier systems and their international counterparts. The summary concludes with resources for additional learning on networking fundamentals and the MTA 98-366 exam.
Networks connect computers and other devices together to allow sharing of resources and data. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) spanning geographical locations, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Networks use various technologies like copper cabling, fiber optic cabling, and wireless to transmit data. They provide benefits such as reduced costs, increased communication and collaboration, and centralized administration.
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the mobile internet. It describes the IEEE 802.11 communication protocol used in WLANs and the development of WiFi. It also discusses wireless network configurations including independent basic service sets, distributed systems, and extended service sets. The layers of the IEEE 802.11 protocol are described along with the Wireless Application Protocol used for wireless internet access.
The document discusses various network connecting devices:
- Network Interface Cards (NICs) connect computers to external networks and require proper installation including setting parameters, configuration, and interfacing.
- Hubs connect multiple nodes through a single device but reduce bandwidth by broadcasting all data to all ports. Switches improve on hubs by only sending data to relevant ports.
- Bridges and routers segment networks and determine the best path to send data between different network segments.
The document discusses several key networking services including DHCP, Remote Desktop Services, Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS), IPsec, DNS, and WINS. It defines each service and explains how DHCP uses the four-step DORA process to assign IP addresses. The document also provides instructions for installing and configuring DHCP, disabling APIPA, and using Remote Desktop Connection. It describes how RRAS supports remote access VPNs and routing. IPsec encryption and authentication protocols are defined. Finally, it explains that DNS and WINS are both name resolution services, with WINS required for NetBIOS name resolution.
Computer networks allow computers to exchange data by passing it through connected devices via data connections. They provide advantages like centralized administration and file/hardware/application sharing but also security risks. Ethernet is a common computer networking technology that divides data into frames for transmission and uses addresses and error checking. Common networking devices include hubs, switches and routers that help distribute data on local and wide area networks.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
This document provides an overview of common TCP/IP tools including the command prompt, ipconfig, ping, and tracert for basic network testing and troubleshooting. More advanced tools covered are netstat, nbtstat, pathping, nslookup, netsh, route, net, and telnet. The objectives are to understand basic and advanced TCP/IP commands and their functionality for working with TCP/IP networks. Additional resources listed include books, instructor-led courses, and exams for further learning.
Client server system and remote connectivityOnline
This document discusses various topics related to client-server systems and remote connectivity. It covers centralized and distributed processing models, the client-server model, wireless communication using radio frequencies, microwave and infrared transmission, virtual private networks (VPNs), and internetworking concepts such as routing. The key aspects are centralized processing occurring on mainframe servers, distributed processing with client computers doing most work, and the client-server model combining these approaches.
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) technologies and routing. It defines routing as managing data flow between network segments and hosts. Routers use routing tables and IP addresses to determine the path for sending data. Dynamic routing protocols like RIP and OSPF dynamically determine routes and update them when network changes occur. Common WAN technologies discussed include Frame Relay, X.25, ATM, SONET, FDDI, and various types of DSL. The document also covers topics like interior gateway protocols, exterior gateway protocols, virtual circuits, and leased lines.
This document discusses various methods for optimizing network design and performance, including using IP multicast to efficiently deliver multimedia streams, reducing serialization delay through link fragmentation and compressed RTP, and supporting quality of service through techniques like IP precedence, differentiated services, 802.1p prioritization, advanced switching and queuing methods, RED, CAR, and traffic shaping.
This document discusses selecting technologies and devices for campus network designs. It covers considerations for the physical cabling plant design including centralized vs distributed topologies. Common media types are discussed such as copper, optical fiber, and wireless. Specific technologies like Ethernet variants and their characteristics are outlined. Selection criteria for internetworking devices that will make up the campus network are presented, including processing power, port counts, latency, throughput and support/quality factors. The document provides guidance on evaluating options for building out the physical implementation of a previously designed logical campus network.
The document discusses Mobile IP and the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). Mobile IP allows devices to change their network point of attachment while maintaining ongoing connections. It uses home and foreign agents to register devices' locations and tunnel traffic to their new addresses. WAP provides a standard for internet access from wireless devices. It defines protocols like WML, WTP, and WDP to support limited devices over various wireless networks.
This document discusses point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks. It defines point-to-point networks as connections between two end points, usually host computers. Point-to-multipoint networks connect a single location to multiple locations. The document describes basic point-to-point data links using RS-232 interfaces and modems, as well as modern wireless point-to-point links. It explains that point-to-multipoint networks divide bandwidth from a central hub among multiple connected nodes and are commonly used for wireless internet and IP telephony.
HiperLAN was developed as a wireless local area network standard by ETSI to provide higher data rates than early 802.11 standards. HiperLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2 Mbps for ad hoc networking. HiperLAN Type 2 was later developed to provide connection-oriented service up to 54 Mbps, with quality of service guarantees, security, and flexibility. It uses OFDM in the 5 GHz spectrum for robust transmission. While early products only achieved 25 Mbps, the standard provides a framework for higher speeds as technologies advance. HiperLAN is intended to complement wired networks by providing wireless connectivity in hotspot areas like offices, homes, and public places.
This document provides an overview of common TCP/IP tools including the command prompt, ipconfig, ping, and tracert. It also covers advanced TCP/IP tools such as netstat, nbtstat, pathping, nslookup, netsh, route, net, and telnet. The objectives are to understand basic and advanced TCP/IP commands and their functionality in displaying network configuration, testing connectivity, tracing network paths, and troubleshooting. Additional resources like books, courses, and exams are listed to further learning.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their basic components and how they function. It defines what a computer network is, the different types of connections that can exist between devices, common network devices like routers, switches and servers, and standard network protocols like TCP/IP. It also covers network topologies, cabling, wireless technologies and other aspects of computer networks.
The document discusses learning outcomes related to wireless technologies, building wireless LANs, and implementing wireless LAN security. It covers topics such as wireless standards, WLAN components, setting up infrastructure and ad-hoc modes, wireless channels, authentication methods, encryption protocols like WEP and WPA, and traffic filtering. The goal is to understand wireless concepts and how to properly setup and secure a wireless local area network.
The document discusses different types of home internet connections, including dial-up modems, DSL, and cable modems. It describes how 56k dial-up modems worked using both analog and digital signaling to achieve higher speeds. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections transmit data over existing telephone lines at speeds from hundreds of kbps to several mbps using technology like ADSL, VDSL2, and RADSL. Cable modems provide high-speed internet access through a cable television connection and separate computer data from video signals.
This document provides an overview of a computer network called VISION. It discusses the network's goals of being secure, intact, and organized. It then describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices (hubs, switches, routers), IP addressing, and major modules covering network design, security, and recovery. Key features include preventing IP waste, providing cost-effective solutions, implementing wireless networks, and incorporating security measures like ACLs, VLANs, and NAT. The network aims to be highly secure while also offering recovery mechanisms in a cost-effective manner.
The document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) technologies and routing concepts. It defines static and dynamic routing, and covers common dynamic routing protocols like RIP and OSPF. The document also describes WAN technologies such as X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, SONET/SDH, FDDI, DSL, broadband cable, and POTS/PSTN. It provides details on T-carrier systems and their international counterparts. The summary concludes with resources for additional learning on networking fundamentals and the MTA 98-366 exam.
Networks connect computers and other devices together to allow sharing of resources and data. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) spanning geographical locations, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Networks use various technologies like copper cabling, fiber optic cabling, and wireless to transmit data. They provide benefits such as reduced costs, increased communication and collaboration, and centralized administration.
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the mobile internet. It describes the IEEE 802.11 communication protocol used in WLANs and the development of WiFi. It also discusses wireless network configurations including independent basic service sets, distributed systems, and extended service sets. The layers of the IEEE 802.11 protocol are described along with the Wireless Application Protocol used for wireless internet access.
The document discusses various network connecting devices:
- Network Interface Cards (NICs) connect computers to external networks and require proper installation including setting parameters, configuration, and interfacing.
- Hubs connect multiple nodes through a single device but reduce bandwidth by broadcasting all data to all ports. Switches improve on hubs by only sending data to relevant ports.
- Bridges and routers segment networks and determine the best path to send data between different network segments.
The document discusses several key networking services including DHCP, Remote Desktop Services, Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS), IPsec, DNS, and WINS. It defines each service and explains how DHCP uses the four-step DORA process to assign IP addresses. The document also provides instructions for installing and configuring DHCP, disabling APIPA, and using Remote Desktop Connection. It describes how RRAS supports remote access VPNs and routing. IPsec encryption and authentication protocols are defined. Finally, it explains that DNS and WINS are both name resolution services, with WINS required for NetBIOS name resolution.
Computer networks allow computers to exchange data by passing it through connected devices via data connections. They provide advantages like centralized administration and file/hardware/application sharing but also security risks. Ethernet is a common computer networking technology that divides data into frames for transmission and uses addresses and error checking. Common networking devices include hubs, switches and routers that help distribute data on local and wide area networks.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
This document provides an overview of common TCP/IP tools including the command prompt, ipconfig, ping, and tracert for basic network testing and troubleshooting. More advanced tools covered are netstat, nbtstat, pathping, nslookup, netsh, route, net, and telnet. The objectives are to understand basic and advanced TCP/IP commands and their functionality for working with TCP/IP networks. Additional resources listed include books, instructor-led courses, and exams for further learning.
Client server system and remote connectivityOnline
This document discusses various topics related to client-server systems and remote connectivity. It covers centralized and distributed processing models, the client-server model, wireless communication using radio frequencies, microwave and infrared transmission, virtual private networks (VPNs), and internetworking concepts such as routing. The key aspects are centralized processing occurring on mainframe servers, distributed processing with client computers doing most work, and the client-server model combining these approaches.
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) technologies and routing. It defines routing as managing data flow between network segments and hosts. Routers use routing tables and IP addresses to determine the path for sending data. Dynamic routing protocols like RIP and OSPF dynamically determine routes and update them when network changes occur. Common WAN technologies discussed include Frame Relay, X.25, ATM, SONET, FDDI, and various types of DSL. The document also covers topics like interior gateway protocols, exterior gateway protocols, virtual circuits, and leased lines.
This document discusses various methods for optimizing network design and performance, including using IP multicast to efficiently deliver multimedia streams, reducing serialization delay through link fragmentation and compressed RTP, and supporting quality of service through techniques like IP precedence, differentiated services, 802.1p prioritization, advanced switching and queuing methods, RED, CAR, and traffic shaping.
This document discusses selecting technologies and devices for campus network designs. It covers considerations for the physical cabling plant design including centralized vs distributed topologies. Common media types are discussed such as copper, optical fiber, and wireless. Specific technologies like Ethernet variants and their characteristics are outlined. Selection criteria for internetworking devices that will make up the campus network are presented, including processing power, port counts, latency, throughput and support/quality factors. The document provides guidance on evaluating options for building out the physical implementation of a previously designed logical campus network.
The document discusses Mobile IP and the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). Mobile IP allows devices to change their network point of attachment while maintaining ongoing connections. It uses home and foreign agents to register devices' locations and tunnel traffic to their new addresses. WAP provides a standard for internet access from wireless devices. It defines protocols like WML, WTP, and WDP to support limited devices over various wireless networks.
This document discusses point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks. It defines point-to-point networks as connections between two end points, usually host computers. Point-to-multipoint networks connect a single location to multiple locations. The document describes basic point-to-point data links using RS-232 interfaces and modems, as well as modern wireless point-to-point links. It explains that point-to-multipoint networks divide bandwidth from a central hub among multiple connected nodes and are commonly used for wireless internet and IP telephony.
HiperLAN was developed as a wireless local area network standard by ETSI to provide higher data rates than early 802.11 standards. HiperLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2 Mbps for ad hoc networking. HiperLAN Type 2 was later developed to provide connection-oriented service up to 54 Mbps, with quality of service guarantees, security, and flexibility. It uses OFDM in the 5 GHz spectrum for robust transmission. While early products only achieved 25 Mbps, the standard provides a framework for higher speeds as technologies advance. HiperLAN is intended to complement wired networks by providing wireless connectivity in hotspot areas like offices, homes, and public places.
This document provides an overview of common TCP/IP tools including the command prompt, ipconfig, ping, and tracert. It also covers advanced TCP/IP tools such as netstat, nbtstat, pathping, nslookup, netsh, route, net, and telnet. The objectives are to understand basic and advanced TCP/IP commands and their functionality in displaying network configuration, testing connectivity, tracing network paths, and troubleshooting. Additional resources like books, courses, and exams are listed to further learning.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their basic components and how they function. It defines what a computer network is, the different types of connections that can exist between devices, common network devices like routers, switches and servers, and standard network protocols like TCP/IP. It also covers network topologies, cabling, wireless technologies and other aspects of computer networks.
The document discusses learning outcomes related to wireless technologies, building wireless LANs, and implementing wireless LAN security. It covers topics such as wireless standards, WLAN components, setting up infrastructure and ad-hoc modes, wireless channels, authentication methods, encryption protocols like WEP and WPA, and traffic filtering. The goal is to understand wireless concepts and how to properly setup and secure a wireless local area network.
The document discusses different types of home internet connections, including dial-up modems, DSL, and cable modems. It describes how 56k dial-up modems worked using both analog and digital signaling to achieve higher speeds. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections transmit data over existing telephone lines at speeds from hundreds of kbps to several mbps using technology like ADSL, VDSL2, and RADSL. Cable modems provide high-speed internet access through a cable television connection and separate computer data from video signals.
This document provides an overview of a computer network called VISION. It discusses the network's goals of being secure, intact, and organized. It then describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices (hubs, switches, routers), IP addressing, and major modules covering network design, security, and recovery. Key features include preventing IP waste, providing cost-effective solutions, implementing wireless networks, and incorporating security measures like ACLs, VLANs, and NAT. The network aims to be highly secure while also offering recovery mechanisms in a cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the basic components of a network, common network topologies, network devices, network addressing using IP addresses and subnet masks, network models like OSI and TCP/IP, and basic network communication. Key topics covered include LANs, WANs, Ethernet, wireless networks, routers, switches, TCP, UDP, ports, MAC addresses, and the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals including network history, topologies, protocols, and devices. It discusses the evolution of networks from standalone computers connecting via modems to today's large networks. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, and ring. The document outlines the OSI and TCP/IP models and explains the functions of common networking devices like hubs, bridges, routers, and gateways. It also covers wired media like coaxial cable and fiber optic cable as well as wireless networking standards.
This document discusses computer networks and their key components. It defines a computer network as a collection of computers that communicate with one another over transmission lines. The main types are local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the Internet. LANs connect computers within a small physical area like a home or office, while WANs connect computers across multiple locations using communication networks from vendors. Other topics covered include network interface cards, Internet service providers, WiMax technology, firewalls for security, and virtual private networks which use encryption to securely connect remote locations.
Distributed Systems - Information TechnologySagar Mehta
Distributed systems rely on underlying computer networks for communication. The performance, reliability, scalability, mobility, and quality of service of these networks impact distributed system design. Networks are built using transmission media and hardware like routers and switches. They operate using principles such as protocol layering, packet switching, routing, and data streaming. Different network types include personal area networks, local area networks, wide area networks, and wireless variants of these.
Computer networks allow interconnected devices to communicate. They have advantages like resource sharing and cost savings but also disadvantages such as reduced productivity if poorly managed or servers fail. Early networks included ARPANET in 1969 and NSFNET in the 1980s, leading to the modern Internet. Networks transmit data via circuits, packets, or messages using techniques like circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. Components include nodes, servers, clients, hardware, software and communication channels. Networks can be LANs, MANs, WANs or PANs depending on their area of coverage. Wired networks use media like twisted pair, coaxial or fiber optic cables while wireless uses radio waves.
This document provides information on various intranet, extranet, and wide area network (WAN) technologies. It discusses unified threat management (UTM), content distribution networks (CDN), software-defined networking (SDN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and common WAN concepts and technologies including CSU/DSU, switching, frame relay, X.25, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).
The document discusses the architecture and workings of the Internet. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
- The Internet is a network of networks that connects millions of devices globally using standardized communication protocols like TCP/IP. There is no single entity that controls it.
- Individual networks are connected through routers that pass traffic between them. Routers know the addresses of local networks and pass packets to the appropriate outgoing link.
- IP addresses identify devices and allow location addressing. The IP layer handles packaging, addressing, and routing of data packets across the networks.
- Other important concepts discussed include protocols like TCP and UDP, the OSI model layers, DNS lookups, firewalls, and differences between internet, intr
This document discusses various internet network technologies and protocols. It describes wide area networks that connect across large geographical areas using circuit switching, packet switching, frame relay, or asynchronous transfer mode. Packet switching breaks data into packets that are transmitted individually over the network, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated communications path. Frame relay and ATM aim to improve on packet switching by reducing overhead. The document also discusses local area networks, protocol architecture, protocol data units, standards organizations, and tasks to research standards and translate sections of a reference book.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including network components, topologies, and protocols. It defines what a network is as two or more connected computing devices that can share resources. The basic components are servers, clients, and circuits that connect them. Networks can be classified by size as personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), or wide area networks (WAN). Common network topologies include bus, star, and ring configurations. The document also discusses network devices, links, and communications protocols like TCP/IP that regulate data transmission and packet routing.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals. It defines a computer network and describes how networks allow users to communicate by transmitting data over connecting cables. The document then discusses key network concepts like file and print sharing, email services, directory services, and the internet. It also covers network administration, transmission types, common network types (LANs and WANs), network interface cards, IP addressing, topologies and physical components like cabling. Finally, it provides details on Ethernet and Token Ring network architectures.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the internet. It defines key network terms like network, internet protocols, and network architecture models like client-server and peer-to-peer. It also discusses common network devices, internet concepts, and how the world wide web works using protocols like HTTP and URLs. The document concludes with sections on internet etiquette and email operations and etiquette.
This chapter discusses data communication networks and their components. It describes local area networks (LANs) that connect computers within an office and their typical components like switches, routers, and cables. Wide area networks (WANs) connect multiple LANs across large areas using technologies like leased lines, virtual private networks, and public switched data networks. The chapter also covers internet connectivity options like dial-up, DSL, and cable modems and how encryption works to secure network communications.
1) A VPN creates a secure connection over public networks to protect users' privacy and allow them to access blocked content. It works by extending a private network across the internet.
2) There are two main types of VPNs - remote access VPNs that allow users to remotely access a private network, and site-to-site VPNs that connect networks in different locations.
3) VPNs use encryption protocols like IPsec and SSL/TLS to securely tunnel traffic over the internet and authenticate users. This provides confidentiality, integrity, and sender authentication for VPN connections.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN, WAN, MAN), management (peer-to-peer, client/server), and topology. Common transmission media are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. Local area networks connect computers within a building while wide area networks connect locations further apart like across cities. Protocols like TCP/IP and domains names are used to transmit data packets across interconnected networks.
This document provides information on various topics related to wireless networking and networking devices. It discusses wireless networks and their advantages like mobility and easy installation. It also mentions applications of wireless networking like QR codes and microwave transmission. Concepts discussed include line of sight transmission, uni-directional communication, and how wireless networks rely on devices like routers, switches, and satellites to transmit data.
This document defines computers and their components. It discusses that computers are machines that can perform logical and arithmetic operations automatically through programming. It describes the different types of computers based on size and power, including personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The document also outlines the typical parts of a computer system, characteristics of computers, generations of computers, types of computer memory, and common input, output, and storage devices.
This certificate certifies that Gomathijayam Rajamanickam successfully completed a PHP Tutorial course on PHP. The certificate was issued on February 4, 2020 and was signed by Yeva Hyusyan, the Chief Executive Officer.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a standard modeling language that includes various diagram types like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Class diagrams specifically show classes, fields, methods, and relationships between classes like inheritance, association, aggregation, and composition. Examples of class diagrams are provided to demonstrate how classes, attributes, methods, and relationships are depicted. Tools for creating UML diagrams are also listed.
This document demonstrates how to connect to a MySQL database and perform CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations using PHP. It first creates a database and table. It then inserts a record, selects all records, updates a record, and deletes a record. Finally, it shows how to create a basic HTML form to collect user input and insert it into the database using PHP.
This document provides an introduction to using CorelDraw, including how to open the program, an overview of the main window components, and descriptions of some key tools. It discusses how to open CorelDraw and access recent documents or templates. It describes the title bar, menu bar, toolbars, rulers, drawing page, and other elements of the CorelDraw window. Finally, it gives an overview of some common drawing and editing tools in the toolbox like the pick, shape, zoom, and text tools and provides examples of activities and questions for using these tools.
This document provides an introduction to computer graphics. It discusses that computer graphics deals with creating images using hardware, software, and applications. It describes the basic graphics system including input devices, the output device, and the frame buffer. It then discusses the display processor and how it stores graphics in a display list. Finally, it outlines several applications of computer graphics including computer-aided design, presentation graphics, computer art, entertainment, education and training, visualization, image processing, and graphical user interfaces.
This document introduces algorithms and asymptotic notation used to analyze algorithm performance. It defines common asymptotic notations like O, Ω, and Θ notation, and gives examples of standard functions like logarithms and factorials. It notes that accurately measuring algorithm performance requires specifying the programming language, working program, computer used, and compiler options.
The document discusses various artificial intelligence problem-solving techniques including generate-and-test, hill climbing, best-first search, problem reduction, constraint satisfaction, and means-ends analysis. It provides examples and algorithms for hill climbing, best-first search, and constraint satisfaction problems. The key techniques of generating candidate solutions, evaluating solutions, and searching the problem space are described across different problem domains.
Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...APNIC
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Network Concepts
1. 1
Basic and Advanced Networking Concepts
Prepared by
Ms. R. Gomathijayam
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications
Bon Secours College for Women
Thanjavur
2. NETWORK BASICS
• Definition
• Applications
• Networking devices and topology
• Addressing and DNS
• Port and Socket
• Protocol and OSI layers
• Types of networks
2
3. 3
Definition
Collection of computers and devices connected via
communications devices and transmission media
Applications
• Sharing of resources such as printers
• Sharing of expensive software's and database
• Communication from one computer to another
computer
• Exchange of data and information among users
via network
• Sharing of information over geographically wide
areas.
5. IPAddress
• Logical or network address of the system across the
network
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)
assigns IPV4 address as unique ID for each device on
the network
Example: 136.102.233.49
Domain Name System (DNS)
• Mnemonic textual addresses are provided to
facilitate the manipulation of internet addresses.
• DNS servers are responsible for translating
mnemonic textual Internet addresses into hard numeric
Internet addresses.
6. 6
Port
• An IP port will identify a specific application running
on an Internet host Machine.
• A port is identified by a number, the port number.
Socket
• Unique combination of IP address and port number
together are termed as socket
Protocols
• Define the rules that govern the communications
between two computers connected to the network.
• Roles: addressing and routing of messages, error
detection and recovery, sequence and flow controls etc.
7. 7
OSI Layers
• Application layer
- applications connected to the network
• Presentation layer
- provides standard data representations for applications
• Session layer
- manages sessions among applications
• Transport layer
- provides end-to-end errors detection and correction
• Network layer
- handles connection to the network by the higher layers
• Data-link layer
- provides safe communication of data over the physical
network
• Physical layer
- defines the physical characteristics of the network
8. 8
Types of networks
Criteria LAN MAN VAN
Ownership Private Private or public Private or public
Geographical area Single building,
schoolsor at home
Large city
(5 to 50 km)
Country-wide
Size Small Larger Largest
Cost Low High Higher
Speed 1000Mbps 1.544Mbps 150Mbps
Transmission
Medium
Twisted pair Twisted pair and
Fiber optic cables
Fiber optic, radio
wave and satellite
Example Network in office Switched
Multimegabit Data
Service
Internet
10. 10
Subnetting
• allows us to break a single large network in smaller
networks.
• reduces network traffic by allowing only the broadcast
traffic which is relevant to the subnet.
•improves overall performance of the network by
reducing unnecessary traffic
• increases security of the network by blocking a subnet’
traffic in subnet
• reduces the requirement of IP range.
11. 11
Concept of Classes
S. No. Class Network
Bit
Host
Bit
Range Subnet Wildmask
1 A 8 24 1-126 255.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
2 B 16 16 128-191 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255
3 C 24 8 192-223 255.255.255.
0
0.0.0.255
4 D Broadcast 224-239
5 E Research 240-255
12. 12
Corps Information System Control Officer
(CISCO)
Cisco Systems is an American multinational technology
company headquartered in San Jose, California, that
designs, manufactures and sells networking equipment.
It provides three certifications
• CCNA – Cisco Certified Network
Associate/Administrator
• CCNP – Cisco Certified Network Professional
• CCIE – Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert
13. 13
Routing
process of selecting a path for traffic in a network, or
between or across multiple networks.
Routing schemes differin how they deliver messages:
• Unicast delivers a message to a single specific node
• Broadcast delivers a message to all nodes in the network
• Multicast delivers a message to a group of nodes that have
expressed interest in receiving the message
• Anycast delivers a message to any one out of a group of nodes,
typically the one nearest to the source
• Geocast delivers a message to a group of nodes based
on geographic location
14. 14
Types of routing
• Static routing
form of routing that occurs when a router uses
a manually-configured routing entry
routes are manually configured by a network
administrator by adding in entries into a routing
table
• Dynamic routing
networking technique that provides optimal
data routing
enables routers to select paths according to real-
time logical network layout changes
the routing protocol operating on the router is
responsible for the creation, maintenance and
updating of the dynamic routing table.
15. 15
Introduction to VOIP
VOIP is an acronym for Voice Over Internet Protocol, or in
more common terms phone service over the Internet.
If you have a reasonable quality Internet connection you can
get phone service delivered through your Internet connection
instead of from your local phone company.
Basic idea of VOIP
• Continuously sample audio.
• Convert each sample to digital form.
• Send the resulting digitized stream across an IP network in
packets.
• Convert the stream back to analog for playback.
• Before the procedure above, the system must handle call setup.
• Phone number to IP.
16. 16
Advantages Of VOIP
• Low call costs.
• Low cost of performing moves, ads and changes on a business
VOIP phone system.
• Increased functionality and integration with other IT business
systems.
• Ability to have your land-line phone number follow you
anywhere.
• Low infrastructure costs.
Disadvantages of VOIP
• Loss of service during outages.
• Without power VOIP phones are useless, so in case of
emergencies during power cuts it can be a major disadvantage.
• With VOIP emergency calls, it is hard to locate you and send
help in time.
• Latency and traffic.
• No standard protocol is applicable.
17. 17
Switching
• Process to forward packets coming in from one port to a port
leading towards the destination.
• A communication system may include number of switches and
nodes.
• Switching can be divided into two major categories:
Connectionless
Connection Oriented
18. 18
Circuit Switching
• It consists of a set of switches connected by physical links.
• Two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated communication
path.
• The nodes must make a reservation for the resources to be used during the
communication.
Packet Switching
• Messages are divided into packets of fixed or variable size.
• The size of packet is decided by the network and the governing protocol.
• The resource allocation is doneon first-come, first-served basis.
• Each switching node has a small amount of buffer space to hold packets
temporarily.
• If the outgoing line is busy, the packet stays in queue until the line becomes
available.
Message Switching
• Each message is routed independentlythrough the network.
• Each message carries a header that contains the full information about the
destination.
• Each intermediatedevice receives the whole message and buffers it until
there are resources available to transfer it to the next hop.
• Message switching is sometimes called as Store and ForwardSwitching.
19. 19
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
• It is a smart device
• It divides switch into multiple parts in order to
maintain security.
Per- VLAN Spanning Tree
• Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) maintains a
spanning tree instance for each VLAN configured in the
network.
• It uses ISL Trunking and allows a VLAN trunk to be
forwarding for some VLANs while blocking for other
VLANs.
• It has the ability to load balance traffic (at layer-2) by
forwarding some VLANs on one trunk and other
VLANs on another trunk without causing a Spanning
Tree loop.
20. 20
Security
It is the network device protection in order to secure
our network with help of CCNA technology
Types of Security
• Access Control List
It is type of security in which we filter
inbound and outbound traffic
Types of ACL
• Standard ACL
It is a type of ACL in which we block all the
protocols in our network
• Extended ACL
It is a type of ACL in which we block a
particular protocol as well as particular IP
21. 21
Virtual Terminal Type (VTY)
• It is protocol used for remotely connection with other
connection.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• VPN is a technology that creates an encrypted
connection over a less secure network.
• In this basically TUNNEL is made to keep data secure
through which only source and destination clients can
get the data.
Network Address Translator
• It is type of security in which we convert our private
address into public address.
• It is a part of ethical hacking in which there is use of
fake IP.
22. 22
Types of NAT
• Static NAT
It is a type of NAT in which the client will fetch
only single fake IP every time.
• Dynamic NAT
It is a type of security in which we create a pool
of fake IP’s, because of which the user will
receive a different fake IP every time within the
range of given IP pool.
• Overload / NATPAD
It means that the single public IP assigned to
your router can be used by multiple internal hosts
concurrently. This is done by translating source
UDP/TCP ports in the packets and keeping track
of them within the translation table kept in the
router .
23. 23
Ad Hoc Network
• Network that is composed of individual devices
communicating with each other directly. The term
implies spontaneous or impromptu construction because
these networks often bypass the gatekeeping hardware
or central access point such as a router.
•Many ad hoc networks are local area networks where
computers or other devices are enabled to send data
directly to one another rather than going through a
centralized access point.
24. 24
Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET)
• Wireless adhoc network or adhoc wireless network
that usually has a routable networking environment on
top of a Link Layer ad hoc network.
• They consist of set of mobile nodes connected
wirelessly in a self configured, self healing network
without having a fixed infrastructure.
• MANET nodes are free to move randomly as the
network topology changes frequently. Each node behave
as a router as they forward traffic to other specified
node in the network.
25. 25
Characteristics of MANET
• Dynamic Topologies
• Bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links
• Autonomous Behavior
• Energy Constrained Operation
• Limited Security
• Less Human Intervention
26. 26
Pros and Cons of MANET
Pros
• Separation from central network administration.
• Each nodes can play both the roles ie. of router and
host showing autonomous nature.
• Self configuring and self healing nodes, does not
require human intervention.
Cons:
• Resources are limited due to various constraints like
noise, interference conditions, etc.
• Lack of authorization facilities.
• More prone to attacks due to limited physical security.
27. 27
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET)
• Vehicular ad hoc network, consisting of a network of
vehicles, moving at a relatively high speed, that
communicate among themselves with different
purposes, being the main purpose that of improving
security on the road.
• VANET turns every participating car into a wireless
router or node, allowing cars approximately 100 to
300 meters of each other to connect and, in turn, create
a network with a wide range.
• As cars fall out of the signal range and drop out of
the network, other cars can join in, connecting
vehicles to one another so that a mobile Internet is
created.
28. 28
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
• Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking
technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless
high-speed Internet and network connections.
The Wi-Fi Alliance
• Organization that owns the Wi-Fi registered trademark
term specifically defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local
area network (WLAN) products that are based on the
IEEE 802.11 standards.“
• The Wi-Fi Alliance has expanded the generic use of
the Wi-Fi term to include any type of network
or WLAN product based on any of the 802.11 standards,
including 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band and so on, in an
attempt to stop confusion about wireless LAN
interoperability.
29. 29
Li-Fi
• LiFi is a wireless optical networking technology that
uses light-emitting diodes for data transmission.
• LiFi is designed to use LED light bulbs similar to
those currently in use in many energy-conscious homes
and offices.
• LiFi bulbs are outfitted with a chip that modulates the
light imperceptibly for optical data transmission. LiFi
data is transmitted by the LED bulbs and received by
photoreceptors.
• LiFi's early developmental models were capable of
150 Mbps. In the lab, with stronger LEDs and different
technology, researchers have enabled 10 Gbps.
30. 30
Benefits of LiFi
• Higher speeds than Wi-Fi.
• 10000 times the frequency spectrum of
radio.
• More secure because data cannot be
intercepted without a clear line of sight.
• Prevents piggybacking.
• Eliminates neighboring network
interference.
• Unimpeded by radio interference.
• Does not create interference in sensitive
electronics, making it better for use in
environments like hospitals and aircraft.